TPJ3M1-02 U2: Review

TPJ3M1-02 U2: Review

Skeletal System Note:
Skeletal System Functions:
● Makes up the body framework; gives body shape
● Supports and protects vital internal organs
● Provides movement
● Stores mineral reserves
● Produces red blood cells (in b/t marrow)
Bone Composition: bone is a living tissue; it is a solid network of cells & protein fibres
surrounded by deposits of minerals. Components are:
● Collagen and bone cells (32%)
● Calcium and phosphorous (43%)
● Water (25%)

Axial Skeleton: consists of skull, vertebral column, & ribcage (ribs + sternum).
Appendicular Skeleton: consists of upper and lower limbs, shoulder girdle (pectoral girdle), hip
girdle (pelvic girdle).
Bone Classification: there are 5 diff. types
● Long: humerus, fibia, femur, ulna, etc…
● Short: tarsals, carpals
 TPJ3M1-02 U2: Review

● Flat: sternum, ribs, cranial bones, etc…

● Irregular: vertebrae, sacrum, mandible, etc…
● Sesamoid: patella, etc…
Skull Diagram:

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Vertebral Column (Spine) Diagram:
 TPJ3M1-02 U2: Review

Appendicular Skeleton Diagram:

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Wrist/Hand Skeletal Diagram:

 TPJ3M1-02 U2: Review

Foot Skeletal Diagram:

Axial Skeleton Diagram:

 TPJ3M1-02 U2: Review

3 Lines of Bones:
1. Periosteum: outside tough membrane
2. Compact bone: middle layer containing living bone cells called “osteocytes” set in a
matrix of calcium phosphate & collagen.
3. Spongy bone: contains bone marrow–which contains immature cells (stem cells) that can
develop into RBC/WBC.

Periosteum: covers bone, is a place for tendon & ligament attachment, and brings blood, lymph
vessels, and nerves into bone.
Compact bone: dense layer of bone tissue composed of cylinders/tubes of minerals; is strong.
Bone Marrow–Yellow Bone Marrow: stores fat that serves as an energy reserve & contains blood
vessels and nerve cells.
Osteocytes: bone cells.
● Osteoblasts: are/aid new bone cells added to bone.
● Osteoclasts: bone cells that break down damaged bone cells for osteoblasts.
Cartilage: semi-solid, flexible connective tissue; acts as a shock absorber and is found in ears &
nose.
- Ossification: process of cartilage gradually being replaced by bone.
Joints: connection point where two bones meet. There are 2 types of joints:
● Immovable (fixed): a solid union of two or more bones; provides protection.
● Movable: basic components of the locomotor system–which allows the body to move.
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Types of Freely Movable Joints:

● Ball & Socket: permits circular movement/widest range of movement; unstable, most
likely to injure.
○ E.g., shoulder joint, hip joint
● Hinged: permits back and forth movement.
○ E.g., knee, elbow, phalanges
● Pivot: permits rotation of one bone around another.
○ E.g., elbow (radius over ulna)
Fracture: bone breaks.
- Common causes:
○ Trauma: a fall, tackle in sports, automobile accident
○ Osteoporosis: disease resulting in the thinning of bone (makes it more fragile)
○ Overuse: resulting in stress, most common in athletes
Types of Fractures:
● Simple (Closed): bone is broken, but the skin is not lacerated.
● Compound (Open): bone is broken & protruding from the skin
● Greenstick: bone is cracked on one side only.
○ In young ppl bc still has cartilage; bone not completely ossified.
● Comminuted: bone is broken into more than two pieces (crushed).
● Bowing: bone bends, but doesn’t break; occurs only in children.
● Stress: tiny cracks in bone; caused by repetitive application of force/overuse (inadequate
rest/recovering).
○ Can be caused by normal use due to osteoporosis; most common in track & field
athletes.

R.I.C.E: Rest and relaxation, Ice limits pain and reduces swelling, Compression limits swelling,
and Elevation of injured area reduces swelling.
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Diagnosing a Fracture: you may hear a snap/cracking noise,

● Fracture site will become tender & swollen
● Limb may become deformed/the bone is protruding through skin
● X-ray
Bone Healing: bones are natural healers.
● A protective blood clot & callus is formed; at the site of fracture, bones will produce new
cells and tiny blood vessels that rebuild the bone (osteoblasts).
● Threads of bone cells grow on each end of the bone towards each other until the threads
are fused together & fracture is closed.
● Callus is absorbed and fracture is healed.
○ Looks like an increase in bone density under x-ray.
Fracture Treatment:
● Internal Fixation: use of metal plates, pins, and/or screws to help set bones in place.
● External Fixation: casts made of plaster/fibreglass, braces, or splints to hold bones in
place.
Rehabilitation: after the cast is removed, it may take some time to regain normal use of the limb
(i.e., muscles weak, ligaments stiff). Exercise and gradual increase in activity is necessary to
complete the healing process.
Splinting: process of immobilising and stabilising painful, swollen, deformed extremities. Any
object that can be used for this purpose is considered a splint.
- How: immobilise joint w/a splint above and below the fracture site.
Importance of Splinting:
● Reduce pain
● Limit damage to soft tissues (e.g., skin, muscles)
● Limit internal & external bleeding
● Aid in relieving pressure against blood vessels
● Prevent closed fractures from becoming open fractures
Ambulation Aids: crutches, canes, walkers; prioritises for lower extremities, skeletal injuries.
- Weight rearing teleanees
FWB: full weight bearing; crutches, cane, walkers
NWB: no weight bearing; crutches
PWB: partial weight bearing (25%, 75%, etc…); crushes, cane, & walker for higher %
WBHT: weight bearing is tolerated; crutches, walker, cane)
TWB: touch weight bearing (egg shell); crutches
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Ribs Diagram:

Pelvic Girdle Diagram:

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 TPJ3M1-02 U2: Review

Lower Limb Diagram:

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Upper Limb Diagram:

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Osteoarthritis (Wear and tear, OA): when cartilage at the end of bones gradually deteriorates, and
bone starts to rub on the other bone(s).
- Diagnosed by review of symptoms, physical examination, x-rays, and lab tests.
- Can be seen under x-rays when there is less space between the bones and bone
spurs appearing.

- Symptoms: pain, tenderness,

stiffness, swelling, loss of flexibility,
bone spurs, grating sensation.
- Most prevalent in women
aged ≥60. Young adults
w/underlying injuries are also @
higher risk if not treated.