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Linearni Operatori: Jelena Sedlar
Linearni Operatori: Jelena Sedlar
Jelena Sedlar
De…nicija.
A (x + x0 ) = A (x ) + A (x0 ), (aditivnost)
A (x + x0 ) = A (x ) + A (x0 ), (aditivnost)
A(λx) = λA(x), (homogenost)
A (x + x0 ) = A (x ) + A (x0 ), (aditivnost)
A(λx) = λA(x), (homogenost)
A (x + x0 ) = A (x ) + A (x0 ), (aditivnost)
A(λx) = λA(x), (homogenost)
A (x + x0 ) = A (x ) + A (x0 ), (aditivnost)
A(λx) = λA(x), (homogenost)
A (x + x0 ) = A (x ) + A (x0 ), (aditivnost)
A(λx) = λA(x), (homogenost)
A (x + x0 ) = A (x ) + A (x0 ), (aditivnost)
A(λx) = λA(x), (homogenost)
Vrijedi:
A (x + x0 ) = A (x ) + A (x0 ), (aditivnost)
A(λx) = λA(x), (homogenost)
Zadatak.
A( !
v +!
v 0) =
A( !
v +!
v 0 ) = A((x~i + y~j ) + (x 0~i + y 0~j )) =
A( !
v +!
v 0 ) = A((x~i + y~j ) + (x 0~i + y 0~j )) = A((x + x 0 )~i + (y + y 0 )~j ) =
A( !
v +!
v 0 ) = A((x~i + y~j ) + (x 0~i + y 0~j )) = A((x + x 0 )~i + (y + y 0 )~j ) =
= ((x + x 0 ) + 2(y + y 0 ))~i +
A( !
v +!
v 0 ) = A((x~i + y~j ) + (x 0~i + y 0~j )) = A((x + x 0 )~i + (y + y 0 )~j ) =
= ((x + x 0 ) + 2(y + y 0 ))~i + ((x + x 0 ) (y + y 0 ))~j =
A( !
v +!
v 0 ) = A((x~i + y~j ) + (x 0~i + y 0~j )) = A((x + x 0 )~i + (y + y 0 )~j ) =
= ((x + x 0 ) + 2(y + y 0 ))~i + ((x + x 0 ) (y + y 0 ))~j =
= (x + 2y )~i + (x y )~j +
A( !
v +!
v 0 ) = A((x~i + y~j ) + (x 0~i + y 0~j )) = A((x + x 0 )~i + (y + y 0 )~j ) =
= ((x + x 0 ) + 2(y + y 0 ))~i + ((x + x 0 ) (y + y 0 ))~j =
= (x + 2y )~i + (x y )~j + (x 0 + 2y 0 )~i + (x 0 y 0 )~j =
A( !
v +!
v 0 ) = A((x~i + y~j ) + (x 0~i + y 0~j )) = A((x + x 0 )~i + (y + y 0 )~j ) =
= ((x + x 0 ) + 2(y + y 0 ))~i + ((x + x 0 ) (y + y 0 ))~j =
= (x + 2y )~i + (x y )~j + (x 0 + 2y 0 )~i + (x 0 y 0 )~j =
= A( !
v ) + A( ! v 0 ),
A( !
v +!
v 0 ) = A((x~i + y~j ) + (x 0~i + y 0~j )) = A((x + x 0 )~i + (y + y 0 )~j ) =
= ((x + x 0 ) + 2(y + y 0 ))~i + ((x + x 0 ) (y + y 0 ))~j =
= (x + 2y )~i + (x y )~j + (x 0 + 2y 0 )~i + (x 0 y 0 )~j =
= A( !
v ) + A( ! v 0 ),
A( λ !
v) =
A( !
v +!
v 0 ) = A((x~i + y~j ) + (x 0~i + y 0~j )) = A((x + x 0 )~i + (y + y 0 )~j ) =
= ((x + x 0 ) + 2(y + y 0 ))~i + ((x + x 0 ) (y + y 0 ))~j =
= (x + 2y )~i + (x y )~j + (x 0 + 2y 0 )~i + (x 0 y 0 )~j =
= A( !
v ) + A( ! v 0 ),
A( λ !
v ) = A(λx~i + λy~j ) =
A( !
v +!
