Indonesia: "Discover The Beauty of Indonesia With Us."

INDONESIA
"Discover the beauty of Indonesia with us."

Princess Azalea Ponpon Bess Jolie Lomoljo
Reporter Reporter
Table of contents
01 02 03
System of
04 05
Constitutional Legal and
Historical Government and
Development the Socialist Party Political Parties Judicial
Background and Principles State System
06 07 08 09 10
Electoral Civil Society
State and Civil-Military COVID-19
System and and Media
Decentralization Relations Prognosis
Elections System
Historical Background
Indonesia is the world's largest
archipelagic state with more than 13,
000 islands.
Muslim - majority country and one

of the most heterogenous society.
relatively and well-functioning

democracy
Portuguese and Spanish were first
Europeans to arrive in Indonesia (16th
Century).
Followed by Dutch United East India

Company in 1595 (Vereenigde
Oostindische Compagnie, VOC).
gained control over Spice islands
and sea lanes.
indirect rule
Cultivation System (cultuurstelsel)
introduced in 1830 by Johannes van den Bosch
a policy that requires a portion (1/5) of

your land to be devoted for cultivation
of export crops.
or compulsory labour in the

government (66 days/year) for the
landless
tanam paksa in Indonesian term which

is "enforced planting" in English.
Ethical Policy
decreed by Queen Wilhelmina in 1901
financial assistance for health and

education
created a new local elite which later

became the spearhead of nationalism.
spread of Bahasa Indonesia as lingua

franca.
Effects of Ethical Policy
first mass organizations including Islamic
organizations - Muhammadiyah and
Nahdlatul Ulama
French in Indochina - repression of

nationalism and anticolonial activism.
Japanese invasion in Indonesia swept

away the colonial government.
Japanese Rule
repressive and exploitative.
Role of Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta in trading support for

political concessions.
August 15, 1945 - Japan's official surrender.
Two days after August 15, Sukarno and Hatta proclaimed the
Sovereign Republic of Indonesia.
MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Post -Japanese Rule
On Java and Sumatra, Indonesian fighters took guerilla
method campaign against returning Dutch trying to retake
their possessions.
After international criticisms of Dutch counterinsurgency,

Netherlands finally accepted Indonesian Independence on
December 27, 1949.

Political forces after independence
1. PNI - National Party of Indonesia - headed by Sukarno
2. The communist PKI
3. The Traditionalist NU
4. The Modernist Masyumi
5. The military (TNI/ABRI)

Sukarno's Presidency
established himself as a charismatic leader in Indonesia.
Established guided democracy which is based on corporatist

"functional groups" and Pancansila.
coalition with other political groupings including military and

PKI. He also strengthened his ties with the communists.
In 1965, the social, political, and economic structures of the

"new nation" were near to collapse.

Sukarno's Presidency
On the night of September 30 to October 1, 1965, a group of
left-leaning air force officers killed members of military
leadership.
In retaliation, General Suharto and anticommunists

orchestrated a violent campaign against PKI and
Communists
Between October 1965 and March 1966, 500,000 people

were killed.

Suharto's Presidency
Sukarno transferred his powers to the emerging strongman,
Suharto and on March 27, 1968, Suharto was installed as the
new president.
From "Guided Democracy" - "New Order" government
the so-called "New Order Pyramid" - consisting of president,

bureaucracy, and military as the new element.
- transforms military domination into personalistic
authoritarian rule
Personalistic Authoritarian Rule
is characterized by arbitrary rule and authority

exercised “mainly through patronage networks
and coercion rather than through institutions and
formal rules”

made military (as institution) very influential.

New Order regime made military domination to
personalistic authoritarian rule.
Golkar was made as mechanism for military and
bureaucratic political domination.

Suharto's Technique
Combination of liberal reforms and nationalist development
planning.
Oil and natural gas in the 1970’s expand administrative reach
and capacity while Suharto relied on this revenue to
stabilize his regime coalition w/ patronage payments.
Eventually, the system resulted to Korrupsi, Kollusi,
Nepotisme, KKN or Corruption, Collusion, and Nepotism.

