enCe.

Series and Progressions

EOMETRIC PROGRESSION (G.P.)
1.3,9,27, 81, 243, 729, 2187, ..
thr
Geometric Progression : A sequence Each next term in the above sequence is becoming
d , d3,. G, is said to be in Geometric Progression (i.e. 3 times) which is called as common ratio.

when a3 a24
3-1x3
=

... r
(say)
a 9-133
and a , a . a3, a, are all non-zero numbers and r is 27-1x3x3x3
be the common ratio of the G.P. 81 1x3 3x3x3
ad to

eg. (i) 2,4, 8, 16, . . . >r =2 243 1x 33 3x3x3

(ii) 1, 3,9. 27, 81 . . . r =3
729 =1x3x3x3x3<3x3
(iii) 3, 6, - 12, 24, - 48, 96 . . > r = -2
and t h term = a x rxrxry ... n - 1 )times
1 39 27
= r =3
(iv22' 2
1=dr"-)

The general term or th term is represented by T,

()k.kr, kr*, kr*, kr',..>r =Fr
)
Hence a r(n -
(vi) 64,16, 4, 1. >r=
4 16 also
= a . r n - 1)

GENERAL TERM (Or nth TERM) OF a G.P. where lis the last term of the G.P.
Let us look at the following:

EXAMPLE 1 Find the 7th term of the sequence 2, 10, 50, 250, ... NOTE The above formulae for S, fails when r 1, as the form

SOLUTION The given sequence is a G.P. with common ratio 5

undefined. However,
a+ a + . t o n terms = n a
Sa
and first term (a) = 2 EXAMPLE 2 Find the sum of the first 6 terms of the G.P
T 2-(5 T = a rh-') 9 27 81

Sum of First n terms of a G.P.

T, 31250 34 8 3
SOLUTION Herea =3r=and n = 6, then
Let us look at the following:
3,6, 12. 24, 48, 96, .
3
Let the sum of n terms is denoted by S,, then

S = 3 S
S2 = 3+ 6 9

S 3+ 6 + 12=21 729 665

3
S, 3 6+ 12+ 24 =45 64 64
Ss 3+6+12+24 + 48 93
S,T+T2 + Ts +, Tn 2
3 605 2
S a-1
(r- 1)
ifr>1 64
62 34375

and
S, a (1- ifr<1 EXAMPLE 3 Find the sum of first five ter ns of the GP12-
(1-r)
1 (2-1) 21
also Ir - a sOLUTION S,
S (2- 1)

GEOMETRIC MEAN (G.M.)

hree quantities G.P, the middle
are in m=t vub = t (4b)
gEometric mean (G.M.) of the other two
one is called thee

a, m, b are quantiues n general, it a,, d2, dj, a, dre in

( P. then
in G.P. then the
m is
GM. of a and b
GM (ad a d,
and since b
 Sequence, Series and Progress

b\n 1

12
6,
which
are
in G.P J m,aa
GM
of4
668 Pm
the
12x 36)
EXAMPLE
4
12,
36 - (4 (12'} - 12
soLUTION
GM of4. - ( 1 7 2 8 ) -

12 2 4
48 m, a
GM of3 6
Rnd
the
48)
12x24
EXAMPLE5 x

(36 EXAMPLE6 Insert 3 geometric means between 3 qand 4a

soLUTION
GM. -
12 and b 48.
a
- (12 Means
between

between
which

-(2'
Geometric

r3
respectively
Insertn
last
term
sOLUTION
-2
then
first and
To
m,
I f a a n d barethe
mg,
m, m2,
means
we
hae o
insert n geometric m = 3.2 6
ma 3 (2 =12
Common ratio,
ma 3-(2 = 24

Hence the new sequence is 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 whereallte

a

Thus, are in G.P.

m2 = a
b)n1

PROGRESSION 2S a a =a2 a-2 a3an -3 =...GM

GEOMETRIC
PROPERTIES OF 5. Ifwe have to take three terms in G.P., it is comven
G.P. is multiplied or divided by a
of a
. I feach term non-zero constant, then the resulting sequence
to take them as
certain
is also a G.P. m , mk
then 9, 18, 36, 72, 144, 288, k
eg. 3,6. 12, 24, 48, 96,...
36, 72, 144, is also a
18, where, m and mk are consecutiveterms of C.P
isalso a G.P. and,9,
. .

k is the common ratio.