v 0 ) = A((x~i + y~j ) + (x 0~i + y 0~j )) = A((x + x 0 )~i + (y + y 0 )~j ) =
= ((x + x 0 ) + 2(y + y 0 ))~i + ((x + x 0 ) (y + y 0 ))~j =
= (x + 2y )~i + (x y )~j + (x 0 + 2y 0 )~i + (x 0 y 0 )~j =
= A( !
v ) + A( ! v 0 ),
A( λ !
v ) = A(λx~i + λy~j ) = (λx + 2λy )~i + (λx λy )~j =
A( !
v +!
v 0 ) = A((x~i + y~j ) + (x 0~i + y 0~j )) = A((x + x 0 )~i + (y + y 0 )~j ) =
= ((x + x 0 ) + 2(y + y 0 ))~i + ((x + x 0 ) (y + y 0 ))~j =
= (x + 2y )~i + (x y )~j + (x 0 + 2y 0 )~i + (x 0 y 0 )~j =
= A( !
v ) + A( ! v 0 ),
!
A( λ v ) = A(λx~i + λy~j ) = (λx + 2λy )~i + (λx λy )~j =
= λ((x + 2y )~i + (x y )~j ) =
A( !
v +!
v 0 ) = A((x~i + y~j ) + (x 0~i + y 0~j )) = A((x + x 0 )~i + (y + y 0 )~j ) =
= ((x + x 0 ) + 2(y + y 0 ))~i + ((x + x 0 ) (y + y 0 ))~j =
= (x + 2y )~i + (x y )~j + (x 0 + 2y 0 )~i + (x 0 y 0 )~j =
= A( !
v ) + A( ! v 0 ),
!
A( λ v ) = A(λx~i + λy~j ) = (λx + 2λy )~i + (λx λy )~j =
= λ((x + 2y )~i + (x y )~j ) = λA( ! v );
A((x, y ) + (x 0 , y 0 )) =
A((x, y ) + (x 0 , y 0 )) = A(x + x 0 , y + y 0 ) =
A((x, y ) + (x 0 , y 0 )) = A(x + x 0 , y + y 0 ) =
= (x + x 0 + (y + y 0 )2 , (x + x 0 )(y + y 0 )) =
A((x, y ) + (x 0 , y 0 )) = A(x + x 0 , y + y 0 ) =
= (x + x 0 + (y + y 0 )2 , (x + x 0 )(y + y 0 )) =
6= A(x, y ) + A(x 0 , y 0 ),
A((x, y ) + (x 0 , y 0 )) = A(x + x 0 , y + y 0 ) =
= (x + x 0 + (y + y 0 )2 , (x + x 0 )(y + y 0 )) =
6= A(x, y ) + A(x 0 , y 0 ),
A(λ(x, y )) =
A((x, y ) + (x 0 , y 0 )) = A(x + x 0 , y + y 0 ) =
= (x + x 0 + (y + y 0 )2 , (x + x 0 )(y + y 0 )) =
6= A(x, y ) + A(x 0 , y 0 ),
A(λ(x, y )) = A(λx, λy ) =
A((x, y ) + (x 0 , y 0 )) = A(x + x 0 , y + y 0 ) =
= (x + x 0 + (y + y 0 )2 , (x + x 0 )(y + y 0 )) =
6= A(x, y ) + A(x 0 , y 0 ),
A(λ(x, y )) = A(λx, λy ) = (λx + λ2 y 2 , λ2 xy )
A((x, y ) + (x 0 , y 0 )) = A(x + x 0 , y + y 0 ) =
= (x + x 0 + (y + y 0 )2 , (x + x 0 )(y + y 0 )) =
6= A(x, y ) + A(x 0 , y 0 ),
A(λ(x, y )) = A(λx, λy ) = (λx + λ2 y 2 , λ2 xy )
6= λA(x, y ).
Napomena.
Neka je:
X vektorski prostor s bazom fe1 , . . . , en g,
Neka je:
X vektorski prostor s bazom fe1 , . . . , en g,
A linearni operator na X .
Neka je:
X vektorski prostor s bazom fe1 , . . . , en g,
A linearni operator na X .
Sada za proizvoljni vektor x 2 X vrijedi
Neka je:
X vektorski prostor s bazom fe1 , . . . , en g,
A linearni operator na X .
Sada za proizvoljni vektor x 2 X vrijedi
x = x1 e1 + . . . + xn en
Neka je:
X vektorski prostor s bazom fe1 , . . . , en g,
A linearni operator na X .