Era of Democratization
Indonesia’s economy collapsed during the Asian Financial
Crisis and drought in 1997
Mass protests erupted, military and Golkar leadership pushed
Suharto to step down and be replaced by his vice president,
Bahruddin Yusuf Habibie (May 21, 1998)

Bahruddin Yusuf Habibie
Under him is the democratically elected successor
Abdurrahman Wahid
Indonesia entered reformasi or the era of democratization
Transition from dictatorship to democracy

Bahruddin Yusuf Habibie
Reforms:
Introduction of freedom of the press
Allowing the establishment of new political parties and
unions
Release of political prisoners
Limiting the presidency to two terms of five years
Decentralization of power to the regions

Transition to Democracy
·Violent communal conflicts
·Outburst of Islamic terrorism
·This new democracy persists even after the impeachment
of Wahid in 2001 and elections were established as the
legitimate way of gaining power.

FOUR MAJOR CHALLENGES OF DEMOCRACY
Elite settlement and cooperation
Anemic quality of the rule of law
Inability of Indonesia’s democracy to manifold problems
relating to economic and social justice.
Serious shortcomings of protecting religious freedoms.

Constitutional History
Basic Law of 1945
In anticipation of the Japanese defeat, the nation’s first constitution
was drafted as a very short “Basic Law” in April 1945 (Undang-undang
dasar 1945, UUD 1945)
Indonesia declared its independence on August 17, 1945.
Its preamble stressed the need for a unitary republic and established
the Pancasila doctrine as a normative principle for all government
action.

Basic Law of 1945
Pancasila also spelled as Pantjasila is the official philosophical foundation of the
Indonesian state. It is enshrined in the preamble of the 1945 Constitution of
Indonesia and serves as a guiding principle for the nation's government, society,
and citizens.
The five principles of Pancasila are:
1. Belief in the One and Only God

2. Just and Civilized Humanity
3. Unity of Indonesia
4. Democracy guided by the inner wisdom in the unanimity arising out of
deliberations amongst representatives
5. Social Justice for all Indonesian people

Basic Law of 1945
It is an intended interim constitution and lasted for only four years
Sukarno declared:
"The Constitution we are now drafting is a temporary one. If I may say, this is an
express Constitution. Later if we have already established a state and are in
peaceful situation, we will certainly call the MPR ( Majelis Permusyawaratan
Rakyat) which will frame a complete and perfect Constitution. In the future, we
should make a perfect and complete Constitution."

Constitution of the United States of Indonesia (KRIS)
According to this Constitution, Indonesia became a federal state
A Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference in December 1949 ended the

4-year conflict between the Netherlands and the Republic over the control
of Indonesia, the Dutch government formally transferred sovereignty to the
Republic of the United States of Indonesia (Republik Indonesia Serikat, RIS),
instead of the existing Republic of Indonesia.

Constitution of the United States of Indonesia (KRIS)
The Indonesian side suspected that the Dutch had proposed a federal
solution to weaken the new state, and KRIS was, therefore, quickly replaced
with a new Provisional Basic Law (Undang-undang Dasar Sementara 1950,
UUDS 1950).
According to Muhammad Yamin one of Inddonesia’s best-known founding

fathers, wrote in 1960 that the format of United States of Indonesia was
temporary and intended to stimulate the forming of the unitary state of
Indonesia.
The Constitution was in force for less than 8 months

Provisional Basic Law of 1950
Replaced the 1949 Federal Constitution
Asserted people’s sovereignty and provided detailed protection for

human rights, such as adopting the United Nations Declaration on
Human Rights and incorporated the right to hold demonstrations and
strikes
The provisional constitution adopted in 1950 provided for the election of

a Constituent Assembly to write a permanent constitution.

Provisional Basic Law of 1950
In the midst of the crisis of 1957, the first steps were taken towards a form
of government ernment which Sukarno called “guided democracy”
"Guided Democracy" was the political ideology and system of government

introduced by Indonesia's first president, Sukarno. It was characterized by a
strong, centralized government that aimed to combine the principles of
democracy with the need for strong leadership in a developing nation.
Despite the democratic nature, the 1950 Constitution was again-

intended to be a temporary one

Basic Law of 1945
After Suharto resigned in May 1998, constitution builders chose to revise

the 1945 Constitution that had been in force from 1945 to 1949 and again
from 1959 to 1998.
Over the course of 3 years, the MPR prepared and adopted four
amendments to the 1945 Constitution.

