Metallic Static Strength Training - Ed. F

SASt stress training December 2008
Presented by
SASt
Structure Analysis Support and training
Metallic static strength

Methods & tools training
Theoretical part
Metallic static strength - Ed. F

Record of revisions
ISSUE DATE AUTHORS EFFECT ON REASONS FOR REVISION
PAGE PARA
Ed. A 29/07/2003 TEUCHOS- L. RABANEL ALL ALL First issue
TEUCHOS- S. AZAM
Ed. B 08/03/2005 TEUCHOS- S. AZAM ALL ALL Merge of different training documents
TEUCHOS- O. DUKIC New chapter for frames
Update of calculation methods
New exercises (fmaille, fcadre, ASSIST Link)
Ed. B2 – B7 06/04/2005 TEUCHOS- S. AZAM ALL ALL Corrections
28/11/2005 TEUCHOS- O. DUKIC Update according to the last versions of the tools
TEUCHOS- P. LARROUX
Ed. C 01/02/2006 TEUCHOS- S. AZAM ALL ALL Corrections
TEUCHOS- O. DUKIC New chapter for bolt & splicing analysis
TEUCHOS- P. LARROUX
Ed. C2 – C4 19/04/2006 TEUCHOS- S. AZAM ALL ALL Corrections (frame method, bolt method…)
04/09/2006 TEUCHOS- O. DUKIC Splitting of theoretical and practical parts
TEUCHOS- P. LARROUX
© AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
Ed. D 07/03/2007 TEUCHOS- O. DUKIC ALL ALL

TEUCHOS- P. LARROUX
Ed. E 03/02/2008 TEUCHOS- O. DUKIC 112 –116 2.5.2 New pin bending at UL calculation
TEUCHOS- P. LARROUX 229 – 253
Ed. F 03/12/2008 TEUCHOS- R. VIDAL ALL ALL New pin bending at LL calculation
TEUCHOS- P. LARROUX Update according to the new 6.6 version
Metallic static strength - Ed. F December 2008 Page 2

Contacts
• Project leaders
 GérardCOUDOUENT (EDSA – Metallic static strength methods and ASSIST tool)
 Jean CHAIX (EDSAZC – ASSIST Link tool, fmaille and fcadre tools)
• ASSIST internal installation (specify user login and computer number)

 ISR (Informatical Scientifical Responsible)
• SASt Structural Analysis Support & Training

+33 5 34 63 88 08 stresshelp@airbus.com
(88 77 on AF Site)

Contents
1- Introduction
1.1- Context of metallic static strength analysis
1.2- AM2392 overview
1.3- Tools for metallic static strength analysis
1.3.1- ASSIST
1.3.2- ASSIST Link
1.3.3- fmaille
1.3.4- fcadre
2- Theory
2.1- Buckling of plane/curved plates
2.2- Stiffener instabilities
2.3- Stiffened panel analysis
2.3.1- Pure compression
2.3.2- Pure shear
2.3.3- Compression and shear
2.3.4- Compression and bending
2.4- Frame analysis

2.5- Lug assembly analysis
2.5.1- Lug analysis
2.5.2- Pin analysis
2.5.3- Bushing analysis
2.6- Fasteners and joints analysis Splicing, bolt group ...
2.6.1- Fasteners and joints analysis
2.6.2- Splicing, bolt group calculation
1- Introduction
Transverse stiffener (frame)
(curved)
Axial stiffener (stringer)
(straight)
Lug assembly
Panel
Cleat
AM2392 *
(*) AM2392: document replacing MTS004

1.1- Context of metallic static strength analysis
INPUT DATA
Geometry from CAD
Materials (from material handbook)
Loads from FEM
METHODS & TOOLS

AM2392 manual
ASSIST
ASSIST Link
fmaille, fcadre
SIZING
OUTPUT DATA STRESS DOSSIER
Reserve factors
CERTIFICATION

Process for stress engineering
Stress
analysis
to perform
Tool
existing for
this
analysis ?
Method in
the
AM2392 ?
Use of AM2392
Contact the Use of the
with EXCEL for
support team existing tool
example
Stress
analysis
completed

1.2- AM2392 overview (1/3)
AM2392: Static stress manual for metallic materials for Airbus France
METHOD § DESCRIPTION LOADING
Buckling of thin V1-2 Calculation of buckling critical stresses with Compression,
plates and shells various boundary conditions. bending, shear and
The calculation includes plasticity correction. combinations
Stiffeners V1-3 Calculation of the allowable stresses for a Local compression

stiffener. (flanges and web).
The calculations only deals with local Transverse shear
instabilities and include plasticity corrections. (web)
Column V2-5 Calculation of Euler column buckling Calculation of column
Calculation of the amplified bending moment (Euler) buckling·
Beams-columns V2-6
Stiffened panels V1-1 • Local instability stresses • Pure compression

• Column buckling with Euler-Engesser • Pure shear
modified formula. • Compression and

• Shear panel failure shear
• Forced crippling • Compression and
Calculations include plasticity corrections, bending
iterative solving of effective skin width and
diagonal tension effects.
Presented during the training

AM2392 overview (2/3)
Cleats V1-9 • Cleat stiffness
• Cleat effectiveness (can the cleat be
considered as a rigid support ?)
Thin web beams V1-4 • Web buckling Transverse shear in
• Uprights instability the web.
• Web shear failure Bending of beam.
• Uprights and flanges attachments
• Holes in the web
Calculations include iterative effective width
solving and diagonal tension effects.
Stable web beams V1-5 Same as “thin web beams” when no web Transverse shear in
buckling occurs (no more diagonal tension the web.
effects and effective width). Bending of beam.
Lugs V1-7 Critical load in the lug (Tensile failure, Axial load
shear/bearing failure, transverse failure) Transverse load
Pin bending & shear Combined
Bushing bearing axial/transverse.
Hole reinforcement V1-8 Stress concentration factors

AM2392 overview (3/3)
Bending of beams V2-4 Current formulas for stress and strain Various
calculation of straight beams, curved beams
and variable sections beams. Various
Boundary conditions.Plastic bending is also
dealt.
Frames V1-10 • Local instability stresses Compression
• Web stress interaction Bending
Calculations include plasticity corrections, Transverse shear in
effective skin widths the web

1.3- Tools for metallic static strength analysis
ASSIST Link
ASSIST
fmaille,fcadre

1.3.1- ASSIST
Stiffener
Plane/curved plate instabilities Stiffened panel
buckling
Frame
Lug/pin assembly
Incas tools
• Bolt Beam column
• Galley
• Inertia
• Beam

• Ecliss December 2008 Page 12
ASSIST input data
Geometry Materials Load
Material FEM
CAD Design
manual
ENACS Post
EXCEL Transfer load
CADLINK ASSIST Link PSN13
ASSIST Link
EXCEL
TOINEF ses inef
ASSIST Link
inef txt inef inef

ASSIST
Manual operation

1.3.2- ASSIST Link
ASSIST Link
Excel macro
Creation of ASSIST files directly on WINDOWS. (INEF and sessions)
Useof EXCEL as a unique platform: ASSIST calculations may be launched directly from
EXCEL. Asked results may then be directly imported into EXCEL.
Creation of INEF files that can be used for a post-processing viewing under PSN8.
Creationof a PSN1 EXLIN input file corresponding to the element description with Not presented
ASSIST data codes, using Inertia modulus of ASSIST. during the training
Creation of WORD output corresponding to the beam section description.
ASSIST menu
Sorted ASSIST codes

1.3.3- fmaille
fmaille
Batch tool available on UNIX servers
Creates a parameterised Finite Element Model (FEM) according to an input text file that contains
geometry and material characteristics and loading tensor. It calculates a plane/curved plate buckling
Reserve Factor taking into account the effect of skin pads, hole, stiffeners torsion inertia, pressure on
curved plates…
Caution: fmaille is an elastic approach of plane/curved plate buckling
Different fmaille tools:

fmaille  flat panel with pads
fmaillec  curved panel with pads
fmaillej  fmaille + stiffeners torsion inertia
fmaillecj  fmaillec + stiffeners torsion inertia
fmailletrou  fmaille + hole
lancemaille [c][j][trou]  burst launch of fmaille[c][j][trou]
1.3.4- fcadre
fcadre
Batch tool available on UNIX servers
Creates a parameterised Finite Element Model (FEM) according to an input text file that contains
geometry and material characteristics and loading tensor. It calculates the web buckling Reserve
Factor taking into account the effect of web pads, and middle flange.
Caution: fcadre is an elastic approach of web buckling

2- Theory
Theory from AM2392 manual

AM2392 replaces MTS004

2.1- Buckling of plane/curved plates
PLANE CURVED Cylinders &

PLATES PLATES other shells not
detailed here
but in AM2392

Ramberg & Osgood material‟s behaviour law
Stress-strain relation in compression
nc
ζ ζ
ε 0,002
Ec Fcy ζ
ε : strain
ζ : stress
Fcy : yield limit in compressio n at 0,2%
E c : Young modulus in compressio n (elastic)
n c : R & O coefficien t Fcy
Elasto-plastic modulus
ζ
Es
ε
1 nc 1 nc
Et Es Ec
E s : secant modulus
E t : tangent modulus
Elasto-plastic Poisson coefficient

0,2% ε
Es Es ν : Elasto - plastic Poisson coefficien t
ν νe 1 νp ν e : Elastic Poisson coefficien t
Ec Ec ν p : Plastic Poisson coefficien t (ν p 0,5 always)

Load decomposition
CRITICAL BUCKLING STRESSES under
Compression Shear Bending
Reserve factor
under combined
loading

Critical buckling stress
2
t a a
ζ cr (or η cr ) η K Ec
c b b
ζ cr : critical stress
η : plasticity correction factor f E c , E s , E t , ν
t : plate thickness radius R
c : minimum loaded edge length
c b if axial compressio n or bending
c a if transvers e compressio n
c min a; b if shear
The curvature improves the
buckling stability
π2 k
K 2
k
12 (1 ν e )
m=1
k : buckling factor depending on

 boundary conditions m=2
 a ratio m=3
b
 radius R if curved plate smoothed curve
a/b

Critical buckling stress
Iterative process on
1 assumed
Es , Et ,
Material
(R&O law)
η Plasticity
correction factor
Boundary conditions
Kind of loading 2 calculated 1= 2?
Geometry
cr Critical
buckling stress

Interaction equation
An interaction equation
compression/shear/bending is used
for the Reserve Factor calculation
R αc R βs R bγ 1
ζ i, applied
Ri
Axial compression + shear + bending ζ i, allowed
α, β, γ from AM2392
A corrected critical stress in

compression is calculated including
the transverse stress effect.
Specific charts are used
Axial compression + transverse

compression + shear + bending

Interaction equation
Note about ASSIST plate Module
Combination of axial &

transverse compression
Only the configuration For other boundary conditions:

with 4 hinged edges is use the AM2392 charts
available in ASSIST (V1-2 2.34 to 2.37)

Load combination for a curved plate
An interaction equation
compression/shear is used
for the RF calculation
Axial compression + shear
Radial pressure improves

the strength of the curved
plate regarding the buckling.
Not available Interaction equations

into ASSIST Compression/pressure and
Compression + Shear +
(Available in shear/pressure can be used.
radial pressure radial pressure
fmaille) (AM2392 : V1-2 3.13)

Practical exercises
3.1- Plane/curved plates

3.1.1- Flat plate with ASSIST
3.1.2- Curved plate with ASSIST (parameterised session)
3.1.3- Flat plate with EXCEL
3.1.4- Flat plate with fmaille

2.2- Stiffener instabilities

Partition of the stiffener
Inner flange
Partition of the
stiffener into Flanged edge
stiffener single parts Web
Outer flange
skin
Supports for each part are supposed to be at middle-thickness

Stiffener instabilities
Inner flange:
• Local buckling
Web: • Lateral instability (if the
stiffener is linked to a skin)
• Local buckling
Flanged edge:
Outer flange: local buckling must
not occur before the
• Local buckling inner flange one
• Inter-rivet buckling
(if the stiffener is linked
to a skin)
• Forced crippling
(calculated with the

whole stiffened panel)
Whole stiffener:
• Crippling

Inner flange local buckling
Inner flange local buckling:

buckling of a plate
under pure compression
with significant boundary conditions
s.s
Inner flange s.s : simply supported
without s.s f : free
f i.s : intermediate
flanged edge
support
s.s
2 cases
s.s
A buckling factor is
Inner flange s.s calculated depending
i.s
with flanged on the flanged edge
edge geometry
s.s

Lateral instability
Distance
between 2
cleats
The lateral instability calculated here assumes the stiffener is linked to a panel.

