OCEAN ENGINEERING - ITS

Welding Metallurgy
Nur Syahroni, ST., MT.

Welding Technology & Inspection (MO-091333)

Outline
 Review of simple binary phase diagrams
 Review of the Fe-Fe3C phase diagram
 Phase transformation
◦ Time Temperature Transformation (TTT)
diagram
◦ Continuous Cooling Transformation (CCT)
diagram
 Weld zones
 Weldability
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Review of simple binary
phase diagrams

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Introduction
 Phase is a homogeneous portion of a system that has
uniform physical and chemical characteristics
 Microstructure is an image resulted from direct
microscopic observation, using optical or electron
microscopes, characterized by the number of phases
present, their proportions, and the manner in which
they are distributed or arranged
 Microstructure has significant effects on the mechanical
properties materials, such as yield and ultimate strength,
hardness, toughness, ductility, etc.

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Phase diagram
 Definition: diagram which shows relationships of the equilibrium
phases present due to temperature, pressure and composition of
the main alloy elements
 Applications:
◦ to predict the phases that are present at particular temperature and
alloy composition
◦ to analyze phase transformation and its mechanism at particular
temperature and alloy composition
◦ to predict the microstructure resulted from alloying from which the
mechanical properties affected
 Basic assumption: phase transformation via diffusion of atoms,
which has parameters:
◦ time – cooling rate must be very slow
◦ temperature
◦ coefficient of diffusion
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Simple binary phase diagrams
I. Complete solubility both in liquid and
solid states (isomorphous)
II. Complete solubility in liquid state and
limited solubility in solid state
a. Eutectic reaction
b. Peritectic reaction
c. Metallic compound

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Binary Phase Diagram – I (Isomorphous)

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Binary Phase Diagram – I (Isomorphous)
 The isomorphous alloys shows a complete
solubility both in liquid and solid states
 The requirements must met for isomorpous
alloys:
◦ Have almost the same atoms radii (difference
≤15%)
◦ Have the same crystal system
◦ Have a small difference of electronegativity
◦ Have the same electron valence
 Example of isomorphous alloys:
◦ Cu-Ni

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Binary Phase Diagram – I (Isomorphous)

At point B, there are 2 phases

exist, i.e.:
 liquid and
 solid (α):

Interpretation of the diagram:

 Alloy composition (nominal) at
point B: 35%wt Ni – 65%wt Cu
 Composition of Liquid: 31.5%wt
Ni – 68.5%wt Cu
 Composition of solid (α):
42.5%wt Ni – 57.5%wt Cu

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Binary Phase Diagram – I (Isomorphous)

The percentage of the phases

using Lever Rule or Inverse
Lever Rule:
 The percentage of Liquid (WL)

 The percentage of solid (Wα)

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Binary Phase Diagram – I (Isomorphous)

 Point a: 100% liquid

 Point b: the composition
line crosses the liquidus,
nucleation of the solid α
phase.
 Point c: growth of the
solid α phase
 Point d: the composition
line crosses the solidus
line, the solidification
almost complete
Development of microstructure 11
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Binary Phase Diagram – I (Isomorphous)

Mechanical properties 12
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Binary Phase Diagram II.a – Eutectic

C1 C2 C4 C3 C5 C2 C1

Development of microstructure with deferent alloy compositions

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Binary Phase Diagram II.a – Eutectic
Complete solubility both in
liquid and solid states (I):
 C1= 0 - 2%wt Sn, or
 C1= 99%wt -100%wt Sn

Development of microstructure 14
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Binary Phase Diagram II.a – Eutectic
 C2= 2%wt – 18.3%wt Sn, or
 C2= 97.8%wt – 99%wt Sn

 Problems: if C2 = 15%wt Sn, :

◦ Explain what happened in the
point d, e, f, and g.
◦ Find the composition of liquid and
solid phases (α) at point e.
◦ Calculate fraction of liquid and
solid phase (α) at point e.

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Binary Phase Diagram II.a – Eutectic
 C3= 61.9%wt Sn

Eutectic microstructure

Eutectic reaction:

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Binary Phase Diagram II.a – Eutectic
 Problems: if C2 = 40%wt Sn, :
◦ Explain what happened in
the point j, k, l, and m.
◦ Find the composition of
liquid and solid phases (α) at
point e.
◦ Calculate fraction of liquid
and solid phase (α) at point
e.

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Binary Phase Diagram II.a – Eutectic
 C4= 40%wt Sn
 At the point l:
◦ The fraction of eutectic (We):

◦ The fraction of the primary α’-

phase (Wα’):

 At the point m:
◦ The total fraction of α (both ◦ The total fraction of β (Wβ):
primary and eutectic), (Wα):

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Binary Phase Diagram II.b – Peritectic

Peritectic reaction: α+Lβ

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Binary Phase Diagram II.c - Compound

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