G.P.
is multipliedeach term by3 take five terms of GP
In the second sequence Similarly we can
third sequence is
divided by2
and each term the of
second sequence) m , mk, mk.
(compare with the
are two geometric
2. If aj, a2, a3,... and b, b, b3,
. . .

progressions, then the sequence abj, ab2,

agb3, . . .

consecutive terms G
EXAMPLE 7 If the product of five
this set.
1024, then find the third term of
is also a G.P.
then
18, 54, 162,... and 1, 2, 4, 8, 16,
. . .

e.g., 2, 6,
2x 1). (6x 2), (18 x 4), (54 x8), (162 16)...
x
SOLUTION xmx mk x mk =1024
also G.P.
ie. 2, 12, 72, 432, 2592 is a

2 6 18 54 162 m =
1024 2° 4 =

(Similarly'7' 4' 8' 16 m = 4

middle most term) s

9 27 81 Hence the third term (i. e.
also a G.P.) assume
ie.
2,3.54'8
3. If there are odd number of terms in a G.P. as
1S
In general to take odd
number of

middle most term and take other

terms
terms, we

with common

a, then the middle most term is the their position. coavenc

aj, a2, a3, is cou

it Is
P . IU
in G.P.
-..,

If we have to take 4
terms
G.M. of the given sequence. 6.
eg, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 where
take them as k
-

mk, mk
anda
then 24816x32)S =(2'5)"S =2 =8 terms
ofa
GP

mk are four consecutive

Also (2 32)= (4x 16) =8 common ratio.
NOTE In this case without knowing all the terms we can find the G.M. of c a n take
six terms in (.
Similarly w e
the G.P
mk,mk",mk
m m
4 If there are even number of terms in a G.P. as
k
a,42, G3, ..., a,, then
 669

and Progressions Infinite G.P.

Sernes Sum of a n
terms ofa GP. is 729, then find the
fthe product of4 S

, " m k x mk= 729 term andr is the common ratio of the

where a is the first
ON

m-729 3 G.P. of infinite

terms.

m 3 - 332 first term is 28

of an infinite G.P.
whose
EXAMPLE9 Find the sum
m =27
term is 4. J
and the second
are n G.P then
SOLUTION a 28, T2 = ar =4
a , are also in G.P
a r

l,2.4, 8, 16,
. . .
then I,4, 16, 64, 256, . . .

are also
e
28 28 98
n GP
,a, are in G.P. (for every a, >0 S.1- 1 3
log ... are in A.P.
el' then log aj, log a,,
a3,

of the above is also true)

The converse

INTRODUCTORY EXERCISE-18.2

(b) 64
(a) 125
term of the G.P.
-

2, 2, -2, .. (d) 124

Fnd the 22nd (c) 216
(b) - 2
five
)-22 of a G.P. is 4. The product of first
(d) none of these 10. The third term
c) 2
terms is
Find the 7th term of the series - 5 1.
(a) 43
(b) 44
(d) none of these
(b) 16 (c) 45
a)8 G.P. is 21 and sum of
(d) none of these 11. The of first three terms of a
sum
(C)-8 the m o n ratio :
their squares is 189. Find
c o m

The 5th, 8th and

11th terms of a G.P. are a, b, c
one of the following is
true? (b) 3 or
respectively, then which (eor 2
a) 2b ac
(b)= ac
(d) of these
0 C (d) none of these (C) 4 or none
C)a b
=

are 32 and 4096

The 5th and 12th terms of a G.P. third term of a G.P. is 15 and
term of the G.P. : 12. The sum of the first and the
respectively. Find the t h 240. Find the 9th term
that of the 5th and the 7th terms is
2)2 (b) (b) 786
(d) none of these (a) 678
(c) 2 (d) 768
(c) 867
What the leastnumber of terms of the G.P.
is
G.P. is 42 and their
exceed 10°? 13. Sum of three consecutive
terms in a
5-10 20 . whose s u m would surely
of these numbers
(2)17 (b) 18 product is 512. Find the largest
(d) 21 (a) 28 (b) 16
(c)19 of these
15 and their G.M. is (c) 32 (d) none

he A.M. of two positive numbers

is
if the two
2 What is the smaller number ? of three numbers in G.P. is 70.
14. The sum
by 5, the
by 4 and the mean
8)8 (b) 12 extremes be multiplied each of
in A.P.
Find the product
are
c) 6 (d) 24 new numbers so
formed
1 is
ne sum of 3 numbers in G.P. is 38 and their product original numbers
(b) 6000
./28 Find the greatest number (a) 8000 of these
none
(d)
)24 (b) 18 (c) 7000 The sum of first