Sada za proizvoljni vektor x 2 X vrijedi
x = x1 e1 + . . . + xn en ) A(x) =
Neka je:
X vektorski prostor s bazom fe1 , . . . , en g,
A linearni operator na X .
Sada za proizvoljni vektor x 2 X vrijedi
x = x1 e1 + . . . + xn en ) A(x) = A (x1 e1 + . . . + xn en ) =
Neka je:
X vektorski prostor s bazom fe1 , . . . , en g,
A linearni operator na X .
Sada za proizvoljni vektor x 2 X vrijedi
x = x1 e1 + . . . + xn en ) A(x) = A (x1 e1 + . . . + xn en ) =
= x1 A(e1 ) + . . . + xn A(en ).
Neka je:
X vektorski prostor s bazom fe1 , . . . , en g,
A linearni operator na X .
Sada za proizvoljni vektor x 2 X vrijedi
x = x1 e1 + . . . + xn en ) A(x) = A (x1 e1 + . . . + xn en ) =
= x1 A(e1 ) + . . . + xn A(en ).
Neka je:
X vektorski prostor s bazom fe1 , . . . , en g,
A linearni operator na X .
Sada za proizvoljni vektor x 2 X vrijedi
x = x1 e1 + . . . + xn en ) A(x) = A (x1 e1 + . . . + xn en ) =
= x1 A(e1 ) + . . . + xn A(en ).
A:X !Y
A(x) = A x
A:X !Y
A(x) = A x
A:X !Y
A(x) = A x
A:X !Y
A(x) = A x
Zadatak.
A(x~i + y~j ) =
A(x~i + y~j ) = Ax =
B (x + yt + zt 2 ) =
B (x + yt + zt 2 ) = Bx =
A e1 =
Napomena.
Zadatak.
b)
A(1, 0, 0) =
A(1, 0, 0) = (1, 0)
A(1, 0, 0) = (1, 0)
A(0, 1, 0) =
A(1, 0, 0) = (1, 0)
A(0, 1, 0) = (1, 1)
A(1, 0, 0) = (1, 0)
A(0, 1, 0) = (1, 1)
A(0, 0, 1) =
A(1, 0, 0) = (1, 0)
A(0, 1, 0) = (1, 1)
A(0, 0, 1) = (0, 1)
Pitanje:
Imamo
e10 =
Imamo
e10 = t11 e1 + t21 e2 + . . . + tn1 en
Imamo
e10 = t11 e1 + t21 e2 + . . . + tn1 en
e20 =
Imamo
e10 = t11 e1 + t21 e2 + . . . + tn1 en
e20 = t12 e1 + t22 e2 + . . . + tn2 en
Imamo
e10 = t11 e1 + t21 e2 + . . . + tn1 en
e20 = t12 e1 + t22 e2 + . . . + tn2 en
..
.
Imamo
e10 = t11 e1 + t21 e2 + . . . + tn1 en
e20 = t12 e1 + t22 e2 + . . . + tn2 en
..
.
en0 =
Imamo
e10 = t11 e1 + t21 e2 + . . . + tn1 en
e20 = t12 e1 + t22 e2 + . . . + tn2 en
..
.
en0 = t1n e1 + t2n e2 + . . . + tnn en
Imamo
9
e10 = t11 e1 + t21 e2 + . . . + tn1 en >
>
>
=
e20 = t12 e1 + t22 e2 + . . . + tn2 en
.. )
. >
>
>
;
en0 = t1n e1 + t2n e2 + . . . + tnn en
Imamo
9
e10 = t11 e1 + t21 e2 + . . . + tn1 en >
>
>
=
e20 = t12 e1 + t22 e2 + . . . + tn2 en
.. )T=
. >
>
>
;
en0 = t1n e1 + t2n e2 + . . . + tnn en
Imamo
9 2 3
e10 = t11 e1 + t21 e2 + . . . + tn1 en >
> t11 t12 . . . t1n
>
= 6t21 t22 . . . t2n 7
e20 = t12 e1 + t22 e2 + . . . + tn2 en 6 7
.. ) T = 6 .. .. .. 7 .