Basic Law of 1945
The four major amendments that were made to the Constitution:
1. The first amendment in 1999 changed the structure of the government

from a centralized system to a decentralized system.
2. The second amendment in 2000 added a chapter on human rights to the
Constitution
3. The third amendment in 2001 abolished the People's Consultative
Assembly (MPR) as a legislative body
4. The fourth amendment in 2002 changed the election process of the
president and vice president

Basic Law of 1945
As a response to the repressive policies of Suharto regime the
constitution now has a bill of rights and extensive provisions for the rule
of law
The legislative and budgetary authority of parliament was strengthened

and a constitutional court and other watchdog agencies were established
for the first time

Basic Law of 1945
The MPR (People's Consultative Assembly) was the highest constitutional

body in Indonesia and has the authority to amend and enact the
constitution. Amendments to the Constitution can be initiated by the
President or by one-third of the members of either the DPR (House of
Representatives) or the DPD (Regional Representative Council).

System of Government
Indonesia is a “unitary state in the form of a republic” with a presidential
system of government
The legislature is comprised of two houses, the People’s Representative

Council (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, DPR) and the Regional Representative
Council (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, DPD), but legislative power mainly
rests with the DPR.

The DPR is the lower house of the legislature and is comprised of
members who are directly elected by the people for a term of five years.
The DPR is responsible for making laws and overseeing the policies of the
executive branch.
The DPD, on the other hand, is the upper house of the legislature and is
comprised of members who are elected by regional representative
councils for a term of five years. The DPD has limited legislative powers
and is primarily responsible for representing the interests of regional
governments in the national legislative process.

The Indonesian political system consists of three branches:
Executive branch
Legislative branch
Judicial branch

Executive

Branch
The executive branch consists of the president, the vice president and
the cabinet.
Serve for a term of five years that can be extended once by another term
of five years when re-elected by the people (hence, the total is 10 years).
The executive branch is also responsible for implementing and enforcing

laws and regulations, managing the country's finances, overseeing the
military and national police, and maintaining diplomatic relations with
other countries.


Legislative Branch
The legislative branch of Indonesia is bicameral, consisting of two

houses: the People's Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat,
DPR) and the Regional Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan
Daerah, DPD). I mentioned already their functions

Judicial Branch
The highest court in Indonesia's judiciary system is the independent
Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung). It is the final court of appeal and also
deals with disputes between lower courts.
However, most of the legal cases in Indonesia are handled by the public
courts, administrative courts, religious courts and military courts.

In addition ,
The Constitutions lists the central bank and the audit board as additional
independent government bodies
The corruption Eradication Commission, the General Election

Commission, the Election Monitoring Body, the Judicial Commission and
the Human Rights Commission are additional watchdog agencies
established by law.

Head of the State and Government
The President is the head of the
state and the head of the government
also known as Jokowi
President of Indonesia since 2014
born on June 21, 1961, in Surakarta (Solo), Central

Java, Indonesia.
Joko Widodo

Prior to 2004, president and vice president were indirectly elected by the
MPR.
Since 2004, both are popularly elected for a 5-year term that is
renewable once
Elections for both houses of parliament are held simultaneously 3

months prior to the first round of presidential elections.


Presidential candidates run together with vice presidential candidates on

a “party ticket.”
If any party gained a total of 20% of seats or 25 % of the previous DPR

(House of People's Representatives) election, it can nominate a
presidential ticket
Direct presidential elections and the runoff system, which limit political
parties' ability to nominate candidates, generate substantial institutional
incentives for coalition politics.


Until 1999, the president was politically accountable only to the MPR
If a two-thirds majority of the DPR adopts a resolution of impeachment,

the Constitutional Court debates the resolution’s legality before it is
forwarded to the MPR, which then can remove the president from office
if three-fourths of its members support the impeachment
The vice presidential candidate is often chosen to “balance a ticket”


called Council of Ministers
The president is assisted by a cabinet
The government introduces the national budget after each ministry has
consulted the parliamentary commissions in its area of responsibility
(Juwono and Eckardt 2008, p. 299).
The budget can only be passed if government and parliament reach

mutual agreement. Without such agreement, the previous annual budget
remains in effect.

The President is:
The commander-in-chief of the National Armed Forces
can invoke a state of emergency
and has broad authority over government policies, including foreign policy

Parliament and
Legislative Process
Until 2004, the People’s Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan
Rakyat, MPR) was the highest constitutional body in Indonesia. It
consisted of all members of the DPR and representatives of various
“functional groups” such as the military, the civil service, and regional
administrative units, who were mainly appointed by the president.
Since 2003, the legislative branch of government comprises the People’s

Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, DPR) with 560
members and the Regional Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan
Daerah, DPD).