Lateral instability
Lateral buckling of the inner flange
between the 2 cleats providing rigid or Around the plane of greatest inertia of
flexible support the inner flange (+flanged edge)
As a beam on elastic distributed

supports (Timoshenko approach)
Elastic distributed
supports are
provided by the
web bending
stiffness
Outer flange

Lateral instability – rigid cleats
Calculation of the number of half wave-

length between two cleats without m0=2,66
considering their effect
m1=2
Calculation of the minimum lateral instability

stress considering an entire number of half
wave-length (cleats provide rigid supports)
m2=3
Lateral instability stress
Half wave length
Wave length
Cleat efficiency:
Cleats have no efficiency for lateral
instability if they are located on an entire
number of half wave-length
infinite
Distance between rigid cleats

Lateral instability – flexible cleats
• Calculation of lateral instability stress considering no cleat  ζ li- no cleat
• Calculation of lateral instability stress considering cleats that provide rigid support  ζ li- rigid cleats
• Calculation of cleat minimum stiffness to consider them as rigid  K rigid
• Non linear interpolation of lateral instability stresses according to the real stiffness
instability
Lateral
stress
ζ li- rigid cleats
ζ li- no cleat
0 K rigid Cleat stiffness

Web local buckling
Web local buckling:

buckling of a plate
s.s
Without inner s.s : simply supported
flange s.s f : free
f i.s : intermediate
support
s.s
2 cases
s.s
A buckling factor is
With inner s.s calculated depending
i.s
flange on the inner flange
s.s geometry

Inter-rivets buckling
Outer flange
Inter rivet buckling:
buckling of a plate
with significant boundary conditions skin p
i.c
f
f : free
f p
i.c : intermediate clamping
i.c
Kir
Rivets act as an An end fixity factor is Hinged 1

intermediate support determined Countersunk head rivet 0,66 from
between hinged and depending on the Protruding head universal rivet 0,54
tests
clamped conditions kind of fasteners
Clamped 0,5

Outer flange local buckling
Outer flange local buckling:

buckling of a plate
s.s
s.s f : free
f s.s : simply supported
s.s
Outer flange local buckling
is used only for crippling
Outer flange is Outer flange local calculation
attached to the buckling is not a
panel failure criteria Inter-rivets buckling is the
single allowable for the
outer flange

Crippling
Corners can continue to be loaded even after
local buckling has occurred in a part of the
section (Corners are supposed to be fixed
against any lateral movement). This is a post
buckling analysis.
Crippling stress is the allowable of the whole

section taking into account this effect.
If no bending applied:
Sin fl Sfl edge ζ in fl loc Sweb ζ web loc Sout fl ζ out fl loc
Inner flange
ζ crip
Sin fl Sfl edge Sweb Sout fl
Flanged edge
Web If bending applied:
Crippling for the Sin Sfl ζ in 1 Sweb ζ web
ζ crip-in
fl edge fl loc 2 loc
inner flange side:
Outer flange Sin Sfl 1 Sweb
fl edge 2
Crippling for the

1 Sweb ζ web Sout ζ out
ζ crip-out 2 loc fl fl loc
outer flange side:
1 Sweb Sout
2 fl

Practical exercises
3.2- Stiffener instabilities with ASSIST

2.3- Stiffened panel analysis

Stiffened panel analysis
For weight optimisation reasons,

panels are allowed to buckle at
Ultimate loads and sometimes before
When the panels buckle, a part of the

panels load is redistributed on the
stiffener
Necessity to take into account the

panels buckling for the analysis of the
whole stiffened panel

2.3.1- Stiffened panels under pure compression

Stiffened panels under pure compression
Stiffener instabilities
• Inner flange local buckling
• Lateral instability
• Web local buckling
• Inter-rivets buckling
• Crippling
• Fcy stiffener Stiffened panel load
carrying capacity
• Load leading to the first local
instability
Panel instabilities • Column buckling critical load
• Inter-rivets buckling
• Fcy panel
Stiffened panel load leading
Skin pocket buckling
to skin pocket buckling

Effective width of skin in compression
There is an effective width of skin which may be thought of as acting as part of the stiffener.
The stiffener stabilises the skin against buckling in this region
Panel edge stress
Skin buckling stress
effective width effective width
b
Effective width calculation : Karman formula

ζ pi ζ cpi Lti Lti, 0 ζ pi : applied compressio n stress in i panel
ζ cpi : skin pocket buckling of i panel
ζ cpi b
ζ pi ζ cpi Lti Lti, 0 L ti,0 : initial i panel working width L ti,0
2
ζ pi L ti : i panel working width
Load leading to the first local instability
Materials
Geometry
Min local instability in stiffener:

Min local instability in panel: • Inner flange local buckling
• inter-rivets buckling • Web local buckling
• inter-rivets buckling
p Minimal critical strain s

Corresponding strain in panel =min( p, Corresponding strain in
crit s)
using R&O law stiffener using R&O law
p-crit, s-crit
Corresponding stresses in panel

and stiffener using R&O law
Skin initial buckling stress Panel effective width Load leading to the
(plates on 4 hinged calculation using first local instability:
supports) Karman law Plocal

Modified Engesser formula for column buckling
ζ critic : Critical stress
Euler formula ζ 0 : Critical stress at zero slendernes s
2
Ec λ : Slendernes s
S
ζ critic 2
with λ K.A. K : end fixity factor
I A : Column length
S : Column cross section area
I : Column inertia
Replacing Ec by Et for plasticity E c : Young modulus in compressio n
E t : Tangent modulus
correction
Engesser formula
2 with E t calculated according to R & O formula :
Et ζ critic
ζ critic 2 ζ ζ
nc
1 nc 1 nc
ε 0,002 ;
Ec Fcy Et Es Ec
ζ0
Replacing Fcy by 0 for

limitation on low slenderness
Modified Engesser formula

2
Et with E t calculated acc. to modified R & O formula :
ζ critic 2 ζ ζ
nc
1 nc 1 nc λ
ε 0,002 ;
Ec ζ0 E t Es Ec

Critical stresses at zero slenderness
Materials
Geometry
Min allowable stress in stiffener:

Min allowable stress in panel: • Lateral instability
• Yield limit (Fcy) • Crippling
• Yield limit (Fcy)
p Minimal critical strain s

Corresponding strain in panel =min( p, Corresponding strain in stiffener
0 s)
using R&O law using R&O law
0p, 0s
Corresponding stresses in panel
and stiffener using R&O law
Critical stress at zero

slenderness of the
stiffened panel: 0

Column buckling critical load
assumed in the Iterative process on

stiffened panel
Stresses at
zero
slenderness
0p, 0s
Corresponding stresses Corresponding tangent End
p and s using R&O modulus Et using R&O fixity
modified law modified law factor
Panel effective Corresponding critical

Skin pocket
characteristics column buckling load P2
buckling
calculation using in the stiffened panel
stress
Karman law using Engesser formula
Corresponding
transmitted load
P1= i.Si in the stiffened P1= P2 ?
panel
Column buckling
load: Pcolumn

Load carrying capacity
Load leading to the Column buckling

first local instability load
Plocal Pcolumn
Pcrit=min(Plocal ; Pcolumn)

Load leading to skin pocket buckling
Materials p= s
c
Geometry Corresponding strain using
Skin pocket buckling stress
R&O law
s
Initial section
characteristics Corresponding stress in
stiffener using R&O law
Load leading skin

pocket buckling
This load is presented as a

percentage of the limit load

Reserve factors
Ultimate Load leading to skin

applied load pocket buckling
Pcrit
PUL Ppocket buckling
Stiffened panel instability is not Skin pocket buckling must not occur
allowed at Ultimate Load before 80% of Limit Load
Pcrit Ppocket buckling Ppocket buckling

RF 1,00 1,5 80%
PUL PLL PUL
The limit value for Reserve Factor may be This criteria corresponds to a fatigue criteria.
more than 1,00 according to margins policy.
The 80% value may be modified according to
the skin thickness and margins policy.

Practical exercises
3.3- Stiffened panel under pure compression

3.3.1- Flat stiffened panel under pure compression with ASSIST
3.3.2- Flat plate taking into account skin pads with fmaille  ASSIST
3.3.3- Curved stiffened panel with ASSIST (parameterised session)

2.3.2- Stiffened panels under pure shear

Bay configuration
Panels
subjected to
shear
Curved transverse
stiffeners
frames
(Y direction)
Axial stiffeners
stringers
(X direction)
• Axial stiffeners = stringers = straight stiffeners  can be subjected to column buckling and
forced crippling
• Transverse stiffeners = frames = curved stiffeners  can be subjected to forced crippling
• Panels  can be subjected to shear failure
Stiffened panels under pure shear
Stiffener instabilities Stiffened panel column
buckling
• Inner flange local buckling
• Lateral instability
• Web local buckling • Critical shear stress in the
• Crippling skin leading to stiffened panel
• Fcy (X direction) column buckling
Skin pocket buckling Diagonal tension effect
Forced crippling
• Shear stress in the skin
leading to forced crippling in

the axial stiffener skin side
flange (X direction)
• Shear stress in the skin
leading to forced crippling in
Skin shear failure the transverse stiffener skin
side flange (Y direction)

Diagonal tension effect
t
/4
Stable plate (no buckling) c=- t=
c cp
ζt ζc η
Unstable plate -
Level of buckling given by
diagonal tension factor k
t TD Incomplete diagonal
tension theory
/4
+ Diagonal compression is
limited by the skin buckling c=- cp
c
2 k Balance is obtained by adding
ζt ζc 1 k η ζ TD diagonal tension cp
sin( 2 )
Back to original coordinate system -
Y
k η
ζX
X tan α The resultant stresses X, Y
are balanced by the stiffeners
ζY k η tan α

Diagonal tension parameters
Diagonal tension factor
R si : Shear buckling loading rate
if R si 1 k 0 k : Diagonal tension factor
ηi
R si R si 1 cpi : Panel critical buckling shear stress
η cpi if R si 1 k i : Applied shear stress on panel
R si 1 : Coefficien t depending on geometry
( 0,4343 for flat panel)
Effective width of skin under diagonal tension
L k : Diagonal tension factor

DT
L ti 1 k ti0 DT
L ti : panel " i" effective width under diagonal tension
2 L ti0 : panel " i" initial width
Diagonal tension angle (only true for plane stiffened panels)
DT DT : Diagonal tension angle

DT
: Global diagonal tension strain
tan 2 X
DT
X : Diagonal tension strain in X direction
DT DT
Y DT
Y : Diagonal tension strain in Y direction

Stresses in super-stiffeners due to diagonal tension
Shear stress
assumed in the
panel
Diagonal tension factor k
Effective panel width Lti
Corresponding stress Diagonal tension angle Corresponding stress

DT and strain DT in 1 DT and strain DT in
X X Y Y
axial direction (First iteration: 1=45 ) transverse direction
Diagonal tension angle 2
1= 2?
Stress YDT in the
Stress XDT in the
transverse super-
axial super-stiffener
stiffener
Forced crippling phenomenon
Skin buckling across stiffener
Enforced displacements on
the stiffener skin side flange
Forced crippling failure
A panel A.A
Careful to
tensile load
in rivets
A stiffener

Forced crippling critical load
Applied
shear assumed in the
stresses in symmetric panel
the panels
Limited by
Fcy
Materials
i assumed in the Corresponding
Geometry panels stresses in super-
stiffeners
Skin pocket buckling DT and DT
X Y
Loading rates Rsi
stresses cpi
Max stresses in the
Equivalent stiffeners skin side flange
Diagonal tension
symmetric stiffened DT DT
factor k X-ssf-min and Y-ssf-min
panel
Critical forced crippling stress

of the stiffener (X or Y) flange =
forced crippling (X or Y)
(X or Y)-ssf-min
DT ?
forced crippling (X or Y)
Process done once for forced

crippling of the axial stiffener and
once for forced crippling of the Shear stress leading to
transverse stiffener forced crippling in
stiffener (X or Y) flange
Euler - Johnson formula for column buckling
Euler – Johnson formula
ζ crit
DT
: Critical compressio n stress
DT 2
λ ζ 0 : Critical stress at zero slendernes s
Johnson : 0 λ DT λ '0 ζ crit
DT
ζ0 ζ 2
0 λ DT : Diagonal tension slendernes s
4π 2 E DT λ '0 : Limit slenderness
π 2 E DT E DT : Young modulus
Euler : λ DT
λ '
0 ζ DT
crit 2 SDT : Effective section area
λ DT I DT : Effective inertia
K DT : End fixity factor
Limit slenderness A : Column length
k : Diagonal tension factor
2E DT L t0 : Initial Panel width
λ '
π ζ crit
DT
0
ζ0
Diagonal tension slenderness ζ0

SDT Johnson
λ DT DT
K .A. DT
I
ζ0
2 Euler
End fixity factor (for plane stiffened panels)
1
K DT
Lt0
1 k2 3 4 '
0 λ
A
Column buckling critical load
assumed in the
symmetric panel
Diagonal
tension factor Corresponding
k stress in axial
super-stiffener XDT
End fixity factor KDT

Max stress in axial
super-stiffener
Slenderness DT DT
X-min
Stresses at Critical column

zero buckling stress DT = DT
DT using Euler- crit X-min
slenderness crit
Johnson formula ?
0p, 0s
Limited by web
and inner flange Shear stress leading to
local buckling column buckling

Skin shear failure
Tresca criteria
Ftu
Flat plate : η max
2
Ftu Sts Sas
Curved plate : η max 0,65 Δ with Δ 0,3 tanh 0,1 tanh
2 A t B t
η max : Skin shear failure stress