. >
> 4 . . . 5
0
>
;
en = t1n e1 + t2n e2 + . . . + tnn en tn1 tn2 . . . tnn
Imamo
9 2 3
e10 = t11 e1 + t21 e2 + . . . + tn1 en >
> t11 t12 . . . t1n
>
= 6t21 t22 . . . t2n 7
e20 = t12 e1 + t22 e2 + . . . + tn2 en 6 7
.. ) T = 6 .. .. .. 7 .
. >
> 4 . . . 5
0
>
;
en = t1n e1 + t2n e2 + . . . + tnn en tn1 tn2 . . . tnn
Sada je
Ax = y
Imamo
9 2 3
e10 = t11 e1 + t21 e2 + . . . + tn1 en >
> t11 t12 . . . t1n
>
= 6t21 t22 . . . t2n 7
e20 = t12 e1 + t22 e2 + . . . + tn2 en 6 7
.. ) T = 6 .. .. .. 7 .
. >
> 4 . . . 5
0
>
;
en = t1n e1 + t2n e2 + . . . + tnn en tn1 tn2 . . . tnn
Sada je
x = Tx0
Ax = y ) )
y = Ty0
Imamo
9 2 3
e10 = t11 e1 + t21 e2 + . . . + tn1 en >
> t11 t12 . . . t1n
>
= 6t21 t22 . . . t2n 7
e20 = t12 e1 + t22 e2 + . . . + tn2 en 6 7
.. ) T = 6 .. .. .. 7 .
. >
> 4 . . . 5
0
>
;
en = t1n e1 + t2n e2 + . . . + tnn en tn1 tn2 . . . tnn
Sada je
x = Tx0
Ax = y ) ) ATx0 = Ty0 )
y = Ty0
Imamo
9 2 3
e10 = t11 e1 + t21 e2 + . . . + tn1 en >
> t11 t12 . . . t1n
>
= 6t21 t22 . . . t2n 7
e20 = t12 e1 + t22 e2 + . . . + tn2 en 6 7
.. ) T = 6 .. .. .. 7 .
. >
> 4 . . . 5
0
>
;
en = t1n e1 + t2n e2 + . . . + tnn en tn1 tn2 . . . tnn
Sada je
x = Tx0
Ax = y ) ) ATx0 = Ty0 ) T 1
ATx0 = y0
y = Ty0
Imamo
9 2 3
e10 = t11 e1 + t21 e2 + . . . + tn1 en >
> t11 t12 . . . t1n
>
= 6t21 t22 . . . t2n 7
e20 = t12 e1 + t22 e2 + . . . + tn2 en 6 7
.. ) T = 6 .. .. .. 7 .
. >
> 4 . . . 5
0
>
;
en = t1n e1 + t2n e2 + . . . + tnn en tn1 tn2 . . . tnn
Sada je
x = Tx0
Ax = y ) ) ATx0 = Ty0 ) T 1
ATx0 = y0
y = Ty0
Imamo
9 2 3
e10 = t11 e1 + t21 e2 + . . . + tn1 en >
> t11 t12 . . . t1n
>
= 6t21 t22 . . . t2n 7
e20 = t12 e1 + t22 e2 + . . . + tn2 en 6 7
.. ) T = 6 .. .. .. 7 .
. >
> 4 . . . 5
0
>
;
en = t1n e1 + t2n e2 + . . . + tnn en tn1 tn2 . . . tnn
Sada je
x = Tx0
Ax = y ) ) ATx0 = Ty0 ) T 1
ATx0 = y0
y = Ty0
Teorem.
De…nicija.
Zadatak.
Zadatak.
napiši mu matricu A0 u bazi B = f~i +~j + 2~k, 2~i + 3~j + 4~k, ~i +~j 3~k g.
napiši mu matricu A0 u bazi B = f~i +~j + 2~k, 2~i + 3~j + 4~k, ~i +~j 3~k g.
Rješenje.
napiši mu matricu A0 u bazi B = f~i +~j + 2~k, 2~i + 3~j + 4~k, ~i +~j 3~k g.
Rješenje. Matrica prijelaza iz stare standardne baze u novu bazu B je
T=
napiši mu matricu A0 u bazi B = f~i +~j + 2~k, 2~i + 3~j + 4~k, ~i +~j 3~k g.
Rješenje. Matrica prijelaza iz stare standardne baze u novu bazu B je
2 3
1 2 1
T = 41 3 1 5
2 4 3
napiši mu matricu A0 u bazi B = f~i +~j + 2~k, 2~i + 3~j + 4~k, ~i +~j 3~k g.