Parliament and
Legislative Process
Membership in either house is incompatible with any other government
office, and members of the armed forces or the national police must
retire before running for parliamentary office.
DPD “represents the odd combination of limited powers and high

legitimacy”
It has 136 representatives, four from each of the 34 provinces

Parliament and
Legislative Process
Its functions are mainly deliberative: The DPD can initiate bills
concerning regional affairs, which, however, are channeled through DPR,
and it must be consulted on parliamentary bills regarding provincial or
regional matters (Ziegenhain, 2015).
The constitution entrusts the DPR with the authority to pass legislation
and the national budget as well as to hold the government accountable

Parliament and
Legislative Process
Parliament can also create special committees for investigative purposes
or for legislative processes cutting across the normal committee
structure
The komisi have an average of 50 members and reflect parliamentary

majorities
The committees also oversee the examination, selection, or confirmation

of candidates for other government bodies, including military and police
commanders.

Parliament and
Legislative Process
While it is not uncommon for celebrities without political experience to

be elected to parliament, most MPs are former government officials or
businessmen

Other Agencies of Horizontal
Accountability
Another important feature of the institutional reforms since 1999 is the
emergence of a complex system of horizontal accountability
mechanisms
Horizontal accountability refers to the mechanisms and institutions that

hold public officials and institutions accountable to one another and to
the public.
This includes Audit Board (BPK), the Judicial Commission (KY), and the
Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK)

Accountability
Vertical accountability refers to the mechanisms and institutions that
enable citizens to hold public officials and institutions accountable for
their actions.
This includes:
General Election Commission (KPU), the Election Monitoring Body

(Bawaslu), the National Ombudsman, and the National Human Rights
Commission (Komnas HAM).

Accountability
The Constitutional Court (MK) and the Supreme Court (MA) are at the
interface of horizontal and vertical accountability.
Among the different horizontal accountability bodies, the Corruption

Eradication Commission (KPK) has garnered the most public attention
The KPK was established in 2002 as part of Indonesia's anti-corruption

efforts, which aimed to address widespread corruption in the country.

Legal and Judicial System
Legal System
Is a “complex amalgam” of traditional, customary or adat, Islamic,
and state law.
State law – based on Roman Dutch civil law system enacted and
enforced by the government
·Legal pluralism – a means to integrate plural communities into a
nation

Legal System
A. During Suharto’s new order - Islam legal principles in codified
state law were limited to family, inheritance, banking law.
Under the new order, courts were essentially instruments of
power which aids Suharto’s authoritarian governance.
Emergence of corruption scandals in 1999 that tarnished the
reputation of the “judicial mafia”
Affecting professionalism and capacity of courts (judicial system)

Legal System
Decentralization (since 1999) - Indonesian provinces,

municipalities, and districts are permitted to pass Sharia-
based local regulations, peraturan daerah, or “perda,” focusing
on moral enhancement (“morality regulations”).

State Court system
1. religious courts (pengadilan agama) authorized to apply these
regulations are subject to judicial review by the Supreme Court
Additional two tiers of state court system (handling both criminal and
civil cases):
2. state courts (pengadilan negara) at the district level and

3. court of appeals at the provincial level.

Legal System
Indicators of weak judicial capacity:
World Bank’s Rule of Law indicator – seventh among 11

counntries who have weak capacity and corruption in judiciary
Corruption Perception Index of Transparency International –
rank 14th in 2015

CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS (Mahkamah Konstitusi, MK)
modeled after South Korean, and

German tradition

CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS (Mahkamah Konstitusi, MK) - is
responsible for:
1. The judicial review of parliamentary laws,

2. The resolution of constitutional disputes among
constitutionally mandated political institutions,
3. Election disputes and decisions over party bans, and
4. The admissibility of the presidential impeachment process

Constitutional complaints grant individuals, traditional

communities, legal persons, and government institutions access to
judicial review if they feel an act of parliament violates their
constitutional rights.