Ftu : Ultimate tensile stress
A : Axial stiffener length
B : Transverse stiffener lenght
t : Skin pocket thi ckness
Sas : Axial stiffener pad section area
Sts : Transverse stiffener pad section area Materials
Geometry
Skin shear failure

Validity domain and limitations
Panel proportions
Bi Bi A ri
1 0,2 1 120 1500 A A : Stiffened panel lenght
A A ti 3 Bi : Stiffened panel width
Bi A Bi ri t i : Skin pocket thi ckness
1 0,2 1 120 1500 Bi ri : Panel curvature radius
A Bi ti 3
ri 500
Skin side flange must not be thin

t ssf t ssf : Skin side flange thickness
0,6 t i : Skin pocket thi ckness
ti
Skin / stiffener riveting

Pir p ir : Inter - rivets pitch
2,5 10 D : Rivet diameter
D

Reserve factors
Shear stress leading to
forced crippling in
forced crippling in axial
transverse stiffener
stiffener flange
flange
RF for axial forced RF for transverse

crippling forced crippling
Applied
shear
stresses
RF for column RF for skin shear

buckling failure

Skin shear failure
column buckling

Practical exercises
3.4- Stiffened panel under pure shear

3.4.1- Flat stiffened panel under pure shear with ASSIST

2.3.3- Stiffened panels under compression & shear

Stiffened panels under compression and shear
Pure compression
calculation
• Load carrying capacity
Allowable load at UL
Skin pocket buckling • Critical combined
compression load
• Critical combined shear
stress
Pure shear calculation
• Column buckling due to
diagonal tension
• Forced crippling in axial
direction Stiffened panel load leading

• Forced crippling to skin pocket buckling
transverse direction
•Skin shear failure
Skin pocket buckling

Stiffened panels under compression and shear
Axial forced
crippling stress
Critical Transverse
buckling stress forced crippling
crit, 0 stress
Column buckling
stress
Load carrying capacity interaction
Load carrying
1.5
capacity Pcrit η crit
1
Pcrit, 0 Pcrit,0 η crit,0
Limited by the Pure shear

skin shear
Pure calculation
failure skin failure
compression
calculation
Skin pocket buckling interaction

Skin pocket Skin pocket
2
buckling load Ppocket buckling η pocket buckling buckling stress
1
Ppocket buckling, 0 Ppocket buckling,0 η pocket buckling,0 pocket buckling, 0

Interaction curves
OB Pcrit η crit
RF 1,00
OA PUL η UL
P
Ppocket buckling Ppocket buckling 1,5 OC
Pcrit,0 1,5 80%
PLL PUL OA
B
Pcrit
PUL
A
Ppock-buck,0 Skin pocket buckling
C
Ppock-buck
η pock η pock η UL η crit η skin_fail η crit,0

O
- buck - buck,0 η
Practical exercises
3.5- Stiffened panel under compression and shear

3.5.1- Flat stiffened panel under compression and shear with ASSIST
3.5.3- Curved plate taking into account skin pads with lancemaillec  ASSIST

2.3.4- Stiffened panels under compression and
bending

Sign convention
UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED
LATERAL LOAD
ORIGINAL BENDING (+ compresses the panel) END BENDING
MOMENT q (N/mm) MOMENT
(+ compresses the panel) (+ compresses the panel)
M10 (N.mm) M20 (N.mm)
NORMAL LOAD
(- compression)
P (N)
x
z
PANEL
STIFFENER

Stiffened panels under compression and bending
Pure compression
calculation
Allowable load at UL
• Load carrying capacity
• Critical pure compression
load
Skin pocket buckling • Critical compression and
bending load considering
minimum bending moment
• Critical compression and
bending load considering
Amplified bending maximum bending moment
calculation
• at minimum bending
moment location
• at maximum bending Stiffened panel load leading
moment location to skin pocket buckling
Skin pocket buckling at

maximum bending
moment location

Corrected extremity bending moments
Corrected extremity bending moments

M i : Corrected extremity bending moment
Q .A 2 M i0 : Applied extremity initial bending moment
M i = M i0 .C - q : Applied uniformly distribute d lateral load
12 C : Multiplier coefficien t
with Q q.C A : Beam length
q Q
M1,0 M2,0 M1 M2
C P P CxP CxP
A A
Correction due to stiffener continuity

+++ +++
--- --- ---
TRANSVERSE FRAMES

Amplified bending moment
Evolution of the amplified bending moment along the length

x x 2
M z : Amplified bending moment
Mz C1.sin C2 .cos C3 . j 2π j : Amplified bending moment wav elength
j j C1 , C2 , C3 : Coefficien ts depending on boundary conditions
Amplified bending moment wavelength

A : Beam length
P Pcrit : Stiffened panel critical column buckling load under pure compressio n
2 j 2 A crit
C .P P : Applied compressio n load
Extremum location
C1
x max(min) j arctan 2π j x max(min) : Extremum location
C2

Compression and bending stresses
If the material of the skin and the frame are the same, you have:
Combined
Compression Bending
stresses
stress stress
stiffener
Vin-flange
Centre Of + =
Gravity Vout-flange
Vskin
skin
Vweb=0
ζ c &b ζc ζb ζ c&b : Compressio n and bending stress

ζ c : Compressio n stress
ζ b : Bending stress
P : Compressio n load
S : Stiffened panel cross section area
M z : Amplified bending moment
If same materials for stiffener and panel V : offset / COG
I : Effective stiffened panel inertia
P Mz V
ζ c&b ζc ζb
S I
Compression and bending limits
Web: Inner flange:

• Compression: min • Compression: min
- Local buckling - Local buckling
- Outer flange crippling - Lateral instability
- Inner flange crippling - Inner flange crippling
- Fcy - Fcy
• Tension: Ftu • Tension: Ftu
Outer flange:
• Compression: min
- Outer flange crippling
- Inter-rivets buckling
- Fcy
• Tension: Ftu Panel:
- Fcy
• Tension: Ftu

Critical compression and bending load
Iterative process on C
C applied load multiplier coefficient
Mzmin(max) Amplified bending moment extremum

Pure compression strain assumed in the panel
Iterative process on Lti
Lti1 Effective width under compression and bending
Iterative process on Es
Es 1 Secant modulus
Section
Section offsets
offsets
Compression and bending stresses
Es 2 Secant modulus
Es 1= Es 2 ?
Lti2 Effective width under compression and bending

Lti1= Lti2 ?
Pt : transmitted load
C.P= Pt ?
Critical compression and

bending load at min (max) One of the limits
is reached ?
moment location
Practical exercises
3.7- Stiffened panel under compression and bending with ASSIST

2.4- Frame analysis
Current fuselage bay Nose fuselage or tail cone bay

(single curvature) (double curvature)
Applied loads
Transfer loads procedure

(ENACS post processing)
FEM results
yG Mf
N: Normal load (Compression or Tensile)
N
T: Transverse shear load (+ or -)
xG T
Mf: Bending moment (- compresses skin) zG
Frame loading at the assembly
centre of gravity (cog)
Effective width calculation
Effective width calculated with the simplified approach of Karman formula (15 x t)
ζ pi : applied compressio n stress in i panel
Ec Ec L ti,0 : initial i panel working width
ζ pi 0 L ti min 0,95 t pi ; 0,95 ti w pi L ti : panel " i" working width
Fcy Fcy t i : panel " i" thickness
t pi : pad " i" thickness
ζ pi 0 L ti L ti, 0 w pi : pad " i" width
Rivet line
wpi
tpi
ti
Lti
Lti,0
Remark:
70300
The formula name comes from the 2024 aluminium alloy properties: 0,95 15
270

Section characteristics
The main inertia axis of the whole section, may not correspond to the principal axis
because of the skin angle in the case of a double curvature panel. So the effect of
deviated bending can not be neglected. In that way, we calculate inertia around both
principal axis (Iy, Iz and Iyz).
Deviated bending
Y
(M y . I yz M z . I y ) .y (M z . I yz M y . I z ) .z
ζf
G
Z
I y . Iz I 2yz I y . Iz I 2yz
Whole section characteristics are corrected by the Young modulus of the different
parts (Young modulus for initial section characteristics).
Applied stresses at UL
Vy
Offsets / Centre Of Gravity

Vzin-web Vzin-fl
G Vzmid-fl
YG
Vzout-web Vz
out-fl Vzskin
ZG Z
ζ i : Compressio n/tension and bending stress applied on part i
N : Compressio n/tension load

M f : Bending moment
Stresses under S : Cross section area
compression/tension and bending I ZG : Inertia around ZG
I YG : Inertia around YG
E c,i I YZG : Product of inertia
N M f I ZG .Vz i I YZG .Vy
ζi 2
Vz i : Z offset / COG of part i
Vy : Y offset / COG
S I YG .I ZG I YZG Ec E c, i : Young modulus of part i
E c : Young modulus of whole section
Applied stresses on the web at UL
The middle flange is not a support for the web The middle flange is a support for the web
σ web-c σ web-b
σ in-web σ in-web σweb1-c σweb1-b

τweb
= + + + +
σmid-web
= σweb2-c σweb2-b
τweb τweb τweb
τweb
σout-web σout-web
pure compression/tension stress applied on the web

ζ in-web ζ mid -web ζ mid -web ζ out-web
ζ in-web ζ out-web ζ web1-c ζ web2-c

ζ web-c 2 2
2
pure bending stress applied on the web
ζ in-web ζ out-web ζ in-web ζ mid -web ζ mid -web ζ out-web
ζ web-b ζ web1-b ζ web2-b
2 2 2
pure shear stress applied on the web
T
η web
Sweb
Failure modes
Inner flange:
- Local buckling
- Lateral instability
- Fcy
• Tension: Ftu
Flanged edge:
• Test of the support supplied Web:
to inner flange
• Compression / shear /
• local buckling must not occur bending: buckling interaction
before the inner flange one equation
• Material failure criteria
(combination of Ftu and Fsu)
Middle flange:
• Test of the support supplied
to web Panel:
- Fcy
Outer flange:
• Tension: Ftu
- Fcy
• Tension: Ftu

Practical exercises
3.8- Frames
3.8.1- Frame with ASSIST
3.8.2- Frame web buckling with fcadre

2.5- Lug assembly analysis

Lug assembly
Optional
bushings
Optional bushing


Pin (plain or tubular)
Female part of lug Male part of lug


2.5.1- Lug analysis
Allowable axial load

Allowable transverse load
Allowable oblique load

2.5.1.1- Allowable axial load for the lug
Conventional lug Eye-end lug
F 40 F F
40
°
°
Tensile failure Shear and bearing Eye-end lug

combination failure

Tension elastic overstress factor - Kte
Elastic overstress factor at gross section
K t : Elastic overstress factor at gross section
Kt K t ET G taken from fatigue manual (MTS005 ch. III.3.8) Agross Anet
ζ MAX
K t ET : 2D basic tension overstress factor
ζ MOY
G : 3D correction factor (consideri ng hole deformatio n)
MOY
D
MAX
Elastic overstress factor at net section
A net W D K te : Elastic overstress factor at net section

K te Kt Kt A net : Net section area
A gross W A gross : Gross section area
W : Lug width
D : Lug hole diametre

Striction strain - s
Ramberg & Osgood factor at Ftu

n n : Ramberg & Osgood factor at Ftu
Fty Fty : Yield limit in tension
n 500
Ftu Ftu : Ultimate limit in tension
ζ
Ftu break
Striction strain
1 : Striction strain
εs s
e% : strain after failure
n
εs e% ε
Striction: unstable state where strain can increase

without necessary increasing of the load
s will be truncated by the minimum strain at break

for the material e% (material information)

Tension elasto-plastic overstress factor - K
Tension elasto-plastic overstress factor
Ftu
Kζ K te
ε s .E
e max
K ζ : Elasto - plastic overstress factor at net section max Neuber hyperbola
K te : Elastic overstress factor at net section
Ftu : Ultimate limit in tension
s : Striction strain
E : Young modulus in tension
Material curve
The Neuber rule is used to calculate a real
overstress factor in the elasto-plastic range nom
using the reference stress status, the elastic

overstress factor and the stress/strain curve

of the material
K will be at least 1: K 1
nom max

Allowable tensile load at UL- Ptu
Ultimate tension failure load
Ptu : Allowable tensile load of convention al lug at UL
A t Ftu K ζ : Elasto - plastic overstress factor at net section
Ptu Ftu : Ultimate limit in tension
Kζ A t : Net section area W/2
At W D t
W : Lug width
D : Lug hole diametre R
D
t : Lug thickness
W/2
L
Ptu
Remarks:
2 A t Ftu
In the case of a female lug, both arms should be taken into account: Ptu
Kζ
The calculation of allowable tensile load is necessary only if the lug is working in tension
(not necessary if the lug is working in compression)

Shear / bearing factor - Kbr
Shear / bearing factor
Remarks :
Material data Fbru and Fbry given for a/D=2 • If | | 90 (compression load), Kbr factor will be
and D/t=2 determined by taking : a/D=2
• The value of Kbr will be limited to 2.0 for all

aluminium alloy forging, bars and sheets of a
thickness equal to or greater than 12.7 mm.
• curve A is the upper limit to be taken into account

for all forged aluminium alloy parts when the
long transverse direction coincides with direction
"C" on the drawing of the lug,
• curve B is the upper limit to be taken into account

for all aluminium alloy forgings, bars and

sheets when the short transverse direction
coincides with direction "C" on the drawing of the
lug and for die forged parts when the lug contains
the jointing plane in a direction approximately
perpendicular to direction "C".

