MUSCULOESKELETAL

ANATOMY
SPORTS, EXERCISE AND SCIENCE
MUSCULOSKELETAL
SYSTEM
Muscular system Skeletal system

Muscles Bones and joints

MOVEMENT OF
OUR BODY
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
• 20% of body weight
• Determines the shape and size of the body (nutrition, physical activity and posture too).

Skeletal system

206 bones

Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton

80 bones 126 bones

 FUNCTIONS
• Protection of the vital organs

• Support and maintenance of posture

• Providing attachment points for the muscles

• Storage and release of minerals such as calcium

and phosphorus.

• Blood cell production or haemopoiesis

• Storage of energy
 AXIAL SKELETON

• SKULL
• Cranium and face
• Function: Protect the brain, eyes, ears and teeth

• VERTEBRAL COLUMN 33 vertebrae

• Cervical 7
• Thoracic 12 Movement
• Lumbar 5
• Sacral 5
No Movement
• Coccygeal 4

• STERNUM AND RIBS

     
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
• Between the vertebraes there is the INTERVERTEBRAL
DISC

• The cervical and lumbar curves are anteriorly convex

• The thoracic and sacral/coccygeal curves are concave

• The curves increase the strength of the vertebral columna.

APPENDICULAR
SKELETON
 UPPER BODY
• Pectoral girdles (shoulder) Formed by clavicles and scapulae

• The upper end of humerus is connected with the scapula to form the shoulder
joint

• The lower end is connected with proximal ulna and form the elbow joint.

• The radius + carpal bones= wirst

 LOWER BODY
• Pelvis: Ilium, ischium and pubis
• Articulates with: sacrum

• Pelvis + femur= hip joint

• Femur + tibia= knee joint

• Tibia and fibula + talus (tarsal bone)=

ankle joint
 BONES

• Long bones: Are the most important bones for the movement.

Femur, metatarsals and clavicle.

• Short bones: Articulate more than the others bones.

Carpals and tarsals.

 BONES
• Flat bones: Are the most important bones for the protection.

Sternum, clavicle, ribs and pelvis.

• Irregular bones: Specialized shapes and functions.

Vertebrae, sacrum and coccyx.

 STRUCTURE OF BONE
Diaphysis
• Compact bone is relatively solid and dense.
• Important for protection and support.

Epiphysis
• Made of cancellous (latticework structure = many
spaces) or spongy bone
• Articular cartilage cover the end of the bone to reduce
the friction between the bones.
 JOINTS
• “Is where two or more bones come into contact or articulate with each other”.
• They increase mobility of the body.
 JOINT MOVEMENT AND STABILITY
Movement = Stability
Factors that affect the stability around the joints:

Stability = Risk of injury

• Shape of bones and whether they interlock with each other or
not
• Area over which bones are in contact
• Flexibility of the LIGAMENTS*
• Influence of other soft tissue structures
 TYPES OF JOINTS
• FIBROUS, CARTILAGINOUS AND SYNOVIAL
• Fibrous and cartilaginous have no joint cavity whereas
synovial joints do.
• Synovial joints are the most common and the most
important for mobility.
SYNOVIAL
JOINT

• Classified for how much movement is

allowed.
 The 6 Types of Joints - Human Anatom
y for Artists - YouTube
Synovial Joints - YouTube
 ANATOMICAL
TERMINOLOGY

• Proximal  Near BODY

• Distal  Far

• Inferior  Below
HEAD
• Superior  Above

• Medial  Close
MIDLINE
• Lateral  Far

• Anterior  In front BODY

• Posterior  Behind

• Internal  Far SURFACE ANATOMICAL STARTING POSITION

• External  Near
 JOINT MOVEMENTS

Joint Movements - YouTube

 MUSCLES
• There are over 600 muscles and they make up
about the 40-50% of the body weight.
• There are three types: cardiac, skeletal and
smooth.
MUSCLE FIBERS
 CHARACTERISTICS COMMON TO
MUSCLE TISSUE
• Contractility: muscle has the ability to shorten
• Extensibility: muscle can lengthen beyond its resting length
• Excitability: muscle responds to a stimulus/nerve impulse
• Elasticity: after being stretched beyond its normal resting length, muscle can return to its
original length without damage (to a certain degree)
• Atrophy: if a muscle is not being utilized, it will waste away
• Hypertrophy: muscles can grow in size (generally by increasing the size of the muscle cell)
• Fed by capillaries which ensures a constant supply of oxygen-rich blood and nutrients
 MUSCLES
• When you move your muscles there are two
jobs that your muscles are doing while
working together to make that movement
happen.
• These jobs belong to the agonist and
antagonist muscles involved in the
movement.
• Agonist contracts  Antagonist is relaxed
 MUSCLES
• Agonist muscles are the prime movers or the muscles that are contracting during an
exercise.
• Antagonist muscles work opposite of the agonist muscles so they elongate and
stretch during the concentric or primary contraction phase of an exercise.

Easiest Way to Remember Contraction Types: Concentric vs Ec

centric vs Isometric | Corporis - YouTube
 CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• Group of tissues in the body that maintain the form of
the body and its organs and provide cohesion and
internal support
• Tendons are comprised of thick, rubbery white tissue.
Every muscle has a tendon on each end that attaches the
muscles to the bone. Any kind of skeletal movement,
from walking to lifting weights, happens because the
muscle contracts and pulls on the tendon, which in turn
pulls on the bone and moves it.
• Ligaments are also attachment tissues, but they connect
one bone to another and hold the joints together.
Ligaments are thinner and less elastic than tendons.
 CONCENTRIC VS ECCENTRIC
• Eccentric: Muscles lengthen
• Concentric: Muscles shorten
 MUSCLES
• During a biceps contraction, the antagonist
would be your triceps, which is located on
the back of your upper arm. Instead of
tightening during a biceps flex, this muscle
relaxes and elongates.
 COMMON MUSCLE PAIRS
• Quadriceps/hamstrings
• Biceps/triceps
• Pectorals/latissimus dorsi
• Trapezius/deltoids

Muscles and Movement | Antagonist Pairs of

Muscles – YouTube

5:30’
• Deltoid
• Pectoralis
• Iliopsoas • Trapezius
• Sartorius • Triceps brachii
• Quadriceps • Latissimus dorsi
• Femoris (rectus • Gluteus maximus
femoris, vastus • Hamstring (bíceps
intermedialis, femoris,
vastus medialis, semitendinosus,
vastus lateralis) semimembranosus)
• Tibialis anterior • Gastrocnemius
• Abdominus rectus • Soleus
• External obliques • Erector spinae
• Biceps brachii
 ACTIVITIES
• ANALYSIS OF JOINT MOVEMENT AND THE
MUSCLES THAT ARE INVOLVED
• Initial joint movement  final joint movement
• Agonist  Antagonist
• Joint and Synovial joint
JOINT INITIAL AGONIST/ANTAGONIST FINAL AGONIS/
(SYNOVIAL) MOVEMENT MOVEMENT ANTAGONIST
Elbow (Hinge) Extension Triceps/Biceps Flexión Biceps/Triceps

Shoulder (ball and Abduction and Adduction and

socket) external rotation internal
rotation
Flexion Extension
(Hinge) Tibialis Anterior/ Soleus Soleus/ Tibialis
Anterior
Hip ()
 VERY IMPORTANT!!!
• Page 1-2-3. Anatomycal position, skeletal system
• Page 4-5. Vertebral column
• Page 7-8.Types of bones
• Page 5-6. TO THINK ABOUT
• Page 12. Synovial joint table.
• Page 14 to 24 muscles.