Rješenje. Matrica prijelaza iz stare standardne baze u novu bazu B je
2 3
1 2 1
T = 41 3 1 5 ) . . . ) T 1 =
2 4 3
napiši mu matricu A0 u bazi B = f~i +~j + 2~k, 2~i + 3~j + 4~k, ~i +~j 3~k g.
Rješenje. Matrica prijelaza iz stare standardne baze u novu bazu B je
2 3 2 3
1 2 1 13 2 5
T = 41 3 1 5 ) . . . ) T 1 = 4 5 1 2 5
2 4 3 2 0 1
napiši mu matricu A0 u bazi B = f~i +~j + 2~k, 2~i + 3~j + 4~k, ~i +~j 3~k g.
Rješenje. Matrica prijelaza iz stare standardne baze u novu bazu B je
2 3 2 3
1 2 1 13 2 5
T = 41 3 1 5 ) . . . ) T 1 = 4 5 1 2 5
2 4 3 2 0 1
Sada je
A0 = T 1
AT =
napiši mu matricu A0 u bazi B = f~i +~j + 2~k, 2~i + 3~j + 4~k, ~i +~j 3~k g.
Rješenje. Matrica prijelaza iz stare standardne baze u novu bazu B je
2 3 2 3
1 2 1 13 2 5
T = 41 3 1 5 ) . . . ) T 1 = 4 5 1 2 5
2 4 3 2 0 1
Sada je
2 32 32 3
13 2 5 1 0 1 1 2 1
0 1
A = T AT = 4 5 1 2 5 4 0 3 1 5 4 1 3 1 5=
2 0 1 4 1 3 2 4 3
napiši mu matricu A0 u bazi B = f~i +~j + 2~k, 2~i + 3~j + 4~k, ~i +~j 3~k g.
Rješenje. Matrica prijelaza iz stare standardne baze u novu bazu B je
2 3 2 3
1 2 1 13 2 5
T = 41 3 1 5 ) . . . ) T 1 = 4 5 1 2 5
2 4 3 2 0 1
Sada je
2 32 32 3 2 3
13 2 5 1 0 1 1 2 1 0 1 6
0 1
A = T AT = 4 5 1 2 5 4 0 3 1 5 4 1 3 5
1 = 04 1 4 5
2 0 1 4 1 3 2 4 3 1 3 0
Ako imamo:
A:X !Y
Ako imamo:
A:X !Y B:Y !Z
Ako imamo:
A:X !Y B:Y !Z ) C =B A:X !Z
Ako imamo:
A:X !Y B:Y !Z ) C =B A:X !Z
+ +
linearan linearan
Ako imamo:
A:X !Y B:Y !Z ) C =B A:X !Z
+ + +
linearan linearan linearan?
Ako imamo:
A:X !Y B:Y !Z ) C =B A:X !Z
+ + +
linearan linearan linearan?
+ +
matrica A matrica B
Ako imamo:
A:X !Y B:Y !Z ) C =B A:X !Z
+ + +
linearan linearan linearan?
+ + +
matrica A matrica B matrica C =?
Neka su:
A : X ! Y i B : Y ! Z linearni operatori.
Neka su:
A : X ! Y i B : Y ! Z linearni operatori.
Tada za operator C = B A vrijedi:
Neka su:
A : X ! Y i B : Y ! Z linearni operatori.
Tada za operator C = B A vrijedi:
C (x + x0 ) =
Neka su:
A : X ! Y i B : Y ! Z linearni operatori.
Tada za operator C = B A vrijedi:
C (x + x0 ) = B (A(x + x0 )) =
Neka su:
A : X ! Y i B : Y ! Z linearni operatori.
Tada za operator C = B A vrijedi:
Neka su:
A : X ! Y i B : Y ! Z linearni operatori.
Tada za operator C = B A vrijedi:
Neka su:
A : X ! Y i B : Y ! Z linearni operatori.
Tada za operator C = B A vrijedi:
Neka su:
A : X ! Y i B : Y ! Z linearni operatori.
Tada za operator C = B A vrijedi:
Neka su:
A : X ! Y i B : Y ! Z linearni operatori.
Tada za operator C = B A vrijedi:
Neka su:
A : X ! Y i B : Y ! Z linearni operatori.
