Bones

• Kok Zi Xuan 2300047

• Sharon Teh Yu Shian 2300825
• Ang Kian Taur 2300376
• Muhamad Adam 2300676
What is BONES?
Bone is a hard and rigid part of your body that
gives it structure and support. Think of it like
the framework of a building. Bones make up
your skeleton, which helps you stand, move,
and protects important organs like your brain,
heart, and lungs.
 Skull

Part Of Bones
Trunk
Upper Limb

Skull
Trunk
Upper Limb
Lower Limb
Lower Limb
 Skull Bones
Cranial Bone
● Frontal bone: Forms the forehead.
● Parietal bones (pair): Form the top and sides of the skull.
● Temporal bones (pair): Form the sides and base of the skull, housing the ear canals.
● Occipital bone: Forms the back and base of the skull.
Facial Bone
● Nasal bones (pair): Form the bridge of the nose.
● Maxilla (pair): Forms the upper jaw and part of the roof of the mouth.
● Zygomatic bones (pair): Form the cheekbones.
● Mandible: Forms the lower jaw, the only movable bone in the skull.
● Lacrimal bones (pair): Located near the tear ducts.
Trunk Bones
● Cervical (7) C1-C7
● Thoracic (12) T1-T12
● Lumbar (5) L1-L5
● Sacrum (5) S1-S5
● Coccyx (4) Co1-Co4
 Trunk Bones
Ribcage
● Sternum
● Ribs
Pelvic
● Ilium
● Ischium
● Pubis
 Limb
Upper Limb Lower Limb
● Clavicle ● Femur
● Scapula ● Patella
● Humerus ● Fibula
● Ulna ● Tibia
● Radius ● Tarsals
● Carpals ● Metatarsals
● Metacarpals ● Phalanges
● Phalanges
 Type Of Bone

Sesamoid Bone Flat Bone

Short Bone
Irregular Bone
Long Bone
 Type Of Injuries

• Normal

• Transverse • Comminuted

• Open / Compound • Segmental

• Oblique • Avulsed

• Oblique Displace • Spiral

• Greenstick
How to prevent BONE FRACTURE during
execise?

● Warm Up and Cool Down

● Proper Technique

● Progressive Training

● Balance and Coordination

● Strength Training
 Fun Facts
1. Steel or Human Bones

Human Bones! Our bones is 5 times harder than steel. A piece of a bone, the size of phone can bear
up to 9000 kilos.

2. The longest and the shortest bone in our body.

Longest- Femur, which joint the pelvis and the knee

Smallest- Stirrup, which is in the ear and measured between 2.5-3 millimeters

3. Human and giraffe.

BOTH SAME! The LONGGGGGGG giraffe neck has the same amount of cervical with human.
 Did You Know This?

● How bones help us in sport ?

● Why bones so important?
 Important of bones in sports

Protection of vital organ Structural shape & muscle

• Cranium protects the brain when heading
attachment
• Your skeleton provides support by providing a
structural shape for muscles and tissues
to attach

Formation of joint for movement Store of mineral

• Muscles pull on bones to create movement • Calcium and Phosphorus is stored in the
• The different joint types allow different types of bones to keep them strong
movement
 How bones protect our organs?
• Bones protect the body's organs which may have otherwise been damaged, due
to contact and force which is involved in most sports. The function of the
skeleton in sport is also to provide rigidity and structure to the body, as well as
providing strength to the body.
 Structural shape and muscle attachment
● The bones give the shape to the body and provide the site of attachment to muscles,
tendons, ligaments and cartilage. These tissues function together as a whole to generate a
force that provides the biomechanical basis of movement.
● Cartilage is a strong, flexible connective tissue that protects your joints and bones. It acts
as a shock absorber throughout your body
 Con 't
● The shape and type of the bones determine the amount of movement (short bones
enable finer controlled movements/long bones enable gross movement)

● Finer control movement=Small, exact movements. Exp: picking up a small item with
the finger.

