CM9.

2 DEFINE, CALCULATE AND

INTERPRET DEMOGRAPHIC INDICES
INCLUDING BIRTH RATE, DEATH RATE,
FERTILITY RATES
ROLL NO. 15
FERTILITY: ACTUAL BEARING OF CHILDREN, FECUNDITY: CAPACITY TO BEAR
CHILDREN

FACTORS INFLUENCING FERTILITY

1. AGE: EARLY=MORE NO. OF CHILDREN

2. DURATION: LONGER= MORE.
3. BIRTH INTERVAL: LONGER= LESSER FERTILITY RATE
4. LITERACY LEVEL: HIGHER= LOWER, VICE VERSA.
5. ECONOMIC STATUS: INVERSE ASSOCIATION
6. OTHERS: NUTRITION, RELIGION, URBANIZATION, CUSTOMS, BELIEFS, S.E
DEVELOPMENT OF COUNTRY, ETC.
MEASURES OF FERTILITY (FERTILITY INDICATORS)
1. CRUDE BIRTH RATE: SIMPLY CALLED BR.
○ NO. OF LIVE BIRTHS PER 1000 MYP
○ IN A GIVEN AREA
○ DURING A GIVEN YEAR
○ NO. OF BIRTHS IS OBTAINED FROM REGISTER OF BIRTHS
○ HIGHER BR=HIGHER FERTILITY.

BIRTH RATE = NO. OF LIVE BIRTHS X 1000

MID YEAR POPULATION

MEASURES OF FERTILITY (FERTILITY INDICATORS)
2. GENERAL FERTILITY RATE:
○ NO. OF LIVE BIRTHS PER 1000 WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE
○ IRRESPECTIVE OF THEIR MARITAL STATUS
○ USUALLY TAKEN AS 15-49 Y.O.
○ MORE RELIABLE THAN CBR BECAUSE THE DENOMINATOR IS RESTRICTED TO ONLY
WOMEN OF CHILDBEARING AGE.
○ LIMIT: NOT ALL WOMEN IN THIS CATEGORY ARE EXPOSED TO RISK OF CHILDBIRTH.
○ INCLUDES UNMARRIED WOMEN.

GFR = NO. OF LIVE BIRTHS X 1000

MYP OF WOMEN IN CHILDBEARING AGE (15-49)
MEASURES OF FERTILITY (FERTILITY INDICATORS)
3. GENERAL MARITAL FERTILITY RATE
○ BETTER INDICATOR
○ DENOMINATOR= ONLY MARRIED WOMEN IN REPRODUCTIVE AGE,
○ DURING A GIVEN YEAR.

GMFR = NO. OF LIVE BIRTHS X 1000

MYP OF MARRIED WOMEN IN CHILDBEARING AGE

(15-49)
MEASURES OF FERTILITY (FERTILITY INDICATORS)
4. AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE
○ MORE PRECISE INDICATOR
○ DENOMINATOR= ONLY THOSE WOMEN IN SPECIFIED AGE GROUP,
○ EXPRESSED PER 1000 WOMEN OF SPECIFIC AGE GRP.
○ HIGHER BELOW 30 YRS.
○ GIVES INFO IN WHICH AGE GRP FERTILITY IS MORE.

ASFR = NO. OF LIVE BIRTHS DURING A YR AT X1000

SPECIFIED AGE OF MOTHER

MYP OF WOMEN IN SAME SPECIFIED AGE GROUP

MEASURES OF FERTILITY (FERTILITY INDICATORS)
5. TOTAL FERTILITY RATE
○ SUM OF ALL ASFR FOR ALL AGES
○ EXPRESSED PER WOMAN.
○ GIVES AVG. NO. OF CHILDREN A WOMAN WOULD HAVE DURING HER REPRODUCTIVE AGE
○ 2.2 PER WOMAN IN 2017.
○ TARGET IS 2.1 IN INDIA.

6. GROSS REPRODUCTION RATE

● AVERAGE NO. OF GIRLS THAT WOULD BE BORN TO A WOMAN, DURING HER REPRODUCTIVE AGE
● GRR IS 1.1 IN INDIA

GRR= NO. OF FEMALE LIVE BIRTHS X 1000

TOTAL NO. OF LIVE BIRTHS

MEASUREMENT OF MORTALITY

DEATH RATE
○ NO. OF DEATHS PER 1000 MYP IN A GIVEN AREA
○ DURING A GIVEN YEAR.
○ IN 2020, DEATH RATE IN INDIA: 7.3/1000 MYP.

DEATH RATE= NO. OF DEATHS X 1000

MID YEAR POPULATION
MEASURES OF MORTALITY
DEATH RATE
INCREASE IN POPULATION SIZE= INCREASED BIRTH RATE+
DECREASED DEATH RATE
DECREASED DEATH RATE
1. ABSCENCE OR DECREASE OF NATURAL CHECKS LIKE
FAMINES AND EPIDEMICS
2. CONTROL OF COMMUNICABLE DS BY IMMUNISATION.
3. ADVANCEMENT IN MEDICAL SCIENCES
4. IMPROVEMENT IN HEALTH CONSCIOUSNESS AMONG
PEOPLE.
5. AVAILABILITY OF BETTER HEALTH CARE SERVICES LIKE PHCs
6. LAUNCHING OF VARIOUS NATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAMMES.
7. INTERNATIONAL AIDS, ETC.