LALA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

General Chemistry 2 Quarter 2 - Module 1

Spontaneous Change, Entropy, and Free Energy

CALCULATION

Calculate ΔG at 298.15 K for the reaction.

N2(g)+3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)

STEP 1: Calculate the Entropy, S

STEP 2: Calculate the Enthalpy, H
STEP 3 : Calculate the Gibbs, G

A. Entropy, S

A thermodynamic quantity that is a measure of how spread out or dispersed the energy
of a system is among the different possible ways that system can contain energy.

ΔS° = ΣnS°(products) - ΣmS°(reactants)

Where m and n are the stoichiometric coefficients in the reaction.

The standard entropy values of compounds have been measured in J/K mol. To
calculate the ΔS° rxn (which is the ΔSsys), the values may be found in the
Thermodynamic Data Table. Thermodynamic tables have absolute entropy of
substances at 25°C and 1atm.

Table 1. Standard Molar Entropies So (J/mol.K) of Selected Substances at 298K

I2(s) 116.7 PbO(s) 69.54

HI(g) 206.3 C(s) 5.7

SO3(g) 256.2 Pb(s) 64.89

H2O(l) 69.9 CO2(g) 213.6

H2SO4(l) 156.9 C6H12O6(s) 212

SO2(s) 248.5 CO(g) 197.67

NO2(g) 240.5

NO(g) 210.6

Prepared by: Kyruden Saavedra Anino

BSED Chemistry IV
 LALA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Sample Problem:
From the standard entropy values in the Thermodynamic Data table, calculate ΔS° for
the following reaction.

N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)

REACTANT PRODUCT

*NOTE: The arrow differentiates the reactant and product molecules.

Step 1: Balance the reaction.

Step 2: Write the standard entropy of each formula.

S°(J/K·mol): N2(g) = 191.5

H2(g)) = 130.6
NH3(g) = 192.5

Step 3: Using the equation for the standard entropy of reaction

ΔS° = ΣnS°(products) - ΣmS°(reactants)

ΔS° = [(2) So NH3(g) ] – [(1) So N2(g) + (3) So H2(S)} ]

Coefficient (unit: mol)

Step 3: Substitute the entropy values . Don’t forget the units.

ΔS° = [ (2 mol) (192.5 J/mol∙K ) ] – [ (1 mol) (191.5 J/mol∙K) + (3mol) (130.6 J/mol∙K) ]

= [ 385 J/K ] – [ 583.3 J/K ]

ΔS° = -198.3 J/K

DECREASE IN ENTROPY

NOTE!
NEGATIVE Decrease in entropy
POSITIVE Increase in entropy

B. Enthalpy, H

A thermodynamic quantity used to describe heat changes taking place at constant

pressure.

ΔH° = ΣnH°(products) - ΣmH°(reactants)

Where m and n are the stoichiometric coefficients in the reaction.

Prepared by: Kyruden Saavedra Anino

BSED Chemistry IV
 LALA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

The standard enthalpy values of compounds have been measured in kJ. To calculate
the HS° rxn (which is the ΔHsys), the values may be found in the Thermodynamic Data
Table.

Sample Problem:
From the standard enthalpy values in the Thermodynamic Data table, calculate ΔH° for
the following reaction.

N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)

REACTANT PRODUCT

*NOTE: The arrow differentiates the reactant and product molecules.

Step 1: Balance the reaction.

Step 2: Write the standard enthalpy of each formula.

H°(kJ/mol): N2(g) = 0
H2(g)) = 0
NH3(g) = -45.94

Step 3: Using the equation for the standard entropy of reaction

ΔH° = ΣnH°(products) - ΣmH°(reactants)

ΔH° = [(2) Ho NH3(g) ] – [(1) Ho N2(g) + (3) Ho H2(S)} ]

Coefficient (unit: mol)

Prepared by: Kyruden Saavedra Anino

BSED Chemistry IV
 LALA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Step 3: Substitute the enthalpy values . Don’t forget the units.

ΔH° = [ (2 mol) (-45.94 kJ/mol ) ] – [ (1 mol) (0 kJ/mol) + (3mol) (0 kJ/mol) ]

= [ -91.88 kJ ] – [ 0 kJ ]

ΔH° = -91.88 kJ

EXOTHERMIC

NOTE!
NEGATIVE Exothermic
POSITIVE Endothermic

C. Gibbs Free Energy, G

Another thermodynamic function is used in order to express the spontaneity of a

reaction more directly. This is called Gibbs free energy, G. The use of G predicts
changes that are focused on the system.

Gibbs free energy is defined as: G = H – TS

ΔG = ΔH- TΔS
• All the quantities in the equation pertain to the system; the temperature T is the
temperature of the system.
• G has units of energy; both H and T S are in energy units.
• H, S and G are all state functions.

If the entropy of the universe increases then the ΔG of the system will decrease. The
direction of spontaneous change is negative ΔG for system. The ΔG tells us if a change
can occur for a chemical reaction.

Calculate ΔG at 298.15 K for the reaction.

N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)

ΔG = ΔH- TΔS

Substitute the values . Don’t forget the units.

Gibbs = (Enthalpy ) - [ (Temperature) ( Entropy) ( convert) ]

ΔG = (-91.88 kJ) - [ (298.15 K) (-198.3 J/K) (1kJ / 1000 J)]
= (-91.88 kJ) - (-59.12 kJ)

ΔG = - 32.76 kJ

SPONTANEOUS

Prepared by: Kyruden Saavedra Anino

BSED Chemistry IV
 LALA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

NOTE!
NEGATIVE SPONTANEOUS
POSITIVE NONSPONTANEOUS

Your turn!!
The old camera flash bulb used Mg metal sealed in a bulb with oxygen. The
reaction is:

Mg + ½ O2 → MgO

S° J/K mol: 32.7 205.0 26.9 (Value of Entropy)

ΔHo kJ/mol: 0 0 -601.2 (Value of Enthapy)

Calculate S, H, G at 25°Celsius (convert to Kelvin)

Prepared by: Kyruden Saavedra Anino

BSED Chemistry IV