DOUBLE BOND C=C

Bond energy is the enthalpy change required to break certain bonds in one mole of gas molecules. The
higher the energy level of the bond, the more difficult it is to break the bond because more energy is
needed to break it.
The bond energy of compounds that have single bonds is lower than that of double bonded compounds,
because the distance of single bonds is longer than that of double bonds, so that the attractive force
between atoms in single bonds is weaker, bonds are more easily broken, so that the energy of bonds in
single bonds is weak. lower than double bonds, and double bonds are weaker than triple bonds.
So the more double bonds a compound has, the greater the bond enthalpy so it takes more energy to
break, because the more double bonds a compound has, the more pi (π) bonds are formed. Triple covalent
bonds are stronger than single covalent bonds because of the presence of bonds and are formed from 3
electron pairs. In covalent bonds, the terms sigma bonds (σ) and phi bonds (π) are known, where the more
pi bonds, the stronger the bond energy so that the order of breaking energy strength is triple 3 > double 2
> double 1.
SINGLE BOND H-F
The HF, HCl, HBr, and HI bonds have different bond energies, where the HI bond is the bond energy that
is the easiest to break, because HI has the largest bond length (length) compared to the others. The bond
length of a compound is influenced by the atomic radius or atomic size, the larger the atomic radius, the
longer the bond length with other atoms making it easier to break bonds. This is also influenced by the
distance from the atomic nucleus (proton) with a large outer shell so that the binding power of electrons
to keep binding becomes weaker, in contrast to atoms that have small sizes, the stronger they attract
electrons.
And the relationship between electronegativity and atomic radius is inversely proportional, the larger the
atomic radius, the smaller the atom's ability to capture electrons, this is due to the distance between the
atomic nucleus (proton) and its outer shell.
It can be seen that when a solid is heated, its temperature increases until it reaches its melting point. At
this temperature, the average kinetic energy of the molecules has become large enough to begin to
overcome the intermolecular forces holding the molecules together in the solid state. The transition from
solid to liquid phase begins where heat absorption is used to break down more molecules in the solid. It is
important to note that during this transition (A→B) the average kinetic energy of the molecules does not
change, so the temperature remains constant. After the substance is completely melted, the absorption of
heat will further increase its temperature until the boiling point is reached (B→C). Here, there is a
transition from the liquid phase to the gas phase (C→D) where the absorbed heat is used to break the
intermolecular forces that hold the molecules in the liquid phase so that the temperature remains constant.
After this transition is complete, the temperature of the gas increases on further heating.
Because the bonds between molecules that have different densities, then vap has a greater energy than fus

A Carnot cycle, named after the French engineer Sadi Carnot, consists of: four reversible stages
1. Reversible isothermal expansion from A to B at Th; the change in entropy is qh/Th where qh, is the
energy supplied to the system as heat from the heat source.
2. Reversible adiabatic expansion from B to C. No energy leaves the system as heat, so the change in
entropy is zero. During this expansion, the temperature drops from Th, to Tc, the cold sink temperature.
3. Reversible isothermal compression from C to D at Tc. Energy is released as heat into a cold sink; the
change in entropy of the system is qc/Tc; in this expression qc, is negative.
4. Reversible adiabatic compression from D to A. No energy enters the system as
heat, so the change in entropy is zero. The temperature rises from Tc to T.

The phase change from solid to liquid requires high temperatures. Temperature with a constant state and
higher pressure will reach a triple point which is the equilibrium point (temperature and pressure so that
the water phase is in the equilibrium phase) gas at high pressure with a constant temperature will reach a
critical point that can be, where this point gives very high pressure in the gas phase, thus making the gas
phase seem to be in the liquid phase, and when the pressure is released, the gas phase in liquid form will
spontaneously become a gas phase, for example gas pressure in an LPG gas cylinder.

a. "enthalpy of formation of a lattice“ → the amount of energy released when a lattice is formed from
dispersed gas ions.
b. "lattice dissociation enthalpy" → the amount of energy required to break the lattice into dispersed gas
ions.
c. The bond breaking energy will be greater for atoms with small radii because the distance from the
atomic nucleus to the outer shell is closer so that the force in binding electrons is stronger and also the
electronegativity of the atom is large.
d. The bond formation energy will be greater for the atom with the largest radius because it has a better
ability or range to bind electrons, but the bonds that occur will be more easily broken.
e. The enthalpy of lattice dissociation is the enthalpy change required to convert 1 mole of solid crystals
into dispersed gas ions. The enthalpy of lattice dissociation is always positive.
f. The enthalpy of lattice formation is the enthalpy change when 1 mole of a solid crystal is formed from
its separated gas ions. The enthalpy of formation of the lattice is always negative.