16 (d) 8 of four terms in

of
G.P. is 312. second and
15. The sum
Find the product
term is 252.
he sum of first three terms of a G.P. is to the sum of the and fourth
six terms is 125 152. Find the common ratio of the
rst
GP
thirdterm: (b) 150
these
(a) 500 none of
) 3/5 (d)
(b) 3 (c) 60 each time
to a height
rebounds
2/5 (d) 5/8 tennis ball
previous
bounce. If it
16. A bouncing of the
half the height distance
Sum of three numbers in G.P. is 14. If the first two equal to
one
of l6 m,
find the total
height o r the 10th time-
ms are each increased by 1 and the third term is dropped
trom a
Is
when it
hits the ground
ereased by 1, the resulting numbers are in A.P, Find it has
travelled

product of these three numbers

 (a) 47 (b) 37 5
16
(c)6

17. Find the sum to n

terms of the
(d) none of

series
these
(a)(3,
(c)(3n 1 2
equenCe, e4 an..
7

77 777 7777 27. Find (b)

the sum
a000-1)- n)(b) a0 1)- n 12 terms4
3
to n (d) none
A
ten
e 7a0- 1)- (a)l n
(d) none of these
18. Find the
sum to (b
088
n
terms of 08 -
(
-0.2 i () -(0.1
0888 28. Find the
(a) 2(1 surm) ton terms of
19.
n-0- (0 1(d) none of these (b) 2x1
-

1
3.5
f
pth, dth and rth terms of
the (-
and c then
(a) 0
the of a value b
a G.P. be
c- respectively
is a, b, (2x ),1-2n-1
(c)3 (6) 1
(d) none of (1-)
(d) abc 29. Find these
20. If a. b. c pqr the sum to
are first n
GP then therespectively the xth, yth and terrms
value of zth terms of
y z) iog à a
(z - x) log 3 3 2n
(a) o
3
21 There are
b -

(b)
(d)
(
1
-

y) log c (a)A
form an
tour numbers such that the these
none of
2n
Arithmetic first three of 30. Find the (d) none
Geometric Progression
Progression. and the them
The sum of last three form
sum ton
dt
trese
third is 2 and that of the first
a terms of
sum of first and
second and
fourth number? fourth is 26.
What
and the
is the
(a) 2n2 2 3.2-25 2 +7 2
(c) n-2-2 2n-2
(2)85 (b) 25 31. (b)n 2 -2.
(c) 83 85
Find the sum of the (d) none dt
these
(d) series:
22. Find the sum none of these
tonterms of the series 1
()[2 -1) -n] 3 7
3 to nterms
(C)[22 1) n] -
(b)[2 -1) n]
+
15 ..

) 7n
5 b)2n-7
23.
Find the sum of
(d) none of these
(c)
16
12n 7 (D)66
32. Find the
166-5
(d) none of these
sum of the
(b)32n3 series
3 2 (a) 12896
1.3+2 5 3 72...to 20 terms
() none of these c) 98970D 6) 187898
24. Find the 33. Find the (d) 188090
sum to n
terms of the series sum of the
series
11 102
1003 10004 -

(a)a0-1)-*0 -1) .. to l6 tems

(c)10 -1 ()a01). Mn -1) (a) 224

(b) 446
25. Find the (d) none of these (C) 2356
(d) none of tese
sum to first n 34. In a set of four
(1) (1 groups of numbers, the first thret Bt
3) (1
3 9) (1 3 9 the last
three are in A.P. with common dnee
( -1) 27) first number is the
same as the tourth

(c) -1
26. Find the
sum to n
()1)2
(d) none of these
number
(a) - 8
(c) 2
(b) 4
(d) can t be dE
terms of the
2 5 14
following series :
35. The sum of an infinite G.P. is 16 and
41. squares of its terms is 153 Find the t

progression
 S
eries and Progressions
e r i e

(b)