Allowable shear / bearing load at UL- Pbru
Ultimate shear / bearing failure load
Pbru : Allowable shear / bearing load of convention al lug at UL
K br A br : Projected bearing area
Pbru A br Fbru A br D t
1,9 D : Lug hole diametre
t : Lug thickness
K br : shear / bearing factor
Fbru : Ultimate bearing stress (e/D 2) from material handbook
Pbru
40
40
°
°
Remark:
In the case of a female lug, both arms should be taken into account

Allowable axial load for conventional lug at UL - Pu
tension
Tension elastic
Striction strain s
overstress factor Kte
Shear / bearing
Tension elasto-plastic Shear / bearing factor
overstress factor K Kbr
Allowable tensile load Allowable shear /

Ptu bearing load Pbru
| |<90 ?
Allowable axial load Allowable axial load

at UL: at UL:
° Pu=min( Ptu ; Pbru ) Pu=Pbru

Allowable axial load for conventional lug at LL - Py
Yield factor
1,3863 0,22543 R if R 1,27
Ky
1,1 if R 1,27
Pu 1,9 Allowable axial
if male lug load at UL:
A br Fbru
with R Pu
Pu 1,9
if female lug
2 A br Fbru
Yield factor: Ky
Allowable axial load at LL

Allowable axial load
0,593 Fbry at LL: Py
Py Ky Pu
Fbru
1,9
Fbry : Yield bearing stress (e/D 2) from material handbook

Allowable axial load for eye-end lug



Average radius of the ring
• Point  is a reference point

• Point  is the RH point from which the load transmitted in the ring is pure tension (normal
force)
• Point  is the point where the ring is clamped in the lug arm.
• Experience proves that the critical section of eye-end lugs is located at  or at . The first
step consists in determining the position of , knowing the position of  and according to a
certain number of geometrical parameters of the ring.

Location of point 
Location of point  fixed by or angles found according to graph:

C I
K
A r3
C : Circular distance along the average radius

I : Inertia of section at point 1 around axial axis
A : Cross section area at point 1

Allowable axial load for eye-end lug - Pu, Py
Allowable axial load at points  and 

At UL
Ptu 2 A  cos Ftu At LL
2 Ftu cos Pty 2 A cos Fty
Ptun
cosψ r 1 cosψ R r
2 Fty cos
A I Pty
2 A  Fsu cos cosψ r 1 cosψ R r
Ptut A I
sin ψ
Remark: In the case of a female lug, both arms should be taken into account
Allowable axial load at UL and LL
At UL At LL
Pu min Ptu; Ptun ; Ptut Py min Pty ; Pty

2.5.1.2- Allowable transverse load for the lug
F F
Bending + tensile failure

Shear failure

Equivalent cross section area - Aav
The equivalent cross section area takes into account the various failure modes under
traverse load
A4 R
A3 A4 45°
45°
45°
A1 45°
A1 A2
Transverse direction
CONVENTIONAL = Direction of force EYE END
LUG
A1 and A4 are measured parallel to the transverse

6 direction with a conventional lug and perpendicularly to

A av
3 1 1 1 the circular neutral line with an eye lug. (refer to the
A1 A2 A3 A4 figure)
A2 is measured at the hole in the transverse direction
A3 is the smallest radial cross section around the hole

Transverse load factors - Ktry , Ktru
Factors Ktru and Ktry are obtained from charts (AM2392 graphs).
Ktry is similar for all materials, Ktru depends on material (or similar material)
Curve Material concerned

1 steel 25CD4S and 25CD45 86 daN/mm²
3 Ktry for all materials
5 2024-T3 and -T4 plates, thickness 12.7 mm
6 2014-T6 and 7075-T6 plates, thickness 12.7 mm
7 2024-T3 and -T4 plates, thickness > 12.7 mm, 2024-T4 bar
8 cast 356-T6
9 2024-T6 and 7075-T6 plates, thickness > 12.7 mm, 25.4 mm
7075-T6 extrusions
2014-T6 forgings, cross section 23224 mm²
2014-T6 and 7075-T6 die forged parts
10 2024-T6 plates
2024-T4 and 2024-T42 extrusions
11 2014-T6 and 7075-T6 plates, thickness > 25.4 mm
7075-T6 forgings, cross section 10322 mm²
12 7075-T6 forgings, cross section > 10322 mm²
2014-T6 forgings, cross section > 23224 mm²

Allowable transverse load for the lug - Ptry, Ptru
Allowable transverse load at UL and LL
Ptry K try A br Fty

Ptry : Allowable transvers e load at LL
K try : Transverse load factor at LL
A br : Projected bearing area
Fty : Yield limit in tension
Ptru K tru Abr Ftu Ptru is limited by a minimum value of Ptry because of
Ptru : Allowable transvers e load at UL the correspondence that may be inexact between
K tru : Transverse load factor at UL both material data: Ktru (old data) and Ftu (recent
A br : Projected bearing area
data)
Ftu : Ultimate limit in tension
Remark: In the case of a female lug, both arms should be taken into account

2.5.1.3- Allowable oblique load for the lug
Transverse
direction
Axial direction Fa
Ftr
The failure load of a lug under oblique loading with angle from the axial direction may
be estimated from the rupture loads of the lug under axial and transverse loading by
using an interaction formula.
A fitting factor of 1,15 should be used because the lug is often in safe-life conditions
and because the method is based on test which may have 10% variation (both ultimate
and yield strength).
All required factors and minimum margins of safety can be cancelled if the lug has
been verified by test.

Reserve factor of the lug under oblique load
Applied axial and Applied axial and

Allowable axial Allowable axial
transverse loads at UL: transverse loads at LL:
and transverse and transverse
loads at UL: Fau=F.Kfit_UL.cos loads at LL: Fay=(F/1,5).Kfit_LL.cos
Pu Ptru Py Ptry
Ftru=F.Kfit_UL.sin Ftry=(F/1,5).Kfit_LL.sin
Reserve factor at UL Reserve factor at LL

1 1
RFu 0,625
RFy 0,625
1,6 1,6 1,6 1,6
Fay Ftry
Fau Ftru
Pu Ptru Py Ptry

2.5.2- Pin analysis
F/2 F/2
F/2 F/2
Shear failure
Pin bending

Allowable shear load for the pin - Psu
Allowable shear load for the pin at UL
π D2
Psu Fsu
4
Psu : Allowable load under shear at UL
D : Pin diametre
Fsu : Ultimate shear limit from material handbook
Remark: In the case of a male-female assembly, double sheared section

should be taken into account: π D2
Psu Fsu
2
Reserve factor at UL
Psu
RFu
F.K fit _ UL

Pin bending at UL
Pin bending modulus of Rupture at UL

Use of specific charts depending on the
material type, to get the value of bending
modulus.
The charts are available only for some
materials:
Allowable bending moment for the pin at UL
2 Fb I Fb : Pin bending modulus, given by charts

Mu
d3 I : Pin inertia
d3 : Pin diameter

Pin bending at UL
Allowable bending load at UL for the pin

We deduce the value of the allowable pin
bending load at UL:
• Male – Female assembly:
2 Mu
Pfu 2θ g2 g
θ
1 Pall_u,1 Pall_u,2 Pall_u,1 : oblique allowable load for lug 1(Male lug)
with θ and θ1 , θ1
1 1 t1 2 t2 Pall_u,2 : oblique allowable load for lug 2(Female lug)
θ1 θ2
• Male – Male assembly:

2 Mu
Pfu θ g2 g
θ
1 Pall_u,1 Pall_u,2 Pall_u,1 : oblique allowable load for lug 1(Male lug)
with θ and θ1 , θ1
1 1 t1 t2 Pall_u,2 : oblique allowable load for lug 2(Male lug)
θ1 θ2
Reserve Factor at UL Pfu
RFu
F.K fit _ UL
Pin bending lever arm at LL - by
F/2 F/2 F/2 F/2 F/2 F/2
effective
F F thickness F
Uniform distribution of Concentration of contact pressure “Effective thickness” of lugs

contact pressure (rigid pin) (Peaking) (method used since 6.6 version)
(Method used before 6.6 version)
Pin bending lever arm
e1 e2 b y : Pin bending lever arm at LL

g if male female assy e1 : effective thickness of the female lug
2 4
by or male 2 in case of male male assy

e1 e2
g if male male assy e 2 : effective thickness of the male lug
2 2
g : maximal gap between lugs

Allowable bending load at LL for the pin - Pfy
Allowable bending stress for the pin

At LL
F K fit _ LL / 1.5 by d
axe _ LL if male female assy d : Axis diameter
4.
F K fit _ LL / 1.5 by d I : Axis inertia
axe _ LL if male male assy
2.
Allowable bending load for the pin
Pfy min Pfy ; Pfu
Reserve factors
At LL
1,5 Pfy
RFy
F.K fit _ LL

2.5.3- Bushing analysis
Allowable bearing load for the bushing at LL
Pbry : Allowable bearing load at LL
Pbry 1,85 Fcy A brb Fcy : Yield limit in compressio n
A brb : Bearing section area
• The bearing section area will be the minimum between:

- the bearing area between the pin and the bushing
- the bearing area between the bushing and the lug
The second area may be smaller if, for example, the bushing is shouldered.
• In the case of a female lug, the allowable will be multiplied by 2.
• No allowable is calculated for failure.

Reserve factor
1,5 Pbry
RFy
F.K fit _ LL

Practical exercises
3.9- Lug assembly

3.9.1- Male-male lug assemblies with ASSIST
3.9.2- Eye-end lug assembly with ASSIST (parameterised session)
3.9.3- Male-female lug assembly with EXCEL + ASSIST (parameterised session)
3.9.4- Male female lug assembly with ASSIST or ASSIST Link

2.6- Fasteners and joints analysis
Splicing, bolt group calculation

2.6.1- Fasteners and joints analysis
Methods described during this training are extracted from the note:
“Technical data on fasteners, test methods and metallic joints static strengths”
X021D04015818

2.6.1.1- Shear joint calculation
• Single shear joint calculation
• Double shear joint calculation
• Macro joint allowables


Single shear joint calculation
• Modes of failure at UL
• In the shear region , the failure

occurs at the shank of the fastener.
• In the bearing region , the failure

occurs by bearing of the sheets.
Single shear joint calculation
• In the transition region , the failure occurs by one of these modes:

Fastener head or nut/collar failure
Pull-through failure

Joint single shear strength
• Joint single shear ultimate strength

- Tables of allowables are available for most standard joints.
- Equivalences can be done for similar sheet reference materials because only
4 materials have been tested (careful, the ultimate shear joint allowables are
generally not proportional to ultimate bearing stress of the sheet material
because of the transition region)
- The edge distance has a strong influence on the sheet bearing strength. For
bearing & transition regions, the joint allowables must be reduced as follows:
Fbru 1.5D
Allowable 1.5D Allowable 2D
Fbru 2D
- No influence of the preload in the fastener
• Joint single shear yield strength

Tables of allowables are available for most standard joints.

Example of joint single shear ultimate strength
Bearing / transition
Fastener shear

Example of joint single shear ultimate strength
Example of region failure diagram
10000
shear cut-off
Joint single shear ultimate strength (N)
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Sheet thickness (mm)

Single shear joint made of two different sheets
t1
F
F
t2
• Calculation 1: single shear joint strength considering the sheet of thickness t1, the actual
fastener type with its actual associated nut/collar and the applied load F
t1
F
F
t1
• Calculation 2: single shear joint strength considering the sheet of thickness t2, the
protruding head fastener version with the actual nut/collar and the applied load F
t2
F
F
t2

Double shear joint calculation
We suppose the same modes of failure than single shear joints,
including the transition modes even if it is conservative.