● Gross movement=Whole body movement and involve the large (core stabalizing )
muscles of the body to perform. Exp: standing and walking

● Flat bones for protection of vital organs(skull, nasal )

 Formation of joint for movement
● The different joint types allow different types of movement
● Joints aid in movement as well as contributing to sport, as joints
allow for movement and the range of flexibility between bones.
 Con' t

Movement possibilities at
joints:
Flexion: bending movement (decreases
angle)
Extension: Straightening movement
(increase angle)
Abduction: Moving away from midline
Adduction: Moving towards the midline
Plantar flexion: Pointing the toes
downwards
Dorsi flexion: Pointing the toes
upwards
Rotation: Rotation around a joint or
axis
Circumduction: Movement in the shape
of a cone, flexion/extension
abduction/adduction
 How does calcium influence bones?
● Our bones and muscles work together to support every movement you make on
a daily basis.

● Bones store of mineral( calcium and phosphorus)

● If we do not have enough calcium in our diets to keep our bodies functioning, calcium
is removed from where it is stored in our bones.

● Over time, this causes our bones to grow weaker and may lead to osteoporosis — a
disorder in which bones become very fragile and easier to damage even with normal
day activities.
(Bone density / mass decrease)
 Ways of preventing osteoporosis

● People can get calcium by eating a healthy diet that includes a variety of calcium-rich
foods.
 Milk, yogurt, cheese,
 Sardines, salmon, and other soft-bone fish
 Breads, pastas and grains
 Bone adaption

● When we are physically active ( strengthen our muscles), bones adapt by building
more cells, and as a result, both become stronger

● By repeating that skill or exercise, the body adapts to the stress and the skill becomes
easier to perform.

● Weight-bearing exercises, such as walking, jogging, and climbing stairs, can help you
build strong bones and slow bone loss.

● Strong bones and muscles protect against injury and

improves balance and coordination
 Bones Injuries in Sports
Bone injuries in sports can range from minor fractures and stress reactions to more severe fractures and breaks. These injuries are
common in many sports and can have a significant impact on an athlete's performance and overall well-being. They are many types
of injuries :
 ● Stress Fractures

Stress fractures are tiny cracks in the bone that result from repetitive stress or overuse. They are common in sports that
involve repetitive impact, such as running and jumping.

The symptoms of a stress fracture include:

- Pain that starts and gets worse during physical activity.
- Pain that doesn't get better after stopping activity.
- Pain that's more noticeable when you're resting.

How to prevent a stress fracture ?

- Stop exercising or training as soon as you feel pain.
- Warm up and cool down before physical activity.
- Wear the right equipment for sports and physical activities.

How long does it take to recover ?

- As long as you can feel pain, the bone is still fragile in that area,
and could break again in the same place.
It usually takes six to eight weeks for a stress fracture to heal.
● Avulsion Fractures

Avulsion fractures happen when a tendon or ligament pulls a piece of bone away from the main bone. These typically occur in sports
that involve sudden, powerful movements. For example, ankle sprain often cause small avulsion fragments.

What causes avulsion fractures ?

Playing sports comes with risks. Contact sports like lacrosse, boxing and football, it’s because contact sports involve movements that
stress your limbs, such as:
- Suddenly changing direction.
- Sprinting.
- Kicking.

What are the symptoms of avulsion fractures ?

- Swelling.
- Muscle pain.
- A popping or cracking sound.
- Difficulty moving your limb.

How are avulsion fractures treated ?

- Immobilization in a cast or splint.
- Anti-inflammatory medications.
- Restriction of activity.
● How does biomechanics help ?

- Biomechanics plays a crucial role in understanding the causes of sports injuries. Researchers and sports scientists use advanced
techniques such as motion capture, force plates, and computer modeling to analyze sports movements in detail.