In its first years, the Constitutional Court developed a strong
reputation as a guardian of the constitutional order:
annulled several criminal law provisions used as instruments

of political repression under Suharto.
rejection of revision of the Law on the Constitutional Court that
would have restricted the Court’s authority.
disagreed with the government's deregulation proposal.
adoption of open-list PR system.
Limitation that constrains the role of the Constitutional Court
court decisions have no effect on ongoing judicial proceedings

or past verdicts.
Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung, MA) reviews all
administrative regulations, executive orders, and court
proceedings not under Constitutional Court.
·reintroducing invalidated laws as government regulations

ELECTORAL SYSTEM AND ELECTIONS
1955 the first general election to the legislature was held in 1955.
the New Order regime had regular representative national elections for the
1971 DPR heavily manipulated in favor of Suharto’s Golkar party.
1999 ·2003 introduced generally free and fair direct elections for president as well
as for both chambers of parliament.

Voters minimum voting age is 17 years
married persons can vote regardless of age
whereas members of the military and the police do not have the right to vote in elections.
Candidates at least 21 years of age

profess a religious belief,
and possess a high school degree.

For presidential elections, presidential and vice president candidates, as noted, are
elected on one ticket in a two-round system.
Only parties or coalitions of parties that win at least 25% of the national vote or
comprise 20% of the seats in the national parliament can officially nominate
candidates.
The electoral system used for DPR is proportional representation (PR) with closed
party lists (1999), restricted open lists (2004) and, since 2009, open party lists.

The Hare quota (also known as the simple quota) is a formula used under some forms of
proportional representation. In these voting systems the quota is the number of votes
that guarantees a candidate, or a party in some cases, captures a seat.
The largest remainder method (also known as Hare–Niemeyer method, Hamilton
method or as Vinton's method) is one way of allocating seats proportionally for
representative assemblies with party list voting systems. It contrasts with various highest
averages methods (also known as divisor methods).
Since 2001, the General Election Commission (KPU) is responsible for organizing elections
at the national, provincial, municipal, and district level.

POLITICAL PARTIES AND PARTY SYSTEM
Herbert Feith’s categorization differentiates five aliran represented by
Political Party
nationalists (Sukarno’s National Party of Indonesia, PNI);
Islam (NU and Masyumi);
Javanese traditionalists (Partindo);
social democrats (PSI); and
Communists (PKI; Feith and Castles 2007).

Suharto’s New Order Regime
eliminates PKI
merging of Islamic parties
merging on non-Islamic parties
only Golkar was allowed to register
1973 - banning of all party activities
1986 - establishement of the Pancasila

Fall of the New Order Regime - resulted in the expansion of political parties.
In addition to the PPP:
other traditionalist (National Awakening Party, PKB),
modernist (National Mandate Party, PAN), and
moderate Islamist (Prosperous Justice Party, PKS) parties,
there is the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P)

Fall of the New Order Regime - resulted in the expansion of political parties.
There were also new nationalist parties headed by the former military:
the Democratic Party of former President Lt. Gen. Yudhoyono (SBY),
the Great Indonesia Movement Party (Gerindra) of retired Lt. Gen.
Prabowo, and
the Hanura Party (People’s Conscience Party) of former Gen. Wiranto.

STATE ADMINISTRATION AND DECENTRALIZATION
Challenges to the stateness of Indonesia:
1. Violent horizontal conflicts
2. Suharto favored migrants over indigenous communities
3. vertical conflicts between the state and ethnic movements
Indonesia has successfully overcome most challenges to its political
order and its monopoly of force.

BIG BANG DECENTRALIZATION - rapid introduction of major structural,
institutional, and fiscal reforms in response to the increased articulation of
demands from subnational groups for autonomy.
Indonesia had already experimented with some degree of regional
autonomy during the 1950s, the New Order quickly reestablished tight
central control all the way to the village level.

Indonesian democracy paid a high price for preventing national
disintegration and re-accessing state capacity:
Conservative forces nesting in key areas of state capacity whose
continued influence keeps the quality of democracy low.
process called “blossoming” (pemekaran), that is, the proliferation of
provinces and districts, which has precluded the development of
economies of scale in the subnational units.