Double shear joint made of different sheets
t1
F1
F
F2 t
t2
• Calculation 1: single shear joint strength considering the sheet of thickness t1, the actual
fastener type with its nut/collar and the applied load F1
t1
F1
F1
t1
• Calculation 2: single shear joint strength considering the sheet of thickness t2, the
protruding head fastener version with the actually installed nut/collar and the applied load F2
F2
F2
t2
t2
• Calculation 3: full bearing strength of the middle sheet with the applied load F
F
t
More complex stack
If the joint is made of more than 3 parts:
• An allowable must be determined for each extreme sheet (head side and nut side) using
the tables of allowables of single shear joints.
• A bearing allowable has to be determined for each intermediate sheet, assuming the full
bearing strength.
• The fastener shear must be checked separately using a shear diagram of the fastener
pin. For this diagram, the pin can be considered as a beam loaded by each bearing part
(at neutral axis) and clamped at the head and nut/collar. A RF can then be calculated on
each sheet plus the fastener.
T
F4
F1 F1
F2
F3
F4
F1-F2

EXCEL macro “joint allowables”
• Fastener single shear strength

• Allowable of each sheet in function of its position (head side or
intermediate or nut/collar side)
 Search of allowables in tables if test values exist (most of cases)
 For some cases authorized by AR-MMPDS, direct calculation of
shear/bearing allowable (enter Fbru)
 Display of the failure mode for each sheet (bearing/transition or shear)
 Possible extrapolation if edge distance < 2D
• Sheet materials: only aluminium alloys
• Maximum 6 parts stack
• Respected screw / nut association
• On line data saving

• Specific vertical output for later copy in stress dossier

Practical exercises
3.10.1- Joint allowable


2.6.1.2- Calculation of joints submitted to tensile
loads
Fastener tensile failure (region 1)

Suitable mode of failure of joints submitted to tensile loads
For threaded fasteners, the tensile strength of the system is given by the minimum value
between the pin strength and the companion nut one (extracted from pins standard and
associated nuts standards)
Pull-through (region 2)
The sheets are critical, the joint does not develop the tensile strength of the fastener
system.
Accounting of preload in tensile joints
• Evaluation of the preload

Usual case: value extracted from reference document (ADET0030)
For a simple evaluation:
Average preload : PLDave 50% FT
Maximal preload : PLDmax 65% FT PLDave 30%
Minimal preload : PLDmin 35% FT PLDave 30%
FT : ultimate tensile strength of the fastener system
• General behaviour of a preloaded joint


Calculation of the load sharing factor
• Load sharing factor K

Kb K b : bolt stiffness
K n K f : " stack" compressio n stiffness of flanges
Kb Kf n : loading plane factor
Model of the assembly stiffness while flanges are tightened
Kw1
Ft
K1
L n.L Kb K2
Kn
Ft
Kw2

Loading plane factor
• Loading plane factor n
Parameter accounting for the way that the load in introduced into the joint
thickness of joint between force applicatio n points

n
total thickness of joint
For a load introduced at the outer fibres of the flanges: n=1 (tension fittings)
For a load introduced at the mid-line of the flanges: n=0,5

When in doubt, take n=1 for the failure at UL calculation, and n=0,5 for the
separation at LL calculation (conservative solution)
Bolt stiffness
• Effective length of the pin LE

LG : grip length (between head and nut/collar )
LE LG 0,33 H head 0,33 Hn / c H head : head height
H n/c : nut/collar height
• Bolt stiffness Kb
Eb D2 E b : Young modulus of bolt material
Kb
4 LE D : nominal diameter of the fastener ( shank diameter)

Stack compression stiffness
• Flanges compression stiffness Ki
• Washer stiffness Kw
2 2
E b : Young modulus of washer material
Ew Dw D D w : external diameter of the washer
Kw D : nominal diameter of the fastener ( shank diameter)
4 tw t w : washer th ickness
• Stack compression stiffness Kf

1 1 1
Kf Kw i Ki

Limitation of the load sharing factor
The calculation formula of the load sharing factor K applies to the elastic range
High value of K  separation reached after bolt yielding
 not realistic
The maximal value of K must be restricted to the value giving a separation load
equal to the fastener yield strength.
FY PLD
K
FY

Separation criterion
• Separation load of the joint Fsep-min

PLD min PLDmin : minimal possible preload
Fsep min K : load sharing factor of the joint
1 K
• Separation criterion
Consists in checking that the maximal tensile working load is lower than the
separation load of the joint
Recommended criterion but without edition of a separation Reserve Factor
Fw Fsep Fw : maximal external tensile load of a " normal" working load case
(neither failure case nor crash case)

2.6.1.3- Shear/tension interaction
• Shear/tension interaction
a b
Rt Rs 1 a, b depend on the type of fastener and its material
Fs-cr0 : ultimate shear strength of the fastener
Fs-cr Fs-cr : critical shear load for the combined loading
R s : shear load ratio Ft -cr0 : ultimate tensile strength of the fastener system
Fs-cr0 Ft -cr : critical tensile load for the combined loading
Ft -cr
R t : tensile load ratio
Ft -cr0

Shear/tension interaction
• Available interaction equations

Tension + shear interactions
2 3
{1} R t Rs 1 1,2
Steel hexagonal head bolts
Rt
Titanium hi-lite & hi-lok 1
0,8
{2} R t R s10 1
Steel Lockbolts (usually unused) 0,6
{1}
{2}
{3}
{4}
{3} R t R s 5 1 0,4
{5}
Aluminium Lockbolts (usually unused)

0,2
{4} R t 2 R s 2 1 0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2
Solid rivets. Rs
{5} R t R s 3 1
Steel 12 points tension bolts

Shear/tension interaction
• Selection of the interaction curve

A table can be used to select the
appropriate interaction curve
• Recommended RF
Because of the lack of details on how some
curves have been derived from
experimental results, in some cases it is
recommended to apply some additional
margin to account for such degree of
uncertainty.
Column „Recommended RF‟ gives the
suggested reserve factors to keep when
calculating the corresponding fastener

assembly.
• Influence of preload
Tests showed that there is no significant contribution of pretension on ultimate bolt
strength at any tension/shear value combination. The ultimate limit state of a
pretensioned bolted joint is the same as an otherwise identical joint that uses
nonpretensioned bolts
ASSIST - bolt
• Load sharing factor

• Joint tensile strengths (Yield and ultimate)
• Minimal separation load
• Separation and removability at Limit Load
• Reserve Factor for pure tension, pure shear, shear/tension
combination
Notes:
• There are two versions of bolt into ASSIST. The old one is obsolete.
• The Ultimate strength is calculated with the maximal preload. In this case, the value of K
is cut off in such a way that the separation occurs when the fastener system reaches its
yield limit.
• The separation is calculated with the minimal preload.
• The shear/tension interaction depends on the fastener type.
• The interaction RF is valid only if the parts thicknesses are such that:
- for a shear loading: the fastener shear is critical but not the parts bearing (or transition)
- for a tension loading: the fastener system is critical but not the parts (no pull-through)

Practical exercises
3.10.2- Bolt

2.6.2- Splicing, bolt group calculation
Methods described during this part of the training are extracted from the note:
“Bolted or riveted joints calculation – application to frame coupling”
RP0509934
Part2
Fy
G A Fx
MA
Part1 Y

Rigid body method
Axial loading
The load distribution on a bolt group submitted to a simple axial load is uniform with
the rigid body method:
1 2 3 4
Axial Loading – 25% 25% 25% 25%
Bending loading
The rigid body method assumes that the parts rotate around the fasteners cog:
Bending effect

Load distribution on fasteners
Classical 2D Rigid body load distribution for standard coupling :
Fxi: load along x direction at fastener i
Fxi: load along y direction at fastener i
Fx MG
Fx i Ki yi yG Fx, Fy: applied load on part 2 at point A
Ki Ip
δi: special coefficient that indicates if the stiffener is
Fy MG special or not. (carrying capacity only in the x direction)
Fyi K i δi xi xG
δi K i Ip xi, xG, yi, yG: coordinates of fastener i and cog
MG: the total bending moment of the bolt group at cog
MG MA FX yA yG FY x A x G Ip: polar inertia of the fasteners

Ki: bolt or rivet stiffness
• Special fasteners (carrying load only in one direction) are taken into account via δi
• A weight Ki is affected to each fastener (Douglas stiffness Formula)
Ef: Young modulus of fastener

1
Ki E1, E2: Young modulus of the parts 1 and 2
5 1 1
0.8 e1, e2: Thickness of the parts 1 and 2
E f Di E1 e1 E 2 e2
Di: Diameter of the fastener i

Determination of bearing loads
Example with double shear joint
Part 1, thickness e1
Let F the total transferred load at the fastener
F1 location (calculated with the previous
F2 method).
F3
The bearing load of the part 2 is F (F=F2)
If the young modulus of the part 1 and 3 are different:
Fj,i: bearing load on part j, at fastener location i

Ej ej
Fi, j Fi Fi : total load transferred at fastener location i
E k ek ej: Thickness of the parts j

k
e k : sum of the parts thickness acting together with the
k
part j
Ej: Young modulus of the part j

Limitations of the rigid body method
Axial loading:
The load distribution is not uniform, it depends on the geometry and the materials.
In elastic range it depends on the stiffness ratio Kp/Kf (with Kp the part stiffness and Kf the
fastener stiffness). The load is the highest at the end fastener and the lowest at the middle ones.
This effect is compensated by the effect of plasticity.
1 2 3 4
Fastener 1 2 3 4 Ratio Kp/Kf

In linear elastic range 31% 19% 19% 31% 3
With rigid parts 25% 25% 25% 25% Infinite (Kp )
With full local plasticity 25% 25% 25% 25% Infinite (Kf 0)
Bending loading:
The rigid body method assumes that the parts rotate around the fasteners cog but it is more
complex. Rigid body method can give either conservative or optimistic results.
Assuming rigid parts Assuming full local plasticity Assuming rigid parts Taking into account the actual deformations

JOE factor
Long coupling : risk analysis using a Joint efficiency factor (JOE factor)
" actual RF"

JOE
" RF with rigid body method"
The JOE factor is estimated using a complex method:
• Basic formulation consistent with the rigid body one in order to ensure full
continuity between short and long coupling
• Stripes decomposition to correct the axial apparent stiffness of the fasteners

(one Dim. FEM analysis)
• Specific correction factors for shear and bending loading (determined upon
2D linear parametric FEM)
• Iterative process for ultimate strength calculation (the full range load-
deflection curve is used at each fastener location, based on tests results)

Procedure for calculation
Risk analysis using Joint Efficiency factor for long coupling:
Calculate the RF with the “rigid”
method and determine the critical
load case.
Calculate the “JOE” factor for the

critical load case.
Assumption for short

-Short connection JOE > 0.9 ?
-Ensure that RF >1 connection may be
incorrect
Design change
possible ?
The bolt group

is not heavily loaded JOE x RF > 1.2 ?
And There is no
Major risk
The bolt group is heavily loaded.

It is strongly recommended to perform
a detailed analysis (local FEM)
with also a fatigue check.
Examples of application to frame coupling
3 typical frame coupling configurations.

• A splice + an angle:
• Two splices (double shear):

• One splice only:

Load sharing
The global applied loads are determined at the frames cutout location.
Example:
SS: effective section area of the splice only

SS d S
NS NG - S S MG IS: proper inertia of the splice section (at Gs)
S I
S: global effective section area
TS TG
I: proper inertia of the global effective section (at G)
IS NG, MG, TG: applied loads on the global section at the global effective section cog (G)
MS MG
I NS, MS, TS : applied loads on the splice at the splice effective cog (G)

Calculation at net section
S: global effective section area

Sn S Ai I: proper inertia of the global effective section
i
2 Sn: global net effective section area
In I Ai h i
i In: proper inertia of the global net effective section
hi: distance from a fastener hole to the global section COG line
Ai: area reduction at each fastener where the area is in tension
With the net effective section characteristics, the axial stresses at ultimate loads must be
calculated (as for current frame calculation) at the free flange and in the skin. Then, it
should be compared with the ultimate tensile stress of the respective materials (Ftu).

Conclusion on joint calculation
Conclusion:
The JOE factor allows to:
• Decrease the number of long coupling (weigh saving)
• Define the application domain of the standard rigid body method
• Orient the stress engineer in analysing the risk when long coupling is unavoidable
(necessity to perform a detailed FEM analysis or not …).

Practical exercises
3.10.3- Bolt group


SASt stress training December 2008
Presented by
SASt
Structural Analysis Support and training
Metallic static strength

Methods & tools training
Practical part

Contents (1/2)
3- Exercises
3.1.1- Flat plate with ASSIST
3.1.2- Curved plate with ASSIST (parameterised session)
3.1.4- Flat plate with fmaille
3.2- Stiffener instabilities with ASSIST

3.3.1- Flat stiffened panel under pure compression with ASSIST
3.3.2- Flat plate taking into account skin pads with fmaille  ASSIST

3.4.1- Flat stiffened panel under pure shear with ASSIST

3.5.1- Flat stiffened panel under compression and shear with ASSIST
3.5.3- Curved plate taking into account skin pads with lancemaillec  ASSIST

Contents (2/2)
3.6- Parameterised sessions
3.6.1- Pre-sizing of a stiffened panel with ASSIST
3.6.2- Stiffened panel with ASSIST Link
3.7- Stiffened panel under compression and bending with ASSIST
3.8- Frames
3.8.1- Frame with ASSIST
3.8.2- Frame web buckling with fcadre
3.9- Lug assembly

3.9.1- Male-male lug assemblies with ASSIST
3.9.2- Eye-end lug assembly with ASSIST (parameterised session)
3.9.3- Male-female lug assembly with EXCEL + ASSIST (parameterised session)
3.9.4- Male female lug assembly with ASSIST or ASSIST Link
3.10- Fasteners and joints analysis Splicing, bolt group...