Tada za operator C = B A vrijedi:
Neka su:
A : X ! Y i B : Y ! Z linearni operatori.
Tada za operator C = B A vrijedi:
Neka su:
A : X ! Y i B : Y ! Z linearni operatori.
Tada za operator C = B A vrijedi:
Neka su:
A : X ! Y i B : Y ! Z linearni operatori.
Tada za operator C = B A vrijedi:
pa je i operator C linearan.
Neka su:
A : X ! Y i B : Y ! Z linearni operatori.
Tada za operator C = B A vrijedi:
pa je i operator C linearan.
Teorem.
Neka su:
A : X ! Y i B : Y ! Z linearni operatori.
Tada za operator C = B A vrijedi:
pa je i operator C linearan.
Neka su:
A : X ! Y i B : Y ! Z linearni operatori.
Tada za operator C = B A vrijedi:
pa je i operator C linearan.
Neka je:
Neka je:
linearni operatori A : X ! Y prikazan matricom A,
Neka je:
linearni operatori A : X ! Y prikazan matricom A,
linearni operator B : Y ! Z prikazan matricom B.
Neka je:
linearni operatori A : X ! Y prikazan matricom A,
linearni operator B : Y ! Z prikazan matricom B.
Tada za linearni operator C = B A vrijedi:
Neka je:
linearni operatori A : X ! Y prikazan matricom A,
linearni operator B : Y ! Z prikazan matricom B.
Tada za linearni operator C = B A vrijedi:
C (x) =
Neka je:
linearni operatori A : X ! Y prikazan matricom A,
linearni operator B : Y ! Z prikazan matricom B.
Tada za linearni operator C = B A vrijedi:
C (x) = B (A(x)) =
Neka je:
linearni operatori A : X ! Y prikazan matricom A,
linearni operator B : Y ! Z prikazan matricom B.
Tada za linearni operator C = B A vrijedi:
C (x) = B (A(x)) = B (A x) =
Neka je:
linearni operatori A : X ! Y prikazan matricom A,
linearni operator B : Y ! Z prikazan matricom B.
Tada za linearni operator C = B A vrijedi:
C (x) = B (A(x)) = B (A x) = B A x =
Neka je:
linearni operatori A : X ! Y prikazan matricom A,
linearni operator B : Y ! Z prikazan matricom B.
Tada za linearni operator C = B A vrijedi:
Neka je:
linearni operatori A : X ! Y prikazan matricom A,
linearni operator B : Y ! Z prikazan matricom B.
Tada za linearni operator C = B A vrijedi:
Neka je:
linearni operatori A : X ! Y prikazan matricom A,
linearni operator B : Y ! Z prikazan matricom B.
Tada za linearni operator C = B A vrijedi:
Teorem.
Neka je:
linearni operatori A : X ! Y prikazan matricom A,
linearni operator B : Y ! Z prikazan matricom B.
Tada za linearni operator C = B A vrijedi:
Neka je:
linearni operatori A : X ! Y prikazan matricom A,
linearni operator B : Y ! Z prikazan matricom B.
Tada za linearni operator C = B A vrijedi:
Zadatak.
