REVIEWER Aesthetic - aisthetikos “ or sense of perception

Philosophy branch of axiology. studies value in the arts and

Undefinable. A process of personal standards of beauty.
reflection of the meaning of the human life. A quest Ethics - Philosophy that deals with the nature of
of personal outlook and personal life concerning the morality of actions.
wholeness of reality. ETHICS / MORAL PHILOSOPHY
Ethics is from the greek word ethos (meaning
Greek "custom" or "habit")
philia "love" Sophia "wisdom"
Moralist - when he knows what to do and not to do
Chinese and actually practice that principle
Zhe "wisdom" Xue "study"
Ethicist - when he knows what to do and not to do
Hindus but do not practice that principle.
Darsana "seeing
Ethics- knowledge/value. Knowing what is morally
Origin of Philosophy right and wrong.
● Miletus Moral- application
● Pythagoras
● Thales Human Acts VS Acts of Man
Human Acts - are the things that we do freely and
Sensical with the use of intellect.
From the word itself, sense. These are
questions that’s rooting in our reality, something Acts of Man - acts that we do without our free will
that asks meaning. and intellect. Some are done by instinct. Not
dependent in the intellect and will. Example:
Branches of Philosophy breathing, digestion, and circulation of blood
Metaphysics - study of nature and reality. Meta
“beyond” physika “physics” Constituents of Human Acts
Ontology - metaphysics branch, studies beings, a. Human acts must be known and deliberate -
existence, and reality individual has a moral agent and knowledge
Cosmology - metaphysics branch, study of the of doing a certain actions
history of universe b. Human acts should be free - individual is
Theology - study of nature and reality, nature of free from external and internal pressure
God and religion c. Human acts are voluntary - willingness of an
Epistemology - episteme “knowledge”, nature and individual to perform an action
origin of knowledge and truth
Logic - logos “reason”, structure of statements and Impediments of Human Acts
reason 1. Ignorance - absence of knowledge in a
Semantic - branch of linguistic and logic, study the subject
meaning of the words, phrases, sentences, and 2. Concupiscence - one’s inordinate passion
symbols\ hinders another one correct reasoning
Axiology -from anxious (values and worth), - Antecedent concupiscence - the doer
hierarchy, worth, and value of something. of the act is less responsible because
voluntariness is lessened
 - Consequent concupiscence- doer of
the acts is full responsible because
voluntariness is present
3. Fear
- Light fear- a threat danger
confronting a person is not serious
- Grave fear - The threat is serious or
grave
4. Violence
5. Habit
Moral and Non-Moral Standard
Moral Standard - about the rules that people have
about the kinds of actions they believe are morally
right and wrong. Example: do not harm innocent
people, do not steal. Norms + values
Non-moral - refer to the standards by which we
judge what is good or bad and right or wrong in a
non-moral way. Example: don’t talk while driving,
don’t talk while your mouth is full. Norms
Characteristic of Moral Standard
1. Moral standards deals with matters we think
we can seriously injure or benefits humans,
animals, and the environment
2. Are not established or changed by the
decisions of authoritative, individuals or
bodies
3. Are overriding, that is, they take primacy
over other standards and consideration
especially of self-interest
4. Are based on impartial considerations.
Hence, moralist standards are fair and just
5. Are associate with special emotions and
vocabulary
6. Have traits of universality
Axiological Ethics
Axios - worth/value
Logos - study
Axiology - study of values/worth
● Application of axiology onto the study of
ethics
● The philosophical study of the rightness and
wrongness of one’s values
● Questions what basis exists for such values
Extrinsic Value
● Exists when something is useful as a means
of obtaining or attaining what we value in
and of itself
Intrinsic Value
● Something with intrinsic value is valuable in
and of itself
● Valued by someone for its own sake
Moral Value
● The principle of right and wrong that guide
an individual’s conduct and decisions
Example - loyalty, faithfulness, commitment,
honesty, love and respect.
Things that may Affect your Moral Values
● Culture
● Religion
● Environment
● Friends & family
Moral Development
Refers to the process whereby people from