3.10.1- Joint allowable
3.10.2- Bolt
3.10.3- Bolt group


3.1.1- Flat plate with ASSIST (1/2)
• Problem definition
Calculate the critical buckling stress and the reserve factor of the following plate under pure
compression.
 Geometrical characteristics x
A=530 mm
y
B=170 mm
e=2 mm
 Material properties
Ec : Young‟s compression modulus 70300 MPa

e : Poisson ratio 0,33
Fcy : Yield stress in compression 270 MPa
Ftu : Ultimate tensile stress 420 MPa
nc : Ramberg and Osgood factor in compression 7

3.1.1- Flat plate with ASSIST (2/2)
 Boundary conditions
The four edges are simply supported.
 Applied stress
The pure compression

stress applied is: xx = -30 MPa
• Results
cr : Critical buckling stress -36 MPa

RF : Reserve factor 1,20

3.1.2- Curved plate with ASSIST (1/2)
In order to see the difference between a flat and a curved plate under pure compression,
and the influence of curvature on the critical buckling stress, add a parameterised curvature to the
previous flat panel.
B=170 mm
A=530 mm
e=2 mm
R=from 500 mm to 5000 mm by

steps of 500 mm
The rest of the characteristics are the same as in the previous exercise.

3.1.2- Curved plate with ASSIST (2/2)
• Results
cr : Critical buckling stress

R (mm) RF
(MPa)
500 -131 4,36
1000 -69 2,31
1500 -56 1,88
2000 -51 1,68
2500 -46 1,55
3000 -44 1,47
3500 -43 1,43
4000 -42 1,39
4500 -41 1,36

5000 -40 1,33

Calculate the critical buckling stress of the exercise 1.1 flat plate under pure compression with EXCEL
software.
• Secant modulus: ES
1
nc 1
• Plastic correction factor:
1 0,002 cp 1 1 E 1
2
ES
EC Fcy Fcy 3 1 1 3 t wi th 1
e
2
2 4 Es 1 EC
• Tangent modulus: Et
1
nc 1 • Initial Buckling stress: 2 2
1 0,002 nc ~ Ec e
cp
cp k 2
EC Fcy Fcy 12 1 e
B
ES ES • Critical buckling stress: ~

• Elasto-platic Poisson ratio:
cp 3 cp
e 1 p
EC EC
Material Calculation
Young modulus Ec 70 300 MPa Secant modulus Es 70 300 MPa
Poisson ratio e 0,33 Tangent modulus Et 70 300 MPa
Yield stress in comp. Fcy 270 MPa Elasto-plastic Poisson ratio 0,33
R&O ratio nc 7 Plastic correction factor 1 1

Plastic correction factor 3 1
Geometry Initial buckling stress cp 36 MPa
Length A 530,00 mm
Width B 170,00 mm Critical buckling stress cp
Thickness e 2,00 mm
Buckling factor k 4 Convergence 35,92274543
Change the thickness (e=5 mm for example) and compare the result with the Assist one.

3.1.4- Flat plate with fmaille (1/4)
Calculate with the tool fmaille the critical buckling stress of the plate described in the previous exercise.
Connect to xst.
Copy from the library path ($copie on AF site), an example of the batch file ufmaille:
cp $copie/+MAILLE/ufmaille .
Replace :
• the pathname ($HOME)
• the characteristics values of ufmaille by the one
corresponding to the previous exercise helping
with the picture on next page
Launch the job:

• ufmaille > ufmaille.lis : on subcontractor site
• sub ufmaille : on AF site

It will get 2 files:
• the listing of the calculus
• the results in the file called “list” that
contains the summary of your batch and the
result
LHY
EPLIS
EPMAI EPCAD
LARGY
LBY
LGX LDX
LONGX
Take care of the four values LGX, LDX, LHY and LBY that have a fixed number of
elements. If there is no skin pad, take 1/6 of LONGX for LGX and LDX, and take 1/6 of
LARGY for LHY and LBY but not 0.

• Results
cr = 35,9 MPa

The .op2 result file is not returned by fmaille. An import of the results under PATRAN would be:

3.2- Stiffener instabilities (1/2)
Calculate the local buckling stresses of the following stiffener.
 Geometrical characteristics
25 mm
Skin side flange
3 mm
30 mm
Length = 530 mm 2 mm
Inter-rivet pitch = 25 mm 4 mm
Inner flange
16 mm
 Material properties


3.2- Stiffener instabilities (2/2)
 Boundary condition
The end fixity inter-rivet buckling coefficient is:
Kir = 0,54 for counter head bolt (or rivet).
• Results
ir : Inter-rivet buckling -427 MPa

fla : Web buckling -477 MPa
fls : Skin side flange buckling -398 MPa
flt : Inner flange buckling -495 MPa
crip : Crippling -452 MPa
: Cap crippling -489 MPa
crip t
crip s : Skin side flange crippling -419 MPa

dr : Lateral instability critical stress -380 MPa


3.3.1- Flat stiffened panel under pure compression
with ASSIST (1/5)
Calculate the load carrying capacity and the reserve factor at UL, and the rate of pocket buckling at
LL of the following stiffened panel under pure compression.
530 mm
25 mm
0 mm 0 mm
3 mm
2 mm 30 mm
170 mm 170 mm
3 mm 3 mm 4 mm
2 mm 2 mm
16 mm
0 mm 0 mm
Rivet pitch = 25 mm
17.5 mm 17.5 mm
Use rigid cleats

with ASSIST (2/5)
 Material properties:
The skin material properties are:

The stiffener material properties are:

: Poisson ratio 0,33


with ASSIST (3/5)
 Boundary conditions:
End fixity coefficient of the super-stiffener: K = 1 (Hinged-Hinged)
End fixity inter-rivet buckling coefficient : Kir= 0,66 (skin side)
Kir = 0,54 (stiffener side)
 Appliedcompression load at UL:

P = -38000 N
• Results
Padm UL : Load carrying capacity at UL -89 172 N

RF : Reserve factor at UL 2,35
Pocket buckling 81% LL
Conclusion ?

with ASSIST (4/5)

with ASSIST (5/5)

3.3.2- Flat plate taking into account skin pads with
fmaille  ASSIST (1/4)
Assist doesn‟t take into account the different pads that can exist on the pockets. So the
calculus of the pocket folding stress is conservative but not exact. Assist allows to directly fill in the
value of the pocket folding stress.
Calculate with fmaille the critical buckling stress under single compression of the pocket of
the previous exercise and to apply it into Assist.

• Results
Padm UL : Load carrying capacity at UL -92 054 N

RF : Reserve factor at UL 2,42
Pocket buckling 103% LL



3.3.3- Curved stiffened panel under pure
compression with ASSIST
Do the same exercise as the previous one, with
a curved panel. The radius will be taken from 500 mm to
5000 mm by steps of 500 mm
• Results
R Padm UL : Load carrying RF at Pocket
(mm) capacity at UL (N) UL buckling (%LL)
500 -107324 2,82 294
1000 -97359 2,56 155
1500 -94604 2,49 127
2000 -93209 2,45 113
2500 -92165 2,43 104
3000 -91554 2,41 99

3500 -91204 2,40 96
4000 -90899 2,39 94
4500 -90633 2,39 92
5000 -90402 2,38 90


3.4.1- Flat stiffened panel under pure shear with
ASSIST (1/4)
Calculate the RF under pure shear of the previously defined stiffened panel. For a such
calculation case, we need geometrical and material information of the transverse stiffeners (frames)
 Transverse stiffeners geometrical characteristics
(= 509 mm²)
(= 3 mm)
(= 2 mm) (= 1095 mm²)
(= 0 mm in the case of only one rivet line)

ASSIST (2/4)
 Transverse stiffeners material properties:

 Applied shear stress:

1 = 2 = 160 Mpa
• Results
RF under forced Crippling in the stiffener flange 1,69

RF under forced Crippling in the transverses stiffener flange 1,69
RF under shear failure of the skin 1,31
RF under buckling of the super – stiffener (column / local) 1,69

ASSIST (3/4)

ASSIST (4/4)

3.4.2- Curved stiffened panel under pure shear with
ASSIST (1/2)
Do the same exercise as the previous one, with a curved panel. The curvature will be taken
from 500mm to 5000 mm by steps of 500mm.
• Results
R RF under forced RF under forced Crippling RF under shear RF of the super
Crippling in the in the transverses stiffener failure of the – stiffener
(mm) stiffener flange flange skin (column / local)
500 0,82 1,14 1,10 1,56
1000 1,04 1,16 1,11 1,69
1500 1,18 1,24 1,11 1,69
2000 1,27 1,35 1,11 1,69
2500 1,34 1,45 1,11 1,69

3000 1,38 1,56 1,11 1,69
3500 1,42 1,65 1,11 1,69
4000 1,45 1,69 1,11 1,69
4500 1,47 1,69 1,11 1,69
5000 1,49 1,69 1,11 1,69
3.4.2- Curved stiffened panel under pure shear with
ASSIST (2/2)


3.5.1- Flat stiffened panel under compression and
shear with ASSIST (1/4)
For the previously defined stiffened panel under pure compression and shear, calculate:
– The pocket compression load and shear stress
– The allowable compression load, shear stress and RF at UL
 Appliedload at UL:
P = -38000 N
1 = 2 = 160 Mpa
• Results
Pcp : Skin pocket buckling compression load - 9111 N
cp : Skin pocket buckling shear stress 38 MPa

Pocket buckling 36 % LL
Padm UL : Load carrying capacity at UL - 41964 N
adm ul : Allowable shear stress at UL 177 MPa

RF at UL 1,10




3.5.2- Curved stiffened panel under compression
and shear with ASSIST (1/2)
Do the same exercise as the previous one, with a curved panel. The curvature will be taken
from 500mm to 5000 mm by steps of 500mm.
• Results
Pcp : Skin cp : Skin Padm UL : Load adm ul:
pocket pocket Pocket carrying Allowable
R
buckling buckling buckling capacity at shear stress RF at UL
(mm) compression shear stress UL at UL
(% LL)
load (N) (Mpa) (N) (Mpa)
500 -19327 81 76 -25970 109 0,68
1000 -13585 57 54 -30672 129 0,81
1500 -11689 49 46 -33463 141 0,88
2000 -11055 47 44 -35208 148 0,93
2500 -10627 45 42 -36337 153 0,96

3000 -10387 44 41 -37159 156 0,98
3500 -10256 43 40 -37795 159 0,99
4000 -10148 43 40 -38285 161 1,01
4500 -10057 42 40 -38674 163 1,02
5000 -9978 42 39 -38990 164 1,03
3.5.2- Curved stiffened panel under compression
and shear with ASSIST (2/2)

3.5.3- Curved stiffened panel taking into account
skin pads with lancemaillec  ASSIST (1/4)
In this exercise, Calculate with fmaillec the critical buckling stresses under pure compression
and under pure shear of the pocket of the previous exercise and to apply it into Assist. We‟ll insert the
results of the calculus into Assist as a text file.
 Characteristics:
The curvature will be taken as in the previous exercise from 500 mm to 5000 mm by steps of
500 mm. As stiffener section we‟ll take 185 mm² and for frame 509 mm².
Copy from the library path ($copie for AF site), an example of the batch file Fmaillec.txt.
Replace in the following file, the geometrical characteristics.
Execute the command : lancemaillec Fmaillec.txt . Wait all the Nastran runs are
completed. Execute the command : resufmaillec lfnres . You obtain a new file lfnres that you can
transfer to EXCEL.