CIVIL MILITARY RELATIONS
National Armed Forces of Indonesia (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI)
reach back to the Dutch colonial era and the ensuing struggle for
independence and predate the creation of independent civilian state
structures.
TNI was the original name of the Indonesian Armed Forces. It was
changed to Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia (Republic of
Indonesia Armed Forces/ABRI)

Exceptional roles of the Military:
territorial structure - under which the military command structure ran
parallel to the civilian administrative structure down to the village level.
Dual Function (dwifungsi) doctrine, under which the military
performed sociopolitical as well as traditional defense and security
roles, was institutionalized during the New Order.
“trifungsi” - Indonesian military became an important economic actor

Exceptional roles of the Military:
territorial structure - under which the military command structure ran
parallel to the civilian administrative structure down to the village level.
Dual Function (dwifungsi) doctrine, under which the military
performed sociopolitical as well as traditional defense and security
roles, was institutionalized during the New Order.
“trifungsi” - Indonesian military became an important economic actor

President Suharto began to civilianize Golkar, meaning that he wanted to
reduce the military's control over the party.
the military was no longer able to influence politics through Golkar
Suharto’s personalized system proved flawed when the Asian Financial
Crisis hit Indonesia
Golkar leadership and military commander General Wiranto asked
Suharto to step down in order to subdue economic and social upheaval
installing Habibie in power

President Suharto began to civilianize Golkar, meaning that he wanted to
reduce the military's control over the party.
the military was no longer able to influence politics through Golkar
Suharto’s personalized system proved flawed when the Asian Financial
Crisis hit Indonesia
Golkar leadership and military commander General Wiranto asked
Suharto to step down in order to subdue economic and social upheaval
installing Habibie in power

Significant reforms:
1. The military and police (POLRI) were formally separated in April 1999;
2. The military gave up its dwifungsi doctrine;
3. Active officers had to leave most posts in the civilian administration;
and
4. The military cut its ties with Golkar

State Defense Law in 2002 and the Law on the Armed Forces of Indonesia
(2004, generally referred to as TNI Law) mandated the military’s complete
departure from its political activities, implementing longstanding demands by
civil society activist.
Although the military has undergone major changes since 1998 and there
are no signs that it would seek a return to its New Order role
Internal security operations in Indonesia are not entirely under civilian
control, despite efforts to civilianize the military

State Defense Law in 2002 and the Law on the Armed Forces of Indonesia
(2004, generally referred to as TNI Law) mandated the military’s complete
departure from its political activities, implementing longstanding demands by
civil society activist.
Although the military has undergone major changes since 1998 and there
are no signs that it would seek a return to its New Order role
Internal security operations in Indonesia are not entirely under civilian
control, despite efforts to civilianize the military

Culture of impunity - refers to a situation where members of the military
are allowed to act without fear of punishment for their actions.

CIVIL SOCIETY AND THE PATTERNS OF
POLITICAL ORIENTATION
Public opinion research on Indonesia’s political culture prior to 1998 is sparse
Surveys were conducted in regard to the post-reformasi era from Asian Barometer
Survey.
Indonesia had a preference for democracy among 58.6% of the respondents in
2011. Indonesia trailed behind Japan, South Korea, and Thailand in terms of
support for democracy but was well ahead of Taiwan, Mongolia, and the
Philippines.
In 2009, 41% of respondents did not have a clear understanding of democracy
the percentage of respondents who believe that democracy can solve Indonesia’s
problems has dropped from 76.2% in 2006 to 68% in 2011
In 2011, only 9.8% of respondents perceived democracy as important or more
important than economic development.

to those who still view reformasi with skepticism, there are many Indonesians
who believe they are worse off today than they were under Suharto
Compared to their counterparts in Southeast Asia, democratic institutions in
Indonesia suffer from rather low—and decreasing—levels of public trust.
Considerable dissatisfaction with democracy is not necessarily a sign of crisis.

MEDIA SYSTEM
"During Suharto’s rule, the media was controlled by the Department of Information
and literature was screened by the Department of Education and Culture.
Today, Indonesia’s media environment is ranked among the most vibrant and open
in the region.
The pluralistic print media landscape has been freed from licensing requirements,
and media disputes have been adjudicated by an independent Press Council (Dewan
Pers) since 1999.