progressive sense of what is right and wrong, proper
and improper
\
Lawrence Kohlberg (october 25, 1997 - january
17, 1987) - theory of moral development
Heinz Dilemma “Heinz Steals the Drug” for his
wife
Stages Of Moral Development
● Pre-conventional
1st stage - Obedience and punishment
2nd stage - Individualism and exchange
● Conventional
3rd stage - Developing god interpersonal
relationship
4th stage - maintaining social order
 ● Post-conventional
5th stage - social contract and individual
rights
6th stage - universal principles
Stage 1 - Obedience vs punishment
- Rules as fixed and absolute
- Fear - follow rules and obedience
Stage 2 - Individualism and exchange
- Individuals points of view and judge actions
based on how they serve individual need
- Self interest “what’s in it for me?”
Stage 3 - Developing interpersonal relationship
- Good boy or girl attitudes
- Live up to social expectations and norms
Stage 4 - Maintaining social order
- Law and order morality
Stage 5 - Social contract and individual rights
- Some people think that rules are good for
human beings but sometime they should be
disobeyed depending on the situation and
interest of the individual.
Stage 6 - Universal principle
- People develop their own guidelines and
these laws sometimes fit and sometimes do
not fit with the law.
Moral Dilemma
A situation in which a difficult choice has to
be made between two courses of action, either of
which entails transgressing a moral principle.
Exist when available choices and obligations
do not allow for moral outcomes. Also called
ethical dilemma
3 types of Moral Dilemma
- Individual
- Organizational
- Structural
Individual Dilemma - personal dilemma are those
experience and resolved on the personal level
Organizational Dilemma - challenge for every
organization nowadays, workplace
Structural Dilemma - affect a community and
even a society at large
The Filipino Way
Moral Identity - level of personal importance that
you give in what you deem is acceptable or
unacceptable behavior
Social Environment - filipino environment
characterized by depending on one another to
survive since the family is also a filipino foundation
for social life
Cultural Values - core principles and ideals upon
which an entire community exists. Made up of
customs, values, culture
Filipino Culture - is a mix of different cultures
along with its own. Cultures includes Spanish,
American, and a hint of Japanese can be detected
Filipino Values
Based of our culture or way of life; values
are social constructs define that which is socially
considered to be desirable
In greek Moderation or medenagan, the
roman in media stat virtus, confusion and Buddhist
“doctrine of middle” or in tagalog “walang labis,
walang kulang”
Filipino Indolence - Rizal stated that the “Filipinos
in general are indolence people”
Strength
- Pakikipag-kapwa
- Family orientation
- Joy and humor
- flexibility , adaptability, and creativity
- Hard work and industry
- Faith and religiosity
 - Ability to survive The 7 Steps: Moral Reasoning Model
1. Gather the facts
Weakness 2. Determine the social issues
- Extreme personalism 3. Determine what virtues/principles have a
- Extreme family centeredness bearing on the case
- Lack of discipline 4. List all the alternatives
- Lack of initiative 5. Compare the alternatives with the
- Kanya-kanya syndrome virtues/principles
- Colonial mentality 6. Consider the consequences
- Lack of self-analysis and self-reflection 7. Make a decision

Reason and Impartiality

Minimum requirements for morality. Moral
truths are truths of reason. Genuine value judgments
ought to be backed up by pertinent reason. Moral
judgments must possess the quality of impartiality

Reason - power of mind to think, understand, and

form judgments in logical way

Ethical Reasoning - pertains to the right and

wrongs of human conduct.

Two Roles in Life

● Enhance the well-being of other people
● Harm the well-being of other people

Four Methods
● Virtues
● Utilitarian
● Rights
● Justice

Impartiality - principle of justice, it involves the

idea that each individual’s interest and point of view
are equally important. Also called evenhandedness
or fair mindedness

Scott Rae’s Seven Steps to Moral Reasoning

Model - presents a seven step approach to moral
analyses and evaluation. This model is free from
cultural, ethnic, and religious background and
biases, though it is consistent/uses biblical
principles.