TES POTENSI SKOLASTIK
WAKTU : 35 MENIT
JUMLAH SOAL
BIDANG STUDI
The following text for the questions 1- 3.
Generally, by people's own
accounts, the public idea of women at
home is that they are dull and boring. And
the stereotype of a working woman is of
hard, ambitious, selfish creatures. It is not
just that you are either gentle and dull or
selfish and interesting. It is that you are
either a good mother or you are an
interesting woman. "Young women now
seem to get a very clear picture that they
have got a choice. If they are going to do
mothering well, they have got to pay for it
by not being interesting women. If you are
an interesting working woman, you are a
bad mother." Lyn Richards puts the blame
for such notions and for resulting family
tensions on the failure of people to talk
enough about them. The media, too, are
guilty. "There is a lot of media coverage of
successful career women and still a lot,
especially in women's magazines, on the
joys of motherhood. There's not that much
about the trouble of either role and
precious little about combining the roles.
Yet half the women who are married in our
society are working." Nor is much thought
given to the task of loosening the ties
entrapping men. Lyn Richards, a
working mother, grateful for the privilege
of genuinely choosing and being able to
: 20
: BAHASA INGGRIS
afford the role, criticizes the systematic
exclusion of men from child rearing and
the really pretty fabulous aspects of having
children. She condemns as ludicrous the
idea of the 9 to 5 treadmill of work as an
absolute duty for men. "The sheer irony to
me is that the women's movement has told
women the way to be liberated is to get into
the 9 to 5 tied work force that men have
been fighting against for a century. Really
we should be using changes in women's
values to shake up all the oppression and
rigidity that men have been under." Indeed,
there has been a change. 'The new thing
since I married is that it's normal for both
husband and wife to go on working when
they marry. Now marriage isn't a
particularly big deal. Very often it just
legalizes something which has been going
on anyway and it certainly doesn't change
a women's whole basis of life, her notion
of who she is. The real life change is
having the first child and when that
happens I think that probably most couples
are still reverting to something like the
traditional concept of marriage. But the
longer people put off having a child the
more likely it is that they won't because
they have set up a viable life style. They
don't need to have kids now to have a good
marriage. Not that motherhood and raising
1
families are wholly going out of fashion
but rather that people are having smaller
families. Consequently, the period in a
woman's life when she is not required to
devote herself to mothering is lengthening.
"Motherhood-the mother role-just isn't a
very good identity base today," Lyn
Richards says. "Motherhoog a short-term
appointment now. It doesn't last long."
1. If Lyn is correct, in the future women in
families of younger generations
A. have less children to care for
B. make up career individuals
C. will be more prosperous
D. are more individualistic
E. share an equal responsibility
2. Lyn argues that in rearing children in a
family....
A. Women's role should be more
dominant.
B. Both men and women are equally
responsible.
C. Men's role should be put into account.
D. Working women share equal work
distribution.
E. Men's role should be excluded.
3. A relevant question that can be raised
out of the passage would be ....
A. What characterizes a good working
woman?
B. How could men and women build
eternal marriage?
C. What ways are there to keep a family
harmonious?
D. Why would the role of a woman in
mothering not last long?
E. What requirements should working
women fulfill?
The following text for the questions 4.
The coal, oil, and natural gas that
drive the industrial world's economy all
contain carbon inhaled by plants hundreds
of millions of years ago-carbon that now is
returning to the atmosphere through
smokestacks and exhaust pipes, joining
emissions from forest burned to clear land
in poorer countries. Carbon dioxide is
foremost in an array of gases from human
activity that increases the atmosphere's
ability to tarp heat. (methance from cattle,
rice fields, land fills and the
chlorofluorocarbons in some refrigerators
and air conditioners are others). Few
scientists doubt that this greenhouse
warming of the atmosphere is already
taking hold. Melting glaciers, earlier
springs, and a steady rise in global average
temperature are jast some of its harbingers.
By rights is should be worse. Each year
humanity dumps roughly 8.8 billion tons
(8 metric tons) of carbon into the
2
atmosphere, 6.5 billion tons (5.9 metric
tons) from fossil fuels and 1.5 billion (1.4
matric) from deforestation. But less than
half that total, 3.2 billion tons (2.9 metric
tons), remains in the atmosphere to warm
the planet. Where is the missing carbon?