MEDIA SYSTEM
President Abdurrahman Wahid dissolved the Department of Information in 1999
The Ministry for Communication and Information Technology and the national
Broadcasting Commission (KPI) grant licenses for broadcast media
KPI can impose penalties for transgressions like the violation of religious values, the
dissemination of obscene content, or biased political reporting

MEDIA SYSTEM
The prohibition of blasphemy under Article 156 of the Indonesian criminal code has
negative implications for media freedom, and authorities continue to challenge the
Press Council’s mandate by bringing defamation charges against journalists to court
Indonesia ranked only 124 of 180 countries in the 2017 World Press Freedom Index
and 97 of 199 countries in the 2015 Freedom of the Press report

MEDIA SYSTEM
About 90% of Indonesians refer primarily to television for information on political
issues, whereas only 10% of the population regularly reads newspapers
After the rapid expansion of web access, about 50.4% of the population today have a
working internet connection, trailing the Philippines (52), Vietnam (52.1), Thailand
(60%), Malaysia (69.6), and Singapore
The mass media have also become an important tool for voter education and political
campaigning after 1999

COVID-19 PROGNOSIS
The first confirmed case of COVID-19 in Indonesia was reported on March 2, 2020.
The case was a 64-year-old woman who had been in contact with a Japanese national
who had tested positive for the virus
273.8 million total population of Indonesia in 2021
Indonesia’s confirmed cases as of December 31, 2022 is 6,742,061
Confirmed deaths: 160,977

COVID-19 PROGNOSIS
April 2, 2020: Indonesia suspended all foreign arrivals and transit through the
country,
July 31, 2020: Indonesia started to gradually reopen its borders to international
visitors under strict health protocols
January 6, 2021: Indonesia banned the entry of all foreign visitors for two weeks, in
response to the emergence of new COVID-19 variants

COVID-19 PROGNOSIS
July 6, 2021: Indonesia extended its travel restrictions for foreign visitors until July 25,
2021.
September 13, 2021: Indonesia announced plans to reopen its borders to foreign
visitors under strict health protocols, starting from September 21, 2021. The policy
allowed for vaccinated tourists from certain countries to enter Indonesia with a
negative COVID-19 test result.

COVID-19 PROGNOSIS
Indonesia has implemented a range of measures to control the spread of COVID-19
since the start of the pandemic. Some of these measures include:
Large-scale social restrictions

Health protocols:
Travel restrictions:
Contact tracing:
Testing:
Vaccination:

COVID-19 PROGNOSIS
As of the date of September 2021, the Indonesian government had allocated a total
budget of around 695.2 trillion rupiah (approximately 47.7 billion USD) to respond to
the COVID-19 pandemic

COVID-19 PROGNOSIS
Joko Widodo, the current president of Indonesia, has faced criticism for his response
to the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Some of the main issues related to his
response include:
Slow response
Limited testing
Confusing policies
Vaccine distribution
Economic impact:

Terima kasih untuk
mendengarkan!!!

Indonesia: "Discover The Beauty of Indonesia With Us."

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Indonesia: "Discover The Beauty of Indonesia With Us."

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INDONESIA

"Discover the beauty of Indonesia with us."

Muslim - majority country and one

relatively and well-functioning

Followed by Dutch United East India

a policy that requires a portion (1/5) of

or compulsory labour in the

tanam paksa in Indonesian term which

financial assistance for health and

created a new local elite which later

spread of Bahasa Indonesia as lingua

French in Indochina - repression of

Japanese invasion in Indonesia swept

Role of Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta in trading support for

August 15, 1945 - Japan's official surrender.

MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

After international criticisms of Dutch counterinsurgency,

MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Established guided democracy which is based on corporatist

coalition with other political groupings including military and

In 1965, the social, political, and economic structures of the

MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

In retaliation, General Suharto and anticommunists

Between October 1965 and March 1966, 500,000 people

MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

From "Guided Democracy" - "New Order" government

the so-called "New Order Pyramid" - consisting of president,

is characterized by arbitrary rule and authority

MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

made military (as institution) very influential.

MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Crisis and drought in 1997

Mass protests erupted, military and Golkar leadership pushed

Suharto to step down and be replaced by his vice president,

Bahruddin Yusuf Habibie (May 21, 1998)

MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Indonesia entered reformasi or the era of democratization

Transition from dictatorship to democracy

MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

·Outburst of Islamic terrorism

·This new democracy persists even after the impeachment

of Wahid in 2001 and elections were established as the

legitimate way of gaining power.

MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Anemic quality of the rule of law

Inability of Indonesia’s democracy to manifold problems

relating to economic and social justice.

Serious shortcomings of protecting religious freedoms.

MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Indonesia declared its independence on August 17, 1945.

MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

The five principles of Pancasila are:

1. Belief in the One and Only God

MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

A Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference in December 1949 ended the

MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

According to Muhammad Yamin one of Inddonesia’s best-known founding

The Constitution was in force for less than 8 months

MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY