Programme 2: Complex numbers 2

PROGRAMME 2

COMPLEX
NUMBERS 2

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 2: Complex numbers 2

Polar-form calculations
Roots of a complex number
Expansions
Loci problems

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 2: Complex numbers 2

Polar-form calculations
Roots of a complex number
Expansions
Loci problems

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 2: Complex numbers 2

Polar-form calculations
Notation
Positive angles
Negative angles
Multiplication
Division

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 2: Complex numbers 2

Polar-form calculations
Notation

The polar form of a complex number is

readily obtained from the Argand diagram
of the number in Cartesian form.
Given:
z= a + jb
then:
a 2 +b 2
a2 + b2 so r =
r2 =

tanθ b=
and = so θ tan −1 b
a a

The length r is called the modulus of the complex number and the angle is
called the argument of the complex number

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 2: Complex numbers 2

Polar-form calculations
Positive angles

The shorthand notation for a positive angle (anti-clockwise rotation) is

given as, for example:

z=rθ

With the modulus outside the bracket and the angle inside the bracket.

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 2: Complex numbers 2

Polar-form calculations
Negative angles

The shorthand notation for a negative angle (clockwise rotation) is given as,
for example:

z=rθ

With the modulus outside the bracket and the angle inside the bracket.

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 2: Complex numbers 2

Polar-form calculations
Multiplication

When two complex numbers, written in polar form, are multiplied the
product is given as a complex number whose modulus is the product of the
two moduli and whose argument is the sum of the two arguments.

r1 ( cosθ1 + j sin θ1 ) and z2 =

If z1 = r2 ( cosθ 2 + j sin θ 2 )

(
z1z2 r1r2 cos[θ1 +θ 2 ]+ j sin[θ1 +θ 2 ]
then= )

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 2: Complex numbers 2

Polar-form calculations
Division

When two complex numbers, written in polar form, are divided the quotient
is given as a complex number whose modulus is the quotient of the two
moduli and whose argument is the difference of the two arguments.

r1 ( cosθ1 + j sin θ1 ) and z2 =

If z1 = r2 ( cosθ 2 + j sin θ 2 )

z1 r1
then=
z2 r2 (
cos[θ1 −θ 2 ]+ j sin[θ1 −θ 2 ] )

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 2: Complex numbers 2

Polar-form calculations
Roots of a complex number
Expansions
Loci problems

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 2: Complex numbers 2

Polar-form calculations
Roots of a complex number
Expansions
Loci problems

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 2: Complex numbers 2

Roots of a complex number

De Moivre’s theorem
nth roots

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 2: Complex numbers 2

Roots of a complex number

De Moivre’s theorem

If a complex number is raised to the power n the result is a complex number

whose modulus is the original modulus raised to the power n and whose
argument is the original argument multiplied by n.

If z r ( cosθ + j sin θ )
=

n
 r ( cosθ + j sin θ )  = r n ( cos nθ + j sin nθ )
then z n =
 

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 2: Complex numbers 2

Roots of a complex number

nth roots

There are n distinct values of the nth roots of a complex number z. Each root
has the same modulus and is separated from its neighbouring root by

2π
radians
n

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 2: Complex numbers 2

Polar-form calculations
Roots of a complex number
Expansions
Loci problems

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 2: Complex numbers 2

Polar-form calculations
Roots of a complex number
Expansions
Loci problems

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 2: Complex numbers 2

Expansions
Trigonometric expansions

Since:
( cosθ + j sin θ )
n
=cos nθ + j sin nθ

then by expanding the left-hand side by the binomial theorem we can find
expressions for:

cos nθ and sin nθ in terms of powers of cosθ and sinθ

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 2: Complex numbers 2

Expansions
Trigonometric expansions

Let:
1
cosθ + j sinθ then
z= cosθ − j sinθ
=
z
so that:
1 1
=z + 2cosθ=z − j 2sin θ
z z
1 1
z n + n 2cos nθ =
= z n − n j 2sin nθ
z z

from which we can expand cosn θ and sin n θ in terms of powers of cosθ and sinθ

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 2: Complex numbers 2

Polar-form calculations
Roots of a complex number
Expansions
Loci problems

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 2: Complex numbers 2

Polar-form calculations
Roots of a complex number
Expansions
Loci problems

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 2: Complex numbers 2

Loci problems

The locus of a point in the Argand diagram is the curve that a complex
number is constrained to lie on by virtue of some imposed condition.
That condition will be imposed on either the modulus of the complex
number or its argument.

For example, the locus of z

constrained by the condition
that z =5
is a circle

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 2: Complex numbers 2

Loci problems

The locus of z constrained by the condition that

arg z =
π
4
is a straight line

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 2: Complex numbers 2
Learning outcomes

Use the shorthand form for a complex number in polar form

Write complex numbers in polar form using negative angles

Multiply and divide complex numbers in polar form

Use de Moivre’s theorem

Find the roots of a complex number

Demonstrate trigonometric identities of multiple angles using complex numbers

Solve loci problems using complex numbers

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text