Embedded System

 An embedded system is some combination of computer hardware and software, either

fixed in capability or programmable, that is designed for a specific function or for
specific functions within a larger system.
 An embedded system usually does not look like a computer, often there is no keyboard
or monitor or mouse. But like any computer it has a processor and software, input and
output. The word embedded means it is built into the system. It is a permanent part in a
bigger system.

Components according to classes:

1. Analog Components:
 Sensors.
 Actuators.
 Controllers
2. Digital Components
 Processors
 Co-processors
 Memory
 Controllers
 Buses
3. Converters
 Analog to Digital Converter
 Digital to Analog Converter
4. Softwares
 Application Programs
 Exception Handlers

Constraints:

1. Available System Memory

2. Available processor speed
3. Power Dissipation

Classification based on Functionality:

1. Real Time: is a system that perform operations and give output at specific times
 2. Stand Alone: These devices take input by its own input ports, process data and give
output.
3. Networked: Such systems use network to access all the resources.
4. Mobile: This is the class of embedded systems which is used in portable devices.

Classification Based on performance

1. Small Scale Embedded Systems- Single 8 bit or 16 bit microcontroller

2. Medium Scale Embedded Systems
 It uses one or more than one 16 bit or 32 bit microcontrollers.
 It may use DSP or may use RISC.
3. Sophisticated Embedded Systems
 Such systems have huge hardware and software complexity.
 So they need PLA, scalable or configurable processors.

Difference between Embedded System and Personal Computers

 A general purpose computer such is not an embedded system as it does not perform only
specific functions.
 It can be used for a number of applications. Different programs can be installed on a PC
for different tasks.
 A PC has a RAM and an operating system. The operating system loads application
software into RAM and then the CPU runs it.
 In the case of an embedded system, there is ROM in which application software is burned
which can usually perform only one task.
 A PC itself is connected to many embedded systems, such as printer, keyboard, mouse,
scanner, etc.

Applications of Embedded System

 Automobiles-cars
 Telecommunication-telephone, mobile phones
 Consumer Electronics-radio, television, consoles etc.
 Computer-printers,mouse scanner, etc.
 Homes
 -refrigerator, aircon, remote, oven etc.