• Results
 fmaillec results:
The 187.698 value should be plastically corrected because it is > Fcy/2

 Assist results:
Pcp : Skin cp : Skin Padm UL : Load :

adm ul
pocket pocket Pocket carrying Allowable
R
buckling buckling buckling capacity at shear stress RF at UL
(mm) compression shear stress UL at UL
(% LL)
load (N) (Mpa) (N) (Mpa)
500 -30560 129 121 -33430 141 0,88
1000 -21190 89 84 -33856 143 0,89
1500 -17570 74 69 -35509 150 0,93
2000 -15664 66 62 -36840 155 0,97
2500 -14555 61 57 -37804 159 0,99
3000 -13762 58 54 -38492 162 1,01
3500 -13238 56 52 -39076 165 1,03

4000 -12873 54 51 -39557 167 1,04
4500 -12611 53 50 -39963 168 1,05
5000 -12396 52 49 -40295 170 1,06


3.6- Parameterised sessions
Data values
Data codes (x different geometries)
plaq.nom Plate1 Plate2 Plate3

plaq.longueur 530 530 530
plaq.largeur 170 170 170
plaq.epaisseur 2 2 2
plaq.rayon 1000 2000 3000
plaq.mat.nom Skin_Example Skin_Example Skin_Example
plaq.mat.Ec 70300 70300 70300
Geometry & plaq.mat.nu 0,33 0,33 0,33
material data plaq.mat.nc 7 7 7
plaq.mat.Fcy 270 270 270
plaq.mat.Ftu 420 420 420
plaq.coeff_encast_b1 2 2 2
plaq.coeff_encast_b2 2 2 2
plaq.coeff_encast_b3_4 2 2 2
cas.type_soll 3 3 3
cas.nom LoadCase1 LoadCase1 LoadCase1
cas.scomp -30 -29 -28

Load data cas.tcisa 10 10 10
(y different load cases) cas.nom LoadCase2 LoadCase2 LoadCase2
cas.scomp -10 -10 -10
cas.tcisa 30 29 28
plaq.SIGCCX
Asked results plaq.TAUCR
cas.RF

(1/5)
By varying two parameters (Inner flange thickness, et, and width, bt), calculate the minimum
cross section area, S0, of a super – stiffener under pure compression. The reserve factor, RF, has to
stay upper than 1,5.
 Geometrical characteristics:
50 mm
Stiffener description:
Skin side flange
3 mm
2 mm 70 mm
et
Inner flange
Rivet pitch: 25 mm bt
Distance between cleats: 530 mm
et (mm) 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5 5,5 6

bt (mm) 30 27,5 25 22,5 20 17,5 15 12,5 10

(2/5)
Stiffener description:
3 mm 3 mm
2 mm 2 mm
12,5 mm 12,5 mm
25 mm 25 mm
Bay description:
530 mm
12,5 mm 12,5 mm
185 mm 185 mm

(3/5)

The stiffener material properties are:


 Boundary conditions:
End fixity coefficient of the super – stiffener : K = 1 (Hinged-Hinged)
Kir = 0,54 (stiffener side)
 Applied load: P = -90000 N

(4/5)
• Parametric input data
Three choices to enter the parametric geometrical characteristics are possible :
Parameter by interval
Parameter by list
Parameter by text file
For the last one use Excel software in order to have a text file with columns well-organised.
• Post processing options

In the case of parametric calculations, we can post-process the results. Three choices are
possible :
Plot a graph on screen
Display a table of results values on screen
Export a table of results values to a .txt or .xls file
(Take care that post processing with Assist is only available for parametric calculations or
multi loading calculation.)

(5/5)
• Results
Minimal cross section area S0 773 mm2
Inner flange thickness et 3 mm
Inner flange width bt 25 mm
Reserve factor RF 1,51

3.6.2- Calculation of a stiffened panel under
compression and shear with ASSIST Link (1/3)
Calculate the RF under compression and shear of the following defined stiffened panel. For
a such calculation case, we need geometrical and material information of the transverse stiffeners
(frames). For this exercise we will use the tool ASSIST LINK that allows to create ASSIST sessions
via EXCEL.
 Geometrical characteristics:
Take the same geometry as in the exercise 3.5.2
Use the example in ASSIST Link and fill the right characteristics.

Ask for the same result outputs of the exercise 3.5.2 ( Pocket folding compression load,
pocket folding shear stress, appearance of pocket folding, allowable compression load at UL,
allowable shear stress at UL, RF), searching in the menu below:
After having filled the characteristics, launch “complete Assist study”.

• Results
spraid.nom cas.nom spraid.PCP spraid.TAUCP spraid.POURCENT_PCP spraid.PADMCE spraid.TAUADMCE cas.RF

SP01 CAS01 -19326,7 81,3756 76,2896 -25970,5 109,349 0,683434
SP02 CAS01 -13584,6 57,1983 53,6234 -30672,5 129,147 0,80717
SP03 CAS01 -11688,9 49,2162 46,1402 -33463,3 140,898 0,880613
SP04 CAS01 -11054,7 46,5459 43,6368 -35208,3 148,245 0,926533
SP05 CAS01 -10627,4 44,7467 41,9501 -36337 152,998 0,956236
SP06 CAS01 -10387 43,7348 41,0014 -37159,5 156,461 0,977881
SP07 CAS01 -10255,9 43,1827 40,4838 -37794,9 159,136 0,994602
SP08 CAS01 -10147,9 42,7279 40,0574 -38284,7 161,199 1,00749
SP09 CAS01 -10056,8 42,3445 39,698 -38673,6 162,836 1,01773
SP10 CAS01 -9977,95 42,0124 39,3867 -38990,4 164,17 1,02606

3.7- Stiffened panel under compression and
bending with ASSIST (1/5)
Calculate the RF under combined compression and bending of the stiffened panel defined in
exercise 3.
 Applied loads at UL:
P = -38000 N
M1 = -224083 N.mm
M2 = -212083 N.mm
q = -11 N/mm
• Results
Reserve factor: RF = 1,06




• Different loading
Case P (N) M1 (N.mm) M2 (N.mm) q (N/mm)

1 -38 000 0 0 -100
2 -38 000 0 0 100
3 -38 000 -200 000 -200 000 0
4 -38 000 200 000 -200 000 0
5 -38 000 200 000 200 000 0
6 -10 000 500 000 500 000 0


3.8- Frames
December 2008
Page 215
3.8.1- Frame with ASSIST (1/6)
Make the analyse of the following frame.
170
5,45 18
18
658 637
7
37
Rivet pitch = 28 mm
No rigid cleats
2,7
3,6
2,7 18

0 December 2008 Page 216

The frame material properties are:


Fsu : Ultimate shear stress 275 MPa

 Boundary conditions

Kir = 0,54 (frame side)
 Applied load at UL:
N = -183 096 N
T = 29 884 N
M = 1 166 000 N.mm yG Mf
N
xG T
zG




3.8.2- Frame web buckling with fcadre (1/4)
Calculate with the tool fcadre the critical buckling stress of frame web described in the
previous exercise.
Connect to mx71.
Copy from the library path ($copie for AF site), an example of the batch file ufcadre
Use the geometrical results of the Assist frame exercise to fill the characteristics values of ufcadre.

Web neutral fiber

STAL
Inner flange neutral fiber
EPTAL LHY
HLST
Middle flange neutral fiber
EPLST LARGY
EPAME
YLST
EPSEM
LBY
Outer flange neutral fiber
SSEMP
• Results
Buckling Reserve Factor of the web:
RF=1,76
Sskin 1584 1247 337mm2

71000
SSEMP 337 109 433,2mm2
Sout _ fl 4 30 5,5 109mm2
73800
2

The .op2 result file is not returned by fcadre. An import of the results under PATRAN would be:


3.9- Lug assembly
December 2008
Page 226
3.9.1- Male-male lug assemblies with ASSIST (1/7)
In order to make a comparative between different lug geometries, two sessions will be done
(the second one only by changing lug geometry)
Lugs (session1) Male 1 Male 2 Pin

Converging External diameter (d) 7 mm
Type Parallel edges
edges
Inner diameter (dint) -----
External radius (R) 9 mm 9 mm
Maximal gap between lugs (g) 0,5 mm
Hole diameter (D) 7 mm 7 mm
Convergence angle ( ) ----- 45°
No bushing
Distance from the hole centre to the edge
10 mm 10 mm
(L=a)
Thickness (t) 4 mm 4 mm
Lugs (session2) Male 1 Male 2

Converging Converging
Type
edges edges
Convergence angle ( ) 45° 45°
Width (W) 16 mm 10 mm
Distance from the hole centre to the edge
10 mm 6 mm
(L)

Materials Lugs Pin Bushings

15-5PH (Ftu=1070
Material name Exemple_Mat_Chape Exemple_Mat_Bague
MPa)
Ultimate tensile stress (Ftu) 435 Mpa 1070 Mpa 1000 Mpa
Ultimate bearing stress (Fbru at e/D=2) 885 Mpa
Conventional bearing yield stress (Fbry at e/D=2) 605 Mpa
Conventional tensile yield stress (Fty) 340 Mpa 1000 Mpa
Conventional compression yield stress (Fcy) 325 Mpa 990 Mpa 950 Mpa
Ultimate shear stress (Fsu) 275 Mpa 670 Mpa
Elasticity modulus in tension (E) 71000 Mpa 196000 Mpa
Minimal tensile strain (e) 15 %
Ramberg Osgood factor (n) 14 22
Similar material name for Ktru analysis 2024 T3 ----- -----
Cutoff for Kbr factor No limitation ----- -----
Load
Load (F) 10000 N
Convergence angle ( 1) 0°
Convergence angle ( 2) 180°
Fitting factor at UL 1,15
Fitting factor at LL 1,15

• Results
Results
Type Parallel edges Converging edges Large edge distance Small edge distance
Allowable tensile load (Ptu) 13653 N 15475 N 14985 N 5220 N
Allowable shear-bearing load (Pbru) 17884 N 17884 N 17884 N 3778 N
Allowable axial load at UL (Pu) 13653 N 15475 N 14985 N 3778 N
Allowable axial load at LL (Py) 11567 N 13112 N 12696 N 3201 N
Allowable transverse load at UL (Ptru) 10854 N 12583 N 11871 N 7305 N

Allowable transverse load at LL (Ptry) 9276 N 10653 N 10056 N 6311 N
Reserve Factor at UL (Rfu) 1,19 1,35 1,30 0,39
Reserve Factor at LL (Rfy) 1,51 1,71 1,66 0,50





3.9.2- Eye-end lug assembly with ASSIST (1/5)
For a given reason the width of the assembly is limited. The aim of this exercise is to find the
couple of lug thickness that gives a good compromise between both lug Reserve Factor
Lugs Male 1 Female 2

Type Eye-end Eye-end
External radius (R=L=a) 13 mm 9 mm
Width (W) 15 mm 10 mm
From 10 to 5 mm From 2,5 to 5 mm
Thickness (t)
by step of 0,5 mm by step of 0,25 mm
Material Exemple_Mat_Chape Exemple_Mat_Chape
Bushings Bushing 41 Bushing42

Thickness (t) From 9 to 4 mm From 3,5 to 6 mm
by step of 0,5 mm by step of 0,25 mm
Material Exemple_Mat_Bague Exemple_Mat_Bague
Pin Load
External diameter (d) 8 mm Load (F) 10000 N
Inner diameter (dint) ----- Convergence angle ( 1) 45°
Maximal gap between lugs (g) 0 mm Convergence angle ( 2) 135°
Material 15-5PH (Ftu=1070 MPa) Fitting factor at UL 1,15

• Results
asschape asschape asschape asschape asschape asschape asschape asschape

asschape asschape
.chape1. .chape2. .chape1. .chape1. .chape1. .chape2. .chape2. .chape2.
.chape1.t .chape2.t
bague.t bague.t Pu_CE Ptru RFu Pu_CE Ptru RFu
10 2,5 9 3,5 18657 27954 1,76 6753 10004 0,64
9,5 2,75 8,5 3,75 17724 26557 1,68 7428 11004 0,70
9 3 8 4 16791 25159 1,59 8103 12004 0,76
8,5 3,25 7,5 4,25 15859 23761 1,50 8779 13005 0,83
8 3,5 7 4,5 14926 22363 1,41 9454 14005 0,89
7,5 3,75 6,5 4,75 13993 20966 1,32 10129 15005 0,95
7 4 6 5 13060 19568 1,23 10805 16006 1,02
6,5 4,25 5,5 5,25 12127 18170 1,15 11480 17006 1,08
6 4,5 5 5,5 11194 16773 1,06 12155 18007 1,14
5,5 4,75 4,5 5,75 10261 15375 0,97 12830 19007 1,21
5 5 4 6 9329 13977 0,88 13506 20007 1,27




3.9.3- Male-female lug assembly with EXCEL +
ASSIST (1/5)
The goal of this exercise is to study a lug A (mm) B (mm)
assembly over its operating cycle (slow enough to 500 170
consider it as static). See graph below. x (mm) Beta (deg) Alpha (deg) Beta (rad) Alpha (rad) iteration
Male lug Female 300 135,400 8,581 2,36317872 0,149766331 5,6946E-07
290 129,958 9,494 2,26820036 0,165702871 1,6432E-06
lug 280 124,981 10,287 2,18133623 0,17953676 1,6098E-06
270 120,349 10,983 2,10048855 0,191696115 1,1389E-06
260 115,983 11,600 2,02428427 0,202455431 6,6524E-07
250 111,828 12,147 1,95176232 0,21200047 3,3227E-07
240 107,843 12,632 1,88220682 0,220461798 0,00073491
230 103,997 13,059 1,81509398 0,227930473 0,00038327
220 100,266 13,434 1,74997833 0,234473503 0,0001731
210 96,630 13,759 1,68650586 0,240136833 6,2695E-05
200 93,070 14,035 1,62437756 0,244950818 1,5226E-05
A B 190 89,572 14,263 1,56333356 0,248932961 1,3495E-06
180 86,124 14,444 1,50314087 0,252089604 7,0456E-05
170 82,711 14,577 1,4435877 0,254416946 1,5634E-05
160 79,324 14,662 1,38446984 0,255901317 3,9524E-07
A x sin B sin 150 75,951 14,697 1,32558964 0,256519113 2,7939E-06
140 72,579 14,681 1,26674777 0,256236131 9,3129E-06
A x cos B cos A B 130 69,198 14,611 1,20773657 0,255006347 1,3209E-05
120 65,795 14,483 1,14833253 0,252769976 1,2681E-05
110 62,354 14,292 1,08828688 0,24945058 8,9642E-06
100 58,861 14,035 1,02731327 0,24495081 4,483E-06

