Energy Resources Management

Introduction, basics and need of energy management

Designing, starting and managing energy management
& Utilization
programs
Energy accounting
Understanding energy bills
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Economic analysis of energy systems
Life-cycle of energy systems
Introduction
Electrical distribution systems
Electrical systems (lighting, motors, drives)
Mechanical systems (HVAC, boilers, steam, compressed air)
Energy control systems and process energy management
Renewable energy sources and water management
Distributed generation
Building automation control and Energy Information Systems
Green buildings and greenhouse gas emission management
Commissioning of new and existing buildings
Human behaviour and facility energy management
 Introduction

• Energy Management is the “The efficient and effective use of energy to

maximize profits (minimize costs) and enhance competitive positions”

• Primary objective of Energy Management program: maximize profits

(minimize costs)

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 Introduction

• Some sub-objectives of Energy Management programs:

- Improving energy efficiency & reducing energy use, thereby reducing costs
- Reduce greenhouse gas emissions & improve air quality
- Cultivating good communications on energy matters
- Developing & maintaining effective monitoring, reporting, and management
strategies for wise energy usage
- Finding new & better ways to increase returns from energy investments through R&D
- Developing interest in & dedication to energy management program from all
employees
- Reducing the impacts of curtailments, brownouts, or any interruption in energy
supplies
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 Need for Energy Management
Economics

• Brings profits/ reduced costs/ cost effectiveness (for non-profit)

• 5-15% cost savings affected through Energy Management programs with
little to no capital expenditure
• Eventual savings from 30-70% after retrofit activities
• New energy efficient buildings operate at 20% costs compared to traditional
buildings (thus 80% savings)

In fact, for most manufacturing, industrial and commercial organizations

energy management is one of the most promising profit improvement-cost
reduction programs available today
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 Need for Energy Management
National/ Global Good - Relevant Statistics

Year Total Energy Supply (TES) Global Energy Usage

(Mtoe - Million Tons of Oil Equivalent)

1990 8700
2000 9900
1 Mtoe = 11.63 TWh, 1 TWh = 109
2010 12600 kWh
Pakistan’s TES (2020): 116 Mtoe
2019 14400
TES = Production + Imports -
2020 13800 (Exports + Storage changes)

2021 14500

https://www.enerdata.net/estore/energy-market/pakistan/ 5
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_energy_supply_and_consumption
 Need for Energy Management
National/ Global Good - Relevant Statistics

Energy Use Comparison Among

Countries (per capita)

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ourworldindata.org
 Need for Energy Management
National/ Global Good - Relevant Statistics

Energy Use Comparison

Among Countries (per capita)

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ourworldindata.org
 Need for Energy Management
National/ Global Good - Relevant Statistics

Energy Use - Pakistan

(per capita)

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ourworldindata.org
 Need for Energy Management
National/ Global Good - Relevant Statistics

Energy Use Comparison

(per capita)

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ourworldindata.org
 Need for Energy Management
National/ Global Good - Relevant Statistics

Energy Use Comparison

(per capita)

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ourworldindata.org
 Need for Energy Management
National/ Global Good - Relevant Statistics

Energy Use Comparison

(per capita)

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ourworldindata.org
 Need for Energy Management
National/ Global Good - Relevant Statistics

Crude Oil Price

(USD per cubic meter)
1 cubic meter = 6.29 barrel
1 barrel = 158.98 litres

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 Need for Energy Management
National/ Global Good - Relevant Statistics

GDP
Total Imports Crude Oil Imports Bill
Crude Oil Imports
Pakistan
- 2020-21: 11.36 b 21.7% of total imports (52.33 b), 3.2% of GDP (348.3 b)
- 2021-22: 23.18 b 37/ 73% of total imports/ exports (62.66/ 31.55 b), 6.1% of GDP (376.5 b)
India
- 2020-21: 62.62 b 12.3% of total imports (509.4 b), 2% of GDP (3200 b)
- 2021-22: 119.2 b 15.7/ 17.5% of total imports/ exports (758.8/ 679 b), 3.4% of GDP (3460 b)

GDP
*All figures in approx USD
Total Imports
Crude Oil Imports 13
 Other issues related to Energy Use