(d)
32

none of
0. Findd the sum t h e srins
,
these
16 ()3 A
to and y - 1 b
1 . < 1, en the value of to (0)
1 ab ab
to is 39. The surn of first two terms a ' , nanhe vun
(b)*y+ l infinity of the series is 3. Fin1 tha frst terrn
xy

(d) xy (a) 1
x y-1
(c)5
arson is entitled to receive an
annual
Ach year payment which
is less by one
tenth of
40. A ball is dropped from a heighn A , t a a t ard t retnnm
what it was for the
hefore. If the first of the height it falls. If it cotinues to fall and retvnnd
year
be
payment is 100, then find the
possible payment which he can recelve,
m a x i m u m n

find the total distance that the tall can travel tore
however long
he may live:
Coming to rest.
(8) 900 (b) 9999 (a) 240 ft (b) 0
)1000
(d) none of these (c) 480 ft (d) none od these

MONIC PROGRESSION
Harmonie Mean (H.M.): When threequartities are in
Harmonic Progression (H.P.): A series of quantities H.P., the middle one is called the Harmonic Mean (H.M.
d , dg ., a, 1S Said to be in H.P. when their between the other two.
reciprocals
. a r e in A.P. If a, H, b are in H.P., then H is the H.M. of a, b and
n 1 1 1. inA.P,
a
H'are
The comverse is also true.
TE
Ifa, b, care in H.P.,
then,, are in A.P. HL1.-
H
Simply there is no general formula for
the sum of any of 2.-+-a+
mher of
H b
quantities
in H.P. All
questions in H.P. are generally ab

ohed by inverting the terms and making use of properties the H= 2ab
ihe corresponding A.P. a+b

BAMPLE 1 Pind the 10th term of the H.P. 1,11,1,11 SOLUTION 4th term in H.P. =
:
1
$OLUTION Since 4th term in A.P. = 2
1'35'7 arein H.P.
1,3,5, 7,.. are in A.P. 7th term in H.P.

Tio =1+9 x2 7th term in A.P. =

T10 = 19
2
Since 10th term of the A.P. is 19
Ta+3d =2
therefore 10th term of the H.P. is and
T a+6d =

AMPLE 2 1f the 4th and the 7th

ectively. Find the first term.
terms of an H.P. are
nd a(which is the first term of the AP.)
.. the first term of H.P. = 2
 Sequence, Series and
672
ARITHMETICO-GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE subtracting we get Progrese
1fd,, dz, az.
GP, then the sequence a,
, are in A.P.
bj, a,b2» asb3,..,
and b, b2, bz
a,b,
..., b, are

is said to be
in
s,-1
geometric sequence.
in arithmetico-
Arithmetico-Geometric sequence is of the form or
,1. 3n-2
5
ah. (a -
d)br, (a +2d) br', (a +3d)br",. 1
5
dbr(1--') la +(n-1)d]br" 35 12n +7
S, 1-r (1-r) 1-r 16 16(5-)

and S S, dhr
d-r* EXAMPLE 4 In the above example
of terms. find the sum to
infunite numbe

EXAMPLE 3 Find the sun to n terms of the series sOLUTION S =ab dbr
1-r (1- r
1 10
3x1x
SOLUTION This is an A.G. serie 1x1
1
S-1
4 7 10 3n -2
5-1
1-1-
3
.3-2
5h-1 5
5
16 16
4
25

1. Which
INTRODUCTORY ExXERCISE-18.3
one of the
H.M following is true about A.M., G.M. and
(a) H.M. 2 (a) 2c = a + e (b) ae = c
G.M. 2 A.M (b) A.M.
(c)A.M. 2GM. 2H.M 2 G.M. 2 H.M. (c)c 2 a e
(d) ab de
2. 1f H.M. (d) G.M. a+e
b. c are in A.P. b, d
a,
2 A.M. z

H.P, then
which one of
, are in GP.
and c,d, e are 3. If A.M. and G.M. of
two numbers is 10 and 8 resp
the in
following true
is then find their H.M.
(a) 9 (b) 12
(c) 6 (d) 6.4