● This is Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injury in Football : https://youtu.be/lpIOMuqXWrE?si=RReg-O3elgK8Cgr-

- Data Collection: Biomechanists use motion capture systems, high-speed cameras, force plates, and other instrumentation to collect
data during football activities. This data includes player movements, ground reaction forces, joint angles, and muscle activity.
- Injury Analysis: Researchers analyze video footage of ACL injury incidents to understand the specific movements and events
leading up to the injury. They also identify players' body positions and joint angles at the time of injury.

Benefits of biomechanical analysis

Risk Reduction: By identifying the biomechanical factors
associated with ACL injuries, players and coaches can work on
reducing these risks through improved technique and training.
Equipment Design: Insights from biomechanical research can
lead to the development of sports equipment, such as knee
braces or footwear, designed to protect against ACL injuries.
 ● Shoulder dislocation
A dislocated shoulder is an injury in which the upper arm bone pops out of the cup-shaped socket that's part of the shoulder blade.

● Types of dislocated shoulders

- Complete dislocations (luxation): A complete dislocation happens when the bones in your joint are totally separated and pushed out
of place.
- Subluxation: Medical term for a partial dislocation. You have a subluxation if something pulls your joint apart and the bones still touch,
just not as completely as usual.

What causes shoulder dislocations ?

Any force that’s strong enough to push your shoulder joint out of place. Common in sports like rugby, football, and gymnastics, shoulder
dislocations often result from falls, tackles, or high-impact collisions. https://youtube.com/shorts/pk-Ds_BdxB8?si=x4mwfCc3VNImfdHn

Dislocated shoulder are diagnosed using X-rays and Magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI )

How are dislocated shoulders treated? Motion Capture Analysis :

Immobilization: After your closed relocation, you’ll High-speed cameras and
need to wear a splint or sling to hold your injured motion capture systems are
shoulder in place. This will take stress off it and help used to record the movement of
it heal. Your doctor might recommend icing your the shoulder joint in three
injured shoulder a few times a day. You may need to dimensions. This technology
do light exercises so your shoulder doesn’t tighten or tracks the position and
freeze. Ask your provider how long you’ll need to orientation of specific body
wear the splint or sling, and how often you should markers or reflective points
exercise your shoulder. Most people need to placed on the skin or directly
immobilize their shoulders for a few weeks. on the bones.
What is bone
remodeling?
 Bone remodeling

● The process of skeletal change is known as bone

remodeling.
● It is protection the structural integrity of the skeletal
system and metabolically contributes to the body's
balance of calcium and phosphorus.
● Remodeling the old or damaged bone, followed by the
deposition of new bone material.
 4 cell responsible in bone remodeling

● Osteogenic
● Osteoblast
● Osteocytes
● Osteoclast
 Osteogenic

● Osteogenic cells, are stem cells in the

bone that play a prodigal role in bone
repair and growth. This cells are the
precursors to the more specialized bone
cells osteocytes and osteoblasts.
 Osteoblast

● The primary role of osteoblasts is to lay

down new bone during skeletal
development and remodeling.

● Forming the bone structure

 osteocytes

● Osteocytes play an important role

in controlling the extracellular
concentration of calcium and
phosphate in bone tissue over time.
 osteoclast

● Osteoclasts are the cells that degrade bone to

initiate normal bone remodeling and mediate
bone loss in pathologic conditions by
increasing their resorptive activity.

● Cleaning the old bone cells 。

https://www.youtube.com/shorts/7hFoMEwC414
 What bone remodeling help when bone get injured

● Bone remodeling will remove the injured

bone and form a new bone to replace the
bone.
● After the bone finishes the remodeling
stage, its strength basically returns to what it
was before.
 ossification

● Ossification is a process by which new bone is

produced. Ossification begins about the third
month of fetal life in humans and is completed
by late adolescence.
● There are two types of bone
ossification, intramembranous and
endochondral.
 Intramembranous ossification

● The direct conversion of

mesenchymal tissue into bone is
called intramembranous ossification.
This process occurs primarily in the
bones of the skull.
 Endochondral ossification

● Endochondral ossification is the

process by which growing cartilage is
systematically replaced by bone to
form the growing skeleton.
 Thanks!

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