Global Climate Change

- CO2, the main contributor to potential global climate change, is produced by the
combustion of fossil fuel, primarily to provide transportation and energy services
- 1992: CO2 control and fossil fuel usage reduction adopted by many countries
- UNFCCC (first international treaty on Climate Change) ratified by 186 countries
(including US)
- 1997: Kyoto Protocol (KP) with binding targets and dates - came in effect in 2005,
adopted by EU, Russia, Japan, Canada and most developing countries - US &
Australia are not parties to KP

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 Other issues related to Energy Use

Reducing Ozone Depletion

- 1987: Montreal Protocol sets out mandatory timetable for phasing out Ozone
depleting substances
- One of the most successful environmental protection agreements in the world
- CFCs production by developed countries phased out at the end of 1995
- HCFCs production by developed countries phased out at the end of 2020

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 Other issues related to Energy Use

Reducing Acid Rain

- Rain having acidic pH levels (usually 4-5, compared to 6.5-8.5 for potable water)
- Acid rain has been reduced mainly through national and regional environmental
policies around the world
- Eg: US clear air act (1990), clears skies act (2003)

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 Other issues related to Energy Use

Improving National and World Security

- Oil imports directly affect the energy security and balance of payments of almost all
countries, with political and economic implications
- Most developed countries are heavy importers of energy supplies
- By 2030 EU will be 85% dependent on its requirements for oil/ gas
- US, China and India are also net importers
- Heavy reliances on imported energy to support the major economies of the world leave
most of the world’s population at high risk of loss of energy
- Developing world has economic incentive in helping energy self sufficiency of smaller/
developing countries
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 Sources Other than Fuel Oils/ Gas

- Many countries substitute oil imports with cheaper coal - which produces sulphur
and carbon dioxides that produce acid rains and potential climatic effects
- Synfuels require strip mining, are cost intensive, have heavy water demand
- On-site coal gasification is yet to prove technologically, economically and
environmentally
- Solar energy is generated through photovoltaics or thermal processes. Require large
land areas
- Biomass is expensive on large scale. Monocultures require large land areas

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 Sources Other than Fuel Oils/ Gas

- Wind energy is only feasible in high wind velocity and has noise and aesthetic
problems. Installation and operating costs are falling with new wind turbine
technologies. Wind energy is one of the most promising renewable energy sources for
many countries.
- Fuel cells produce clean electricity from Hydrogen and Oxygen. Hydrogen is however
not a primary energy source and is produced from natural gas (fossil, climatic effects)
- Alcohol (ethanol) produces energy from agricultural products, with increasing food
insecurity. Wood waste is being tested for ethanol production which may offer
improvement. Sugar cane and its waste are being used in Brazil for large scale ethanol
production

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 Sources Other than Fuel Oils/ Gas

- Fission (nuclear power plants) have well known problems of safety, waste disposal
and short time span. Without breeder reactors (fuel reprocesses for reuse), world
will soon run out of fuel (Uranium). Breeder reactors produce large amount of
Plutonium (raw material for nuclear weapons)
- Fusion is hope for the future, but technology is still nascent. When available
commercially, fusion may very well have its own style of environmental-economical
problems

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Sources Other than Fuel Oils/ Gas
LCOE
Levelized cost of energy
(LCOE) estimates the average
cost per unit of energy
generated across the lifetime
of a new power plant. It is
measured in US$ per kilowatt-
hour.

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 Electricity Prices
Global
Pakistan:
Installed capacity
MW

Pakistan:
118 Actual
100 generation
India 73
2021-22
Pakistan 35

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 Energy Management

- Energy management can substantially reduce energy costs and consumption

- Saved energy can be used elsewhere - thus energy management’s the most
economical source of “new” energy
- Energy management activities are more gentle to the environment than large-scale
energy production
- While energy management cannot solve all the nation’s problems, perhaps it can
ease the strain on our environment and give us time to develop new energy sources

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 Energy Management Prospects

- The value of energy management is clear

- There is an increased need for engineers/ managers who are adequately trained in
the field of energy management, and a large number of energy management jobs
are available

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Questions?