"it's a really major mystery, if you think
about it," says Wofsy, an atmospheric
scientist at Harvard University. His
research site in the Harvard Forest is
apparently not the only place where nature
is breathing deep and helping save us from
ourselves. Forests, grasslands, and the
waters of the oceans must be acting as
carbon sinks. They steal back roughly half
of the carbon dioxide we emit, slowing its
buildup in the atmosphere and delaying the
effects on climate.
(environment.nationalgeographic.com)
4. The author holds the assumption that ....
A. Household appliances may pose
environmental danger
B. Carbon dioxide is the only pollutant
threatening global temperature
C. Poor countries produce mare carbon
than that of industrialized countries
D. The carbon emitted to the air at present
is the same carbon absorbed by plants in
the past
E. The rate of melting glaciers is
proportional with the increasing number of
carbon in the air
The following text for the questions 5.
Since the world has become
industrialized, there has been an increase
in the number of animal species that have
either become extinct or have neared
extinction. Bengal tigers, for instance,
which once roamed the jungles in vast
numbers, now number only about 2,300,
and by the year 2025 their population is
estimated to be down to zero. What is
alarming about the case of the Bengal tiger
is that this extinction will have been caused
almost entirely by poachers who,
according to some sources, are not
interested in material gain but in personal
gratification. This is an example of the
callousness that is part of what is causing
the problem of extinction. Animals like the
Bengal tiger, as well as other endangered
species, are a valuable part of the world's
ecosystem. International laws protecting
these animals must be enacted to their
survival, and the survival of our planet.
Countries around the world have begun to
deal with the problem in various ways.
Some countries, in order to circumvent the
problem, have allocated large of land to
animal reserves. They then charge aa. to
3
help defray the costs of maintaining the
parks, and they often must also depend on
world organizations for support. With the
money they get, they can invest in
equipment and patrols to protect the
animals. Another solution that is an
attempt to stem the tide of animal
extinction is an international boycott of
products made from endangered species.
This seems fairly effective, but it will not,
by itself, prevent animals from being
hunted and killed.
5. Which of the following best describes
the author's attitude?
A. Forgiving
B. Concerned
C. Vindictive
D. Surprised
E. Pleasant
The following text for the questions 6.
Infections with Ebola virus are
acute. There is not carrier state. Because
the natural reservoir of the virus is
unknown, the manner in which the virus
first appears in a human at the start of an
outbreak has not been determined.
However, researchers have hypothesized
that the first patient becomes infected
through contact with an infected animal.
After the first case-patient in an outbreak
setting is infected, the virus can be
transmitted insever always. People can be
exposed to Ebola virus from direct contact
with the blood and/or secretions of an
infected person. Thus, the virus is often
spread through families and friends
because they come in close contact with
such secretions when caring for infected
persons. People can also be exposed ti
Ebola virus through contact with objects,
such as needles, that have been
contaminated with infected secretions.
Nosocominal transmission refers to the
spread of a disease within a health-care
setting, such as a clinic or hospital. It
occurs frequently during Ebola HF
outbreaks. It includes both types of
transmission described above. In African
health-care facilities, patients are often
cared for without the use of a mask, gown,
or gloves. Exposure to the virus has
occurred when health care workers treated
individuals with Ebola HF without
wearing these types of protective clothing.
In addition, when needles or syringes are
used, they may not be of the disposable
type, or may not have been sterilized, but
only rinsed before reinsertion into multi-
use vials of medicine. (www.cdc.gov)
6. In presenting the ideas, the writer starts
by ....
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A. Describing no clear date about the first
outbreak of the virus infection
B. Stating how the first Ebola virus
infection on human took place
C. Exposing how acutely the Ebola virus
infects patients
D. Revealing the first case of the Ebola
virus infecting humans
E. Affirming the confusion of researchers
about the unknown virus
The following text for the questions 7.
west-central New York State there
is a group of eleven long, narrow lakes
known as the Finger Lakes. These lakes
have been aptly named because of their
resemblance to the fingers of a hand. Two
of the largest of the Finger Lakes, Seneca
and Cayuga, exemplify the selection of the
name: Seneca is 37 miles long and 4 miles
across at its widest point, and Cayuga is 40
miles long and 2 miles across. Although
scientists are uncertain as to how these
lakes were formed, most believe that
glacial ice forged out the valleys to a depth
well below sea level, and with the melting
of the glaciers the lakes were formed.
7. What is the tone of this passage?
A. Informative
B. Accusatory
C. Humorous
D. Calculating
E. Cynical
The following text for the questions 8-9.
The most common causes of
tsunamis are underwater earthquakes. To
understand underwater earthquakes, you
must first understand plate tectonics. The
theory of plate tectonics suggests that the
lithosphere, or top layer of the Earth, is
made up of a series of huge plates. These
plates make up the continents and seafloor.
They rest on an underlying viscous layer
called the asthenosphere. Think of a pie cut
into eight slices. The pie crust would be the
lithosphere and the hot, sticky pie filing
underneath would be the asthenosphere.
On the Earth, these plates are constantly in
mountion, moving along each other at a
speed of 1 to 2 inches (2.5-5 cm) per year.
The movement occurs most dramatically
along fault line (where the pie is cut).
These motions are capable of producing
earthquakes and volcanism, which, when
they occur at the bottom of the ocean, are
two possible sources of tsunamis. When
two plates come into contact at a region
known as a plate boundary, a heavier plate
can slip under a lighter one. This is called
subduction. Underwater subduction often
leaves enormous "handprints" in the form
of deep ocean trenches along the seafloor.
In some cases of subduction, part of the
5
seafloor connected to the lighter plate may
"snap up" suddenly due to pressure from
the sinking plate. This results in an
earthquake. The focus of the earthquake is
the point within the Earth where the
rupture first occurs, rocks break and the
first seismic waves are generated. The
epicenter is the point on the seafloor
directly above the focus. When this piece
of the plate snaps up and sends tons of rock
shooting upward with tremendous force,
the energy of that force is transferred to the
water. The energy pushes the water
upward above normal sea level. This is the
birth of a tsunami. The earthquake that
generated the December 26, 2004 tsunami
in the Indian Ocean was a 9.0 on the
Richter scale - one of the biggest in
recorded history.
8. Implied in the text is that the earthquake
will never occur when...
A. the subduction happens.
B. seismic waves are generated.
C. there is no fault line of plate tectonics.
D. heavier plates and lighter ones break up.
E. deep ocean trenches are along the
seafloor.
9. Which of following natural disasters
happening in Indonesia is related to the
fault movement of plate tectonics?
A. Volcanic eruptions.
B. Soil erosion.
C. Forest fires.
D. Landslides.
E. Floods.
The following text for the questions 10.
If we are what we eat, then many of
us must be tripping all over the place due
to a lack of balance. This is because the
average American cats about three
servings of fruits and vegetables per day-a
stark contrast to the Department of Health
and Human Services (HHS) and the U.S.
Department of Agriculture's (USDA) new
guidelines stating that we should be eating
5 to 13 serving of nature's best, depending
on the number of calories you need. So if
we want to grow to be strong like Popeye,
why cannot we just eat some supplements
instead of devouring a pile of spinach?
Nutrients in fresh fruits and vegetables
work together. Kristine Wallerius Cuthrell,
MPH, RD says that in the past five to 10
years, many large research studies have
found that vitamin supplements do not
provide the benefits that foods do. The
2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans,
created jointly between HHS and USDA
and reviewed every five years, say that
foods are the best sources of nutrients
because they contain naturally occurring
ingredients, like carotenoids and
6
flavonoids. "In addition to the substance
we are aware of, there are many substance
in fruits and vegetables that have yet to be
discovered. Food and the nutrients they
contain are not consumed singly, but with
each other. As such, they may act in
synergistic ways to promote health."
Cuthrell says. For instance, eating iron-
rich plants, like spinach, with an iron-
absorbing enhancer, like the vitamin C in
orange juice, is great for people who do not
get enough iron (typically young women).
Fruits and vegetables may prevent many
illnesses. Eating fruits and vegetables may
prevent many illnesses. Eating fruits and
vegetables may reduce your risk of
cardiovascular diseases, stroke, type 2
diabetes, even some forms of cancer. The
burses' Health Study and Health
Professionals Follow-up Study examined
nearly 110,000 people over the course of
14 years. Part of the study revealed that the
more fruits and vegetables people are
daily, the less chance they would develop
cardiovascular diseases. (Diadaptasi dari
http://www.everydayhealth.com/diet-
nutrition/101/nutrition-basics/fruits-and-
vegetables.aspx)
10. Based on the passage, what will happen
if people eat less fruits and vegetables?
A. Dependency on vitamin supplements
will occur.
B. People will be more vulnerable to
certain disease.
C. They will develop the chance of
cardiovascular diseases.
D. Extra calories will be needed to replace
the ingredients from fruits and vegetables.
E. Human body will not be able to produce
carotenoids and flavonoids.
The following text for the questions 11.
Although photography was first
made public in 1839, the theory behind the
principles of the medium begins with
Aristotle's description of how light waves
behave when projected through a small
aperture. This is fundamentally the
description of howalensorcamera's
aperture operetes whenitprojects animage
on to the film at the back of a camera. In
the Middle Ages, Alhazenand Francis
Baconextended the principle to include
alarge,carkened room with a small opening
inone wall. In the 15th to 18th centuries
this camera obscura, as it came to be
called, was reduced in size and made
convenient for artist to use in tracing
scenic design and architectural
perspective. The chemical principles basic
to photo-graphy were also described well
before photography was "invented".
7
Johann Schulze, in 1727, demonstrated
that silver salts turned dark when exposed
to light. Carl W. Scheele, in 1777, showed
that ammonia retarded the effects of light,
and he indicated a possible way of
stabilizing the photochemical process. By
the end of the 18th century, the necessary
equipments (the camera obscura) were
available at least to produce
semipermanent photographic images. The
artistic style and aesthetics of Renaissance
and post - Reneissance Europe placed high
value on a naturalistic render-ing of nature
and thus legitimatized the use of machines
like camera obscura by artist. By the mind
18th century, a public demand had made
itself for realistic portraits, which was
partially satisfied by experiments in the
automatic; if permanent, recording of
portrait silhouettes on photo sensitive
paper. Two im- peratives - the need for
perspectively accu-rate landscape and
architectural scenes and for objectively
truthful portraits - created a climate for
certain types and styles of pictures that,
after 1839, would be achieved easily by
photography.
11. Which of the following can be inferred
from the text?
A. Camera sizes became small due to the
fashion at that time.
B. A camera was the only tool to record
human likeness in the mid 18th century.
C. Before the mid 18th century the
photochemical processes were unstable.
D. The upper - class were the common
portrait objects in the Renaissance era.
E. It took some decades before society was
aware of the art of photography.
The following text for the questions 12.
Infections with Ebola virus are
acute. There is not carrier state. Because
the natural reservoir of the virus is
unknown, the manner in which the virus
first appears in a human at the start of an
outbreak has not been determined.
However, researchers have hypothesized
that the first patient becomes infected
through contact with an infected animal.
After the first case-patient in an outbreak
setting is infected, the virus can be
transmitted insever always.People can be
exposed to Ebola virus from direct contact
with the blood and/or secretions of an
infected person. Thus, the virus is often
spread through families and friends
because they come in close contact with
such secretions when caring for infected
persons. People can also be exposed ti
Ebola virus through contact with objects,
such as needles, that have been
contaminated with infected secretions.
8
Nosocominal transmission refers to the
spread of a disease within a health-care
setting, such as a clinic or hospital. It
occurs frequently during Ebola HF
outbreaks. It includes both types of
transmission described above. In African
health-care facilities, patients are often
cared for without the use of a mask, gown,
or gloves. Exposure to the virus has
occurred when health care workers treated
individuals with Ebola HF without
wearing these types of protective clothing.
In addition, when needles or syringes are
used, they may not be of the disposable
type, or may not have been sterilized, but
only rinsed before reinsertion into multi-
use vials of medicine. (www.cdc.gov)
12. The passage above implies that....
(A) Close contact with patients is the most
frequent way of being infected by Ebola
virus
(B) Health workers wear inappropriate
protective clothings in African health
facilities
(C) Health clinics have no dinical
standards in handling Ebola virus-infected
patients
(D) At the beginning of its outbreak,
animals became the host of the Ebola virus
(E) Any object owned by patients can be
sources of exposure to the Ebola virus
9
The following text for the questions 13-
14.
Everyone likes to group things.
Language students group words as verbs,
nouns, and so on; collections of words are
classified as phrases or clauses, or
sentences, and these again are reclassified
according to their function. In the same
way, botanists classify plants as algae, or
fungi, or gymnosperms, etc. Zoologists
classify animals as vertebrates and
invertebrates. The vertebrates can be
further classified as mammals, reptiles,
birds, fish, etc. Classification enables us to
keep hold of more information and, if it is
based on the right data, enables us to
understand better the ideas we are
studying. Chemists are no exception. The
chemical classification of materials, if it is
based on a good system, should enable us
to understand better the many substances
which exist in our world. What is to be the
basis of our classification? Perhaps the
most obvious one is appearance. Materials
could be classified as solid, liquid or gas
with some mixed types as, for example,
mud being solid or liquid material and
steam a liquid or gas material. Appearance
could enable us to subdivide our main
classification groups a little further; the
solid may be green, or black, powdery or
crystalline; the liquid may be colored, oily,
thick, or free flowing; the gas may be
colored. However we soon realize that
many probably quite different materials
have the same appearance. Both air and the
deadly carbon-monoxide gas are colorless,
odorless gases, but we would not like to
group them as the same thing. Many
different liquids are colorless, water like
materials.
13. The examples provided in paragraph 2
clarify that ...
A. many kinds of liquid should be grouped
as one
B. different kinds of gas can be colorless
and odorless
C. materials in chemistry should be
classified differently
D. chemistry material have more
complicated classification
E. taxonomy can be made and applied
further to other areas
14. Paragraph 2 exemplifies that idea about
classification that ...
A. chemicals may be solid, liquid, and
gaseous B. appearance is not a useful basis
in
chemistry
C. the use of colors is better than that of
appearance
D. both colors and appearance should be
considered
E. colors should be included foridentifying
appearance
The following text for the questions 15-
16.
The most common causes of
tsunamis are underwater earthquakes. To
understand underwater earthquakes, you
must first understand plate tectonics. The
theory of plate tectonics suggests that the
lithosphere, or top layer of the Earth, is
made up of a series of huge plates. These
plates make up the continents and seafloor.
They rest on an underlying viscous layer
called the asthenosphere. Think of a pie cut
into eight slices. The pie crust would be the
lithosphere and the hot, sticky pie filing
underneath would be the asthenosphere.
On the Earth, these plates are constantly in
mountion, moving along each other at a
speed of 1 to 2 inches (2.5-5 cm) per year.
The movement occurs most dramatically
along fault line (where the pie is cut).
These motions are capable of producing
earthquakes and volcanism, which, when
they occur at the bottom of the ocean, are
two possible sources of tsunamis. When
two plates come into contact at a region
known as a plate boundary, a heavier plate
can slip under a lighter one. This is called
10
subduction. Underwater subduction often
leaves enormous "handprints" in the form
of deep ocean trenches along the seafloor.
In some cases of subduction, part of the
seafloor connected to the lighter plate may
"snap up" suddenly due to pressure from
the sinking plate. This results in an
earthquake. The focus of the earthquake is
the point within the Earth where the
rupture first occurs, rocks break and the
first seismic waves are generated. The
epicenter is the point on the seafloor
directly above the focus. When this piece
of the plate snaps up and sends tons of rock
shooting upward with tremendous force,
the energy of that force is transferred to the
water. The energy pushes the water
upward above normal sea level. This is the
birth of a tsunami. The earthquake that
generated the December 26, 2004 tsunami
in the Indian Ocean was a 9.0 on the
Richter scale - one of the biggest in
recorded history.
15. Which of the following best states the
topic of this text?
A. The birth of a tsunami.
B. The magnitude of tsunamis.
C. Tsunamis in the Indian Ocean.
D. Series of huge plates on earth.
E. Lithosphere and asthenosphere.
16. The main idea of text is that...
A. a deep ocean trench is a result of an
earthquake.
B. the energy of subduction can lead to
earthquakes.
C. plate tectonics lead to an earthquake and
volcanism.
D. tsunami in the Indian Ocean are the
biggest in the history.
E. strong movements of undersea fault
lines cause tsunamis.
The following text for the questions 17
Scientists are as obsessed with the
question of why the superold survive and
thrive as Ponce de Leon was to find the
Fountain of Youth. They want to
understand why the Japanese island of
Okinawa are home to the world's largest
population of centenarians, with almost
600 of its 1.3 million inhabitants living
into their second century-many of them
active and looking decades younger than
their actual years. Like weekend visitors
on the summer ferry to Martha's Vineyard,
scientists and sociologists block the boats
to Sardina and Nova Scotia, Canada, to see
why those craggy locales hide vast clusters
of superold. As well as studying these
populations intensively to unlock their
secrets, scientists have also taken a hard
look at the very old in the U. S., most
notably in the New England Centenarian
11
Study, led by Dr. Thomas Perls, a
geriatrician at Boston University. While
the very old are happy to offer homespun
explanation for their longevity. 'l never
took a drink';'1 drank a shot of whiskey
everyday' experts are trying to unravel and
understand the biological factors that
allow some people to reach 100 while
other drops off in their 70s or 80s.
Researchers are particularly interested in
determining which factors allow up to 30%
of those who reach 100 to do so in
sufficient mental and physical health: a
whooping 90% of centenarians, according
to Perls, remain functionally independent
up to age 92. It is pretty obvious even to
nonscientists that how you get there
depends partly on the genes you are born
with and partly on lifestyle what and how
much you eat, where you live and what
types of stress and trauma you experience.
How much depends on each factors,
though, was unknown until Swedish
scientists tackled the problem in 1998.
They did it by looking at the only set of
people who share genes but not lifestyle:
identical twins that were separated at birth
and reared apart. If genes were most
important, you would expect the twins to
die at about the same age. In fact, they do
not, and the average difference convinced
the scientists that only about 20% to 30%
of how long we live is genetically
determined. The dominant factor is
lifestyle.
17. Which of the following best expresses
the main idea of the text?
A. The population of the elderly people is
increasing
B. Elderly people cluster in particular parts
of the world
C. Biological factors influence mental and
physical health
D. Genes and lifestyles are essential for a
long life span
E. Several biological factors are at work
affecting life span
The following text for the questions 18.
Population growth occurs because
there are currently three births for every
death. In the past, the crude birth rates
were only slightly higher than crude death
rates, but with improvements in medicine
and economic growth, the death rate fell
more than birth rates. Much of the world's
population in less-developed countries,
which are unable to support such growth.
The causal effect between poverty and
population growth can be looked at in two
ways. First, population growth causes
poverty as limited resources are depleted
and there are too many people for the
12
available goods, resulting in poverty. The want the benefits of a city while still living
other view is that poverty causes high in country. This leads to urban sprawl and
population growth because lack of suburbia. (Adapted from
education, lack of health care and lack of http://www.preservearticles.com/2011033
reasonable standard of living cause high 04817. Acessed in February 22, 2014)
population growth. Also, parents believe
18. Which of the following is TRUE
that having many children will ensure that
according to the text?
several of them will survive to take care of
A. High population growth results in a
them in their old age. Cultures in which
problem where cities cannot provide
children are a form of security encourage
enough jobs.
high population growth, as children reach
B. Parents now tend to have few children
reproductive age and have large families.
in less- developed and developed
Much of the growth is happening
countries.
disproportionately in urban areas. Cities
C. Large families are tolerated in less
are environmentally harmful because they
developed countries due to their
import many resources for the people that
predominant belief.
live there, and they export heir wastes.
D. Economic growth gives little
They also have an impact on the local and
contribution to population growth.
regional meteorology and are centers for
E. In the past there were three births for
social problems such as crime,
every death in less-developed countries.
homelessness, and unemployment to name
The following text for the questions 19.
a few. Cities do offer many amenities such
The impacts of electronic
as cultural opportunities, jogs, and
commerce in a developing country can be
education. There are some good
helpful rather than detrimental. Electronic
environmental aspects to cities such as the
commerce has the potential to tie
promotion of efficiency in transportation,
developing countries into the rest of the
housing, utilities, the provision of
world so they are no longer considered
necessary goods and services, and the
outsiders. For examples, electronic
accommodation of large numbers of
commerce can enable more people to
people within a relatively small space. The
access products and services that once
biggest problem, with cities is that people
were not available. Another benefit is that

13
electronic commerce stores are available individual. Some of the benefits enjoyed
24 hours a day, 7 days a week. As the by society and consumers, for example, are
infrastructure for electronic commerce ease of transaction, comparability of
keeps growing, services that were not products, quick delivery and the ability to
offered in the past become available. Many make any type of transaction at any given
of these benefits have not been proven yet, time of day. Electronic commerce
but the technology is now available, and facilitates delivery of public and social
developing countries are looking forward services, such as healthcare, education and
to these benefits. The high cost of distribution of government social services
technology may still be detrimental in at a reduced cost, improving the quality of
many developing countries; however, the care and living in these communities. For
constant innovation of software and example, healthcare services can reach
hardware will hopefully reduce these patients in rural areas. Adapted from
costs. Consumer in developing countries Lubbe, S. and J.M. van Heerden. 2003.
can benefit from electronic commerce The Economic and Social Impacts of
because they can buy product that could Electronic Commerce. London: Idea
only be found in major cosmopolitan Group Publishing, p.23 3.
cities. Electronic commerce is closing the
19. The pronoun "they" in line 9 refers to...
gap between the countries that have wide
A. consumers in developing countries
availability of products and those with
B. these costs
limited availability. The basic purpose of
C. consumers
electronic commerce is to provide goods
D. developing countries
and services to consumers who do not live
E. major cosmopolitan cities
close to the physical location of the
product or service and would otherwise
The following text for the questions 20.
have a hard time acquiring these products
Parents send their children to
and services. Society and consumers alike
school with the best of intentions,
have only begunto enjoy the benefits of
believing that formal education is what
electronic commerce. Since new
kids need to become productive, happy
developments are made on a continuous
adults. Many parents do have qualms about
basis, it will eventually affect every
how well schools are performing, but the

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conventional wisdom is that these issues
can be resolved with more money, better
teachers, more challenging curricula, or
more rigorous tests. But what if the real
problem is school itself? The unfortunate
fact is that one of our most cherished
institutions is, by its very nature, failing
our children and our society. Children are
required to be in school, where their
freedom is greatly restricted, far more than
most adults would tolerate in their
workplaces. In recent decades, we've been
compelling them to spend ever more time
in this kind of setting, and there's strong
evidence that this is causing psychological
damage to many of them. And as scientists
have investigated how children naturally
learn, they've realized that kids do so most
deeply and fully, and with greatest
enthusiasm, in conditions that are almost
opposite to those of school. Compulsory
education has been a fixture of our culture
now for several generations. Secretary of
Education Arne Duncan are so enamored
of it that they want even longer school days
and years. Most people assume that the
basic design of today's schools emerged
from scientific evidence about how
children learn. But nothing could be
President Obama and further from the
truth. Schools as we know them today are
a product of history, not of research. The
blueprint for them was developed during
the Protestant Reformation, when schools
were created to teach children to read the
Bible, to believe Scripture without
questioning it, and to obey authority
figures without questioning them. When
schools were taken over by the state, made
compulsory, and directed toward secular
ends, the basic structure and methods
teaching Subsequent attempts at reform
have failed because they haven't altered the
basic blueprint. The top-down, teach-and-
test method, in which learning is motivated
by a system of rewards and punishments
rather than by curiosity or by any real
desire to know, is well designed for
indoctrination and obedience training but
not much else. It's no wonder that many of
the world's greatest entrepreneurs and
innovators either left school early (like
Thomas Edison) or said they hated school
and learned despite it, not because of it
(like Albert Einstein). of remained
unchanged. (Adapted from www.rd.com)
20. Which of the following is closest in
meaning to the word "qualms" (paragraph
1)?
A. remarks
B. requests
C. doubts
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D. views
E. beliefs

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