The calculation of the beta angle necessary for 90 55,294 13,702 0,96507029 0,239146068 1,2849E-06
80 51,631 13,285 0,9011385 0,231875363 -0,00033021
ASSIST study has been done on the given excel file : 70 47,840 12,773 0,8349661 0,222923423 1,1597E-08
60 43,879 12,147 0,76582468 0,211999416 0,00057628
50 39,688 11,384 0,69268331 0,198691566 0,00010363
40 35,176 10,449 0,61393718 0,182370939 0,00055188
30 30,191 9,282 0,52692702 0,162008767 0,00045649
20 24,433 7,772 0,4264298 0,135638416 0,00015893
10 17,125 5,633 0,29888819 0,098310909 0,00071728
0 0,000 0,000 0 0 0
The wanted result for this exercise is a graph
showing the relation between the x displacement of the
actuator and the Reserve Factor of the female lug.
ASSIST (2/5)

Type Converging edges Parallel edges
Convergence angle ( ) 30° -----
Distance from the hole
9 mm 8 mm
centre to the edge (L=a)
Bushings Bushing 41 Bushing42

Thickness (t) 9 mm 4,5 mm
Material Exemple_Mat_Bague Exemple_Mat_Bague
Pin Load
External diameter (d) 8 mm Load (F) 10000 N
Inner diameter (dint) ----- Convergence angle ( 1) 0°
Maximal gap between lugs (g) 0 mm Convergence angle ( 2) 2=180°- -
Material 15-5PH (Ftu=1070 MPa) Fitting factor at UL 1,15

ASSIST (3/5)

ASSIST (4/5)

ASSIST (5/5)

3.9.4- Male-female lug assembly with ASSIST or
ASSIST Link (1/9)
For manufacturing reasons, the male lug is entirely defined. We can only work on the female
thickness and the pin diameter.
This exercise is decomposed into 2 objectives :
1. Study the assembly under several configurations and single load
2. Then, extract the envelopes of each assembly for several load-cases.

Type Parallel edges Converging edges
External radius (R) 25 mm (10 ; 12 ; 14 ; 16) mm
Hole diameter (D) See pin diameter See pin diameter
Convergence angle ( ) ----- 60°
Distance from the hole
12 mm (10 ; 12 ; 14 ; 16) mm
centre to the edge (L=a)
Thickness (t) 4 mm (3 ; 2,5 ; 2 ; 1,5) mm
Pin
External diameter (d) (3,6 ; 4,17 ; 4,8 ; 6,35) mm
Inner diameter (dint) -----
Maximal gap between lugs (g) 1 mm
Material 15-5PH (Ftu=1070 MPa)

ASSIST Link (2/9)
• Single load
In this part, we considerate a single value for the applied load, but this load is subjected along
different angles. (always considering a fitting factor of 1,15)
It permits to determine the worst position of applied load and to optimize the assembly.
F=5500N
1 2
0° 180°
45° 135°
60° 120°
90° 90°
135° 45
C C
Short transverse
direction has the C
direction for both lugs

ASSIST Link (3/9)

ASSIST Link (4/9)

ASSIST Link (5/9)

ASSIST Link (6/9)
• Several load for each load case
This exercise can be done directly with ASSIST or with ASSIST Link (next page)
Load case 1 Load case 2 Load case 3 Load case 4 Load case 5
1 2 F 1 2 F 1 2 F 1 2 F 1 2 F
0° 180° 4350 N 45° 135° 4500 N 60° 120° 4200 N 90° 90° 4000 N 135° 45° 4100 N
0° 180° 5500 N 45° 135° 5000 N 60° 120° 5700 N 90° 90° 5800 N 135° 45° 5500 N
0° 180° 6900 N 45° 135° 6400 N 60° 120° 6300 N 90° 90° 6900 N 135° 45° 7000 N
0° 180° 6500 N 45° 135° 6200 N 60° 120° 6500 N 90° 90° 6300 N 135° 45° 6600 N
After computation, we will study the envelope of RF for lugs and pin:
maximum and minimum RF + corresponding load case

ASSIST Link (7/9)
• ASSIST Link
Possibility to create an INEF file with ASSIST Link (or directly a session)
cas.nom Computation case 1 Computation case 1 Computation case 1 Computation case 1
cas.F0 4350 5500 6900 6500
cas.theta1 0 0 0 0
cas.theta2 180 180 180 180
cas.Kfit_CE 1,15 1,15 1,15 1,15
cas.Kfit_CL 1,15 1,15 1,15 1,15
cas.F0 4500 5000 6400 6200
cas.theta1 45 45 45 45
cas.theta2 135 135 135 135
cas.Kfit_CE 1,15 1,15 1,15 1,15
cas.Kfit_CL 1,15 1,15 1,15 1,15
cas.F0 4200 5700 6300 6500
cas.theta1 60 60 60 60
cas.theta2 120 120 120 120
cas.Kfit_CE 1,15 1,15 1,15 1,15
cas.Kfit_CL 1,15 1,15 1,15 1,15
cas.F0 4000 5800 6900 6300

cas.theta1 90 90 90 90
cas.theta2 90 90 90 90
cas.Kfit_CE 1,15 1,15 1,15 1,15
cas.Kfit_CL 1,15 1,15 1,15 1,15
cas.F0 4100 5500 7000 6600
cas.theta1 135 135 135 135
cas.theta2 45 45 45 45
cas.Kfit_CE 1,15 1,15 1,15 1,15
cas.Kfit_CL 1,15 1,15 1,15 1,15

ASSIST Link (8/9)

ASSIST Link (9/9)
• Envelope results
Created with the “Result and processing creation” functionality of ASSIST and exported under
EXCEL
Minimum RF and corresponding loadcase

d Lug1 RFu for loadcase Lug2 RFu for loadcase Pin RFsu for loadcase Pin RFby for loadcase
3,6 1,34 Computation case 2 1,98 Computation case 2 2,64 Computation case 2 1,00 Computation case 1
Maximum RF and corresponding loadcase

d Lug1 RFu for loadcase Lug2 RFu for loadcase Pin RFsu for loadcase Pin RFby for loadcase

3.10- Fasteners and joints analysis
Splicing, bolt group calculation

3.10.1- Joint allowable (1/5)
Thanks to the tables behind, find the appropriate table of allowables to determine the joint single shear
ultimate strength of a Lockbolts type Asna2392, 4.81mm of diameter and 2.4mm of thickness for the
sheet of material 7175 T7351.
Reminder:
In the tables of allowables, the values for a sheet thickness between 2 tabulated thicknesses can be
linearly interpolated. When “unit” bearing strengths are presented, the values are directly proportional to
the sheet thickness.


Table 18 – Ultimate joint shear strength, protruding head, shear or medium-type Titanium Lockbolts in 2024 T3/T351 clad sheet –

Do the same thing, using the macro: Joint_Allowables_4.0.xls

Do the same thing, using ASSIST Joint Allowable Service.

3.10.2- Bolt (1/2)
Calculate the reserve factor of the following bolt (type NASM 21250 without washers).
head
Washer
Part 1 2,6 mm
Part 2 3 mm
Part 3 2 mm
Washer
nut / collar
Young Ultimate tensile Ultimate single

Material
Modulus strength (N) shearing stress (N)
Applied Loads Bolt NCRS 200 000 31 050 23 530
Tensile load (N) 25 000 Nut / collar Steel 32 380
Shear load (N) 15 000 Skin example
Parts 1, 2 & 3 70300
Loading plane factor (n) Current case (2024 T42)


3.10.2- Bolt (2/2)
December 2008
Page 260
3.10.3- Bolt group (1/9)

3.10.3- Bolt group (2/9)
Calculate the Reserve Factor of a single shear joint constituted of a group of 15 fasteners (lockbolts
type Asna2392).
 Geometrical and material characteristics:

Thickness part 1 Thickness part 2 Special
Fastener N° X Y Diameter (mm)
(mm) (mm) coefficient
Materials characteristics
1 -134,4 -93 4,83 2,4 2,4 1 Material E (MPa)
2 -164,4 -93 4,83 2,4 2,4 1
Part 1 7175 T7351 73 100
3 -194,4 -93 4,83 2,4 2,4 1
4 -224,4 -93 4,83 2,4 2,4 1

Part 2 7175 T7351 73 100
5 -254,4 -93 4,83 2,4 2,4 1 Fastener Ti 6AI4V 113 000
6 -149,4 -76 4,83 2,4 2,4 1
7 -179,4 -76 4,83 2,4 2,4 1

Coordinates of application point A
8 -209,4 -76 4,83 2,4 2,4 1
XA (mm) YA (mm)
9 -239,4 -76 4,83 2,4 2,4 1
10 -269,4 -76 4,83 2,4 2,4 1 0 0

11 -134,4 -59 4,83 2,4 2,4 1
12 -164,4 -59 4,83 2,4 2,4 1

Applied loads on the part 2 at point A
13 -194,4 -59 4,83 2,4 2,4 1
MA (Nmm) FA(x) (N) FA(Y) (N)
14 -224,4 -59 4,83 2,4 2,4 1
15 -254,4 -59 4,83 2,4 2,4 1 926 294 25 235 9 206

3.10.3- Bolt group (3/9)

3.10.3- Bolt group (4/9)

3.10.3- Bolt group (5/9)

3.10.3- Bolt group (6/9)
Do the same exercise as previously but taking into account the JOE factor, and verify if
your bold group can be considered as a short connection.
 Geometrical and material characteristics of the parts:

8
3 6
2.5
Fbru of each part = 800 MPa
54 52 Note: the inertia is calculated about

the cog of the cross section around
ZZ‟. Use Assist Inertia to calculate
it.
2.4 2.4
Z Z‟
Part 1 Part 2

3.10.3- Bolt group (7/9)

3.10.3- Bolt group (8/9)

3.10.3- Bolt group (9/9)

This document and all information contained herein is the sole
property of AIRBUS S.A.S. No intellectual property rights are
granted by the delivery of this document or the disclosure of
its content. This document shall not be reproduced or
disclosed to a third party without the express written consent
of AIRBUS S.A.S. This document and its content shall not be
used for any purpose other than that for which it is supplied.
The statements made herein do not constitute an offer. They

are based on the mentioned assumptions and are expressed
in good faith. Where the supporting grounds for these
statements are not shown, AIRBUS S.A.S. will be pleased to
explain the basis thereof.

Metallic Static Strength Training - Ed. F

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SASt stress training December 2008

Metallic static strength

Metallic static strength - Ed. F

Ed. D 07/03/2007 TEUCHOS- O. DUKIC ALL ALL

Metallic static strength - Ed. F December 2008 Page 2

• ASSIST internal installation (specify user login and computer number)

• SASt Structural Analysis Support & Training

Metallic static strength - Ed. F December 2008 Page 3

2.4- Frame analysis

(*) AM2392: document replacing MTS004

Metallic static strength - Ed. F December 2008 Page 5

METHODS & TOOLS

Metallic static strength - Ed. F December 2008 Page 6

Metallic static strength - Ed. F December 2008 Page 7

Stiffeners V1-3 Calculation of the allowable stresses for a Local compression

Stiffened panels V1-1 • Local instability stresses • Pure compression

modified formula. • Compression and

Presented during the training

Presented during the training

Presented during the training

Metallic static strength - Ed. F December 2008 Page 11

Metallic static strength - Ed. F

inef txt inef inef

Metallic static strength - Ed. F December 2008 Page 13

Creation of WORD output corresponding to the beam section description.

Sorted ASSIST codes

Metallic static strength - Ed. F December 2008 Page 14

Different fmaille tools:

Metallic static strength - Ed. F December 2008 Page 16

Theory from AM2392 manual

Metallic static strength - Ed. F December 2008 Page 17

PLANE CURVED Cylinders &

Metallic static strength - Ed. F December 2008 Page 18

Elasto-plastic Poisson coefficient

Metallic static strength - Ed. F December 2008 Page 19

CRITICAL BUCKLING STRESSES under

Compression Shear Bending

Metallic static strength - Ed. F December 2008 Page 20

k : buckling factor depending on

Metallic static strength - Ed. F December 2008 Page 21

Kind of loading 2 calculated 1= 2?

Metallic static strength - Ed. F December 2008 Page 22

A corrected critical stress in

the transverse stress effect.

Specific charts are used

Axial compression + transverse

Metallic static strength - Ed. F December 2008 Page 23

Note about ASSIST plate Module

Combination of axial &

Only the configuration For other boundary conditions:

Metallic static strength - Ed. F December 2008 Page 24

Axial compression + shear

Radial pressure improves

Not available Interaction equations

Metallic static strength - Ed. F December 2008 Page 25

3.1- Plane/curved plates

Metallic static strength - Ed. F December 2008 Page 26

Metallic static strength - Ed. F December 2008 Page 27

Supports for each part are supposed to be at middle-thickness

Metallic static strength - Ed. F December 2008 Page 28

(calculated with the

Metallic static strength - Ed. F December 2008 Page 29

Inner flange local buckling: