ADAPT

THE OCCURRENCE OF EVOLUTION

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 FOREWORD

This Self-Learning Kit complies with the learning

standards and competencies prescribed by the K-12
curriculum of the Department of Education. This SLK is
entitled: ADAPT-The Occurrence of Evolution. This module
introduces students to the concepts proposed by
Lamarck and Darwin that explain how evolution happens.

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 OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, learners shall be able to:
K: describe the central ideas of Lamarckian and Darwinian
Evolution;
S: compare the patterns of evolution proposed by
Lamarck and Darwin; and
A: acknowledge the role of variation as a key to the
survival of a population of species.

LEARNING COMPETENCY
Explain the occurrence of evolution (S10LT-IIIg-40)

I.WHAT HAPPENED

Hello dear student, today

http://blogs.reading.ac.uk/teaching-
evolution/changes-over-time-fossils/
we will be talking on how evolution
happens according to the point of
view of two naturalists. Before we keep
going, we have something for you to
do first.

PRE-TEST
Directions: Classify the following ideas according to Lamarckian
or Darwinian principles. Write your answers in the notebook

1. Need 6. Use and Disuse

2. Mutation 7. Fitness
3. Acquired Characteristics 8. Favorable traits
4. Natural Selection 9. Developed traits
5. Variation 10. Lost traits

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 LAMARCK DARWIN
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.

II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

The giraffe, one of the
beautiful animals found in
the African savanna. The
most notable characteristic
of this animal is its very long
neck which enables it to
reach the leaves of trees
with ease. How did the neck
of giraffes become this
long? What could have
FIGURE 1: Giraffe feeds on acacia tree leaves triggered this?
https://www.freepik.com/premium-photo/somalia-
giraffes-eat-leaves-acacia-trees_9369407.htm

Evolution describes how species changed over time. It explains

how they adapted to their changing environment for survival. But the
question that puzzles us is, how exactly does evolution occur? This very
question leads us to the ideas of two brilliant individuals who explained
how organisms evolved. These individuals are namely Jean Baptiste
Lamarck and Charles Darwin.

LAMARCKIAN PATTERN OF EVOLUTION

FIGURE 2: Jean Baptiste Lamarck
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jean-Baptiste-
Lamarck
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
(1744-1829) believed that
organisms changed over time.
With fossil records as his
reference, he was able to
formulate theories that explains
these changes in organisms.
These theories are: Theory of
Need, Theory of Use and
Disuse, and Theory of Inherited
Acquired Characteristics.
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 When an organism is exposed to changes in its environment it
develops a need to adapt to these changes for survival. This is the
theory of need. Going back to our animal earlier, the giraffe, its long
neck is a product of a need to stretch its neck to reach the leaves of
trees.

FIGURE 3: Lamarckian pattern of Giraffe Evolution

https://anatomyofevolution.com/history-of-evolutionary-theory

Lamarck’s theory of use and disuse states that when a body part
is used extensively, the more likely this body part improves or develops.
On the other hand, a body part which is least used is likely to remain
undeveloped or be lost.
Still the giraffe as an example, its neck turned out to become long
due to the frequent use since the giraffe needs to stretch it as to reach
leaves on tree branches. Thus, frequent use equates to improvement of
a body part. This improvement of body parts is then passed on to its off
springs. The resulting generation will then carry these traits as stated in
Lamarck’s theory of inherited acquired characteristics.
Lamarck’s explanation on how organisms evolve is quite fantastic.
However, fantastic it might seem, it is also ridiculous. Imagine you
yourself is a body builder. All throughout the years of your youth and
early adulthood, you dedicated yourself to improve your muscles to
become stronger and aesthetically appealing. Your strong and
beautiful muscles is your acquired characteristic because you are not
born to be a muscular baby. It is a product of your hard work and
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 dedication. You then marry someone who is also into body building
and you are expecting to have a child. How would you expect your
child to look when he/she is born? Will the child look like a muscular
baby? Or the child will just look like a normal baby?

FIGURE 4
https://www.freepik.com/free-
photo/strong-man-without-t-
shirt_6799841.htm#page=1&qu
ery=bodybuilding&position=0
Representation of the Lamarckian Principle of inherited acquired
?
FIGURE 5
https://egyptindependent.com/first-
egyptian-female-bodybuilder-wishes- FIGURE 6
to-return-home-despite-success- https://local.theonion.com/parents-
abroad/ impressed-by-how-big-baby-has-
gotten-after-just-1841267661
FIGURE 4
characteristics.

This very example demonstrates the discrepancy of the theory of

inherited acquired characteristics. This then leads us to another
concept of evolution – the theory of Darwin.

DARWINIAN PATTERN OF EVOLUTION

Charles Darwin (1809-

1882) is another naturalist who
tried to explain how organisms
developed and how evolution
brought about the diversity of
organisms. With his travels
aboard HMS Beagle, Darwin
became fascinated on how
organisms seem to look similar
yet being of different species.
Darwin’s view of evolution
centered in the ideas of
variation and natural selection.
FIGURE 5: Charles Darwin
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Darwin

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 Now let us look back at our giraffes and how Darwin’s pattern of
evolution explained why these animals have a long neck.

FIGURE 6: Darwinian pattern of Giraffe evolution

https://anatomyofevolution.com/history-of-evolutionary-theory

The idea of variation suggests that within a population, there are

individuals with varying characteristics. In the distant past, ancestors of
present-day giraffes have varying lengths of neck. There are short-
necked individuals, and there are also long-necked individuals. What
happened then to the short-necked ones and why we do not see them
anymore at present? Here is where the idea of natural selection comes
in.
Natural selection is somewhat synonymous to the phrase:
“Survival of the fittest”. It is triggered by various causes such as
catastrophic events, change in climatic patterns, presence of
predators, disease, or competition for resources.
Let us say that the habitat of giraffe ancestors experienced a
change in climate conditions that made the soil dry. Due to this, some
vegetation is unable to survive. Thus, only deep-rooted plant life such

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as trees can survive since the roots of these plants can reach ground
water.

FIGURE 7: An image of a savanna during dry season

https://africansavannagrassland.weebly.com/abiotic-factors.html

Short-necked individuals are unlikely to survive to this change in

their environment. Having a shorter neck makes it harder to reach the
leaves of trees. While short-necked ones struggled to survive, the long-
necked ones have ease in reaching for those leaves and can survive .

FIGURE 8: Comparison between Lamarck’s and Darwin’s giraffe

https://anatomyofevolution.com/history-of-evolutionary-theory

Natural selection dictates which group of individuals survive within

a population. Those with favorable traits becomes successful while
those with the unfavorable traits do not survive. Successful individuals
then produce off springs carrying the favorable traits which is then

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passed-on and becomes common throughout generations. In the case
of giraffes, having a long neck is favorable.
Through time, mating of surviving individuals may even produce
more favorable traits due to mutations, producing more variation within
the population. Mutation allows new characteristics to appear within
the population. These mutations may be a new color, another shape of
claw or beak or any characteristic that is not present within the species.

https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/
article/evo_16

https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/
FIGURE 9: Mutation and Natural article/evo_16
selection

New characteristics brought about by mutation can be a key to

make individuals adapt better to their environment. Let us look at this
example. In a population of green beetles, a brown-colored beetle
was produced (Figure 9). This brown coloration is a new variant of the
population be where all individuals is green in color. Through out time,
brown individuals also grew in number together with the green ones.
Then a time came where a predator(bird) happened to appear (Figure
9). Green-colored beetles are easy to spot and were likely eaten than
the brown ones. Since the brown-colored beetles are not easy to spot,
these individuals became successful and were able to adapt to the
challenge their environment had given.

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III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

At this moment, we will see if you have learned

something from the concepts that we share. Remember that
being different can sometimes be beneficial. Do not be
afraid to become different.
https://www.123rf.com/photo_93716823_stock-vector-man-sitting-on-
one-knee-and-sweeping-dirt-from-skeleton-s-bones-cartoon-
paleontologist-using-small-b.html

MULTIPLE CHOICE
Directions: Read the following questions and choose the letter of your
answer from the choices given. Write your answers in your Science
notebook.

1. Which among the following statements DO NOT support evolution?

a. Mutation allows variation
b. Fitness means ability to adapt
c. Everything is constant and there is no need for change

2. Which of the following best shows the Theory of Use and Disuse?
a. Snakes do not use its feet as much as its slender body and
thus lost it in the process.
b. Within a group of moths, blacked colored ones are not seen
easily and were able to survive.
c. In a population of animals living in a cold habitat, those with
less covering went extinct.

3. If a woman colors her naturally black hair to blonde, her child will
inherit a blonde-colored hair. This is an example of which
Lamarckian principle?
a. Theory of need
b. Theory of use and disuse
c. Theory of inherited acquired characteristics

4. The choices show how natural selection happens, EXCEPT?

a. Organisms develop themselves to adapt
b. Organisms with favorable characteristics can adapt and
reproduce
c. Organisms lacking the traits to survive will go extinct

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5. Why is variation important to a population?
a. Variation is needed to develop traits
b. Variation is a key to the survival of some members of the
population when a change in the environment occurs
c. Variation ensures all the members of the population is strong
when a change in the environment occurs

6. In what way is mutation beneficial in the process of evolution?

a. Mutation gives avenue to more variation within the
population
b. Mutation allows that resources are optimized
c. Mutation eliminates competition

7. What might happen to a group of organisms, having no slight

differences in characteristics, when exposed to a certain kind of
deadly disease?
a. All members will survive and continue to reproduce
b. Some members will survive, and some members will die
c. All members will die, and their species will be extinct

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REFERENCES

 Campbell, N.A, Reece, J.B,, Urry, L.A., Cain, M.L., Wasserman, S.A.,
Minorsky, P.V., Jackson, R.B.(2008). Biology:8th Edition. San
Francisco, California, Pearson Education Inc., pp.452-458

 Grade 10-Science Learner’s Material, Unit 3, pp. 316-327

 https://anatomyofevolution.com/history-of-evolutionary-theory

 https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_16

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 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL

SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V

Schools Division Superintendent

JOELYZA M. ARCILLA EdD

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

MARCELO K. PALISPIS EdD JD

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

NILITA L. RAGAY EdD

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent / CID Chief

ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMS)

ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
PSDS - Division Science Coordinator – (SCIENCE)

MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)

ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)

LYN-NO A. REGALADO
Writer
__________________________________
ALPHA QA TEAM
LIEZEL A. AGOR
MA. OFELIA I. BUSCATO
ANDRE ARIEL B. CADIVIDA
THOMAS JOGIE U. TOLEDO

BETA QA TEAM
LIEZEL A. BESAS
JOAN B. VALENCIA
LIELIN A. DE LA ZERNA
PETER PAUL A. PATRON
THOMAS JOGIE U. TOLEDO

DISCLAIMER

The information, activities and assessments used in this material are designed to provide accessible
learning modality to the teachers and learners of the Division of Negros Oriental. The contents of this module
are carefully researched, chosen, and evaluated to comply with the set learning competencies. The writers
and evaluator were clearly instructed to give credits to information and illustrations used to substantiate this
material. All content is subject to copyright and may not be reproduced in any form without expressed written
consent from the division.
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SYNOPSIS:
This Self Learning Kit is made
for Grade 10 students on the
topic about the theories on
evolution which allows student
to describe how evolution
occurs in different points of
view from that or Lamarck and
Darwin.
Hope that you enjoyed
reading and working on this
Self Learning Kit.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Lyn-No A. Regalado is a Science teacher of Froilan A.

Alanano Memorial High School, Dauin, Negros Oriental.
He finished Bachelor’s degree in Secondary Education-
Major in Biology from Negros Oriental State University-
Main Campus. He earned units of Master of Arts in
Science Teaching and was a part time instructor in the
Biology Department, College of Arts and Sciences in the
same University.

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