A(1, 0) =
A(1, 0) = ~i +~j
A(1, 0) = ~i +~j
A(0, 1) =
A(1, 0) = ~i +~j
A(0, 1) = ~i 2~j
A(1, 0) = ~i +~j
)
A(0, 1) = ~i 2~j
A(1, 0) = ~i +~j
) A=
A(0, 1) = ~i 2~j
A(1, 0) = ~i +~j 1 1
) A=
A(0, 1) = ~i 2~j 1 2
A(1, 0) = ~i +~j 1 1
) A=
A(0, 1) = ~i 2~j 1 2
B (~i ) =
A(1, 0) = ~i +~j 1 1
) A=
A(0, 1) = ~i 2~j 1 2
B (~i ) = 1 + t 2
A(1, 0) = ~i +~j 1 1
) A=
A(0, 1) = ~i 2~j 1 2
B (~i ) = 1 + t 2
B (~j )
A(1, 0) = ~i +~j 1 1
) A=
A(0, 1) = ~i 2~j 1 2
B (~i ) = 1 + t 2
B (~j ) = 1 + t
A(1, 0) = ~i +~j 1 1
) A=
A(0, 1) = ~i 2~j 1 2
B (~i ) = 1 + t 2
)
B (~j ) = 1 + t
A(1, 0) = ~i +~j 1 1
) A=
A(0, 1) = ~i 2~j 1 2
B (~i ) = 1 + t 2
) B=
B (~j ) = 1 + t
A(1, 0) = ~i +~j 1 1
) A=
A(0, 1) = ~i 2~j 1 2
2 3
1 1
B (~i ) = 1 + t 2
) B = 40 15
B (~j ) = 1 + t
1 0
A(1, 0) = ~i +~j 1 1
) A=
A(0, 1) = ~i 2~j 1 2
2 3
1 1
B (~i ) = 1 + t 2
) B = 40 15
B (~j ) = 1 + t
1 0
pa je
C=
A(1, 0) = ~i +~j 1 1
) A=
A(0, 1) = ~i 2~j 1 2
2 3
1 1
B (~i ) = 1 + t 2
) B = 40 15
B (~j ) = 1 + t
1 0
pa je
C = BA =
A(1, 0) = ~i +~j 1 1
) A=
A(0, 1) = ~i 2~j 1 2
2 3
1 1
B (~i ) = 1 + t 2
) B = 40 15
B (~j ) = 1 + t
1 0
pa je 3 2
1 1
1 1
C = BA = 40 15 =
1 2
1 0
A(1, 0) = ~i +~j 1 1
) A=
A(0, 1) = ~i 2~j 1 2
2 3
1 1
B (~i ) = 1 + t 2
) B = 40 15
B (~j ) = 1 + t
1 0
pa je 3 2 2 3
1 1 2 1
1 1
C = BA = 40 15 = 41 25 .
1 2
1 0 1 1
Ako imamo:
A : X ! X linearan + bijekcija
Ako imamo:
A : X ! X linearan + bijekcija
+
matrica A
Ako imamo:
A : X ! X linearan + bijekcija
+ +
matrica A svojstvo matrice?
Ako imamo:
A : X ! X linearan + bijekcija
+ +
matrica A svojstvo matrice?
Nadalje, razmotrimo:
Ako imamo:
A : X ! X linearan + bijekcija
+ +
matrica A svojstvo matrice?
Nadalje, razmotrimo:
A : X ! X bijekcija ) A 1 : X ! X bijekcija
Ako imamo:
A : X ! X linearan + bijekcija
+ +
matrica A svojstvo matrice?
Nadalje, razmotrimo:
A : X ! X bijekcija ) A 1 : X ! X bijekcija
+
linearan
Ako imamo:
A : X ! X linearan + bijekcija
+ +
matrica A svojstvo matrice?
Nadalje, razmotrimo:
A : X ! X bijekcija ) A 1 : X ! X bijekcija
+ +
linearan linearan?
Ako imamo:
A : X ! X linearan + bijekcija
+ +
matrica A svojstvo matrice?
Nadalje, razmotrimo:
A : X ! X bijekcija ) A 1 : X ! X bijekcija
+ +
linearan linearan?
+
matrica A
Ako imamo:
A : X ! X linearan + bijekcija
+ +
matrica A svojstvo matrice?
Nadalje, razmotrimo:
A : X ! X bijekcija ) A 1 : X ! X bijekcija
+ +
linearan linearan?
+ +
matrica A matrica?
A : X ! Y bijekcija
Teorem.
Nazivi:
Nazivi:
bijektivni operator $ regularni operator,
Nazivi:
bijektivni operator $ regularni operator,
nebijektivni operator $ singularni operator.
A 1
(y + y 0 ) =
A 1
(y + y 0 ) = A 1
(A(x) + A(x0 )) =
A 1
(y + y 0 ) = A 1
(A(x) + A(x0 )) = A 1
(A(x + x0 )) =
A 1
(y + y0 ) = A 1 (A(x) + A(x0 )) = A 1
(A(x + x0 )) =
= x + x0 =
A 1
(y + y0 ) = A 1 (A(x) + A(x0 )) = A 1 (A(x + x0 )) =
= x + x0 = A 1 (y ) + A 1 (y 0 ),
A 1
(y + y0 ) = A 1 (A(x) + A(x0 )) = A 1 (A(x + x0 )) =
= x + x0 = A 1 (y ) + A 1 (y 0 ),
A 1 (λy) =
A 1
(y + y0 ) = A 1 (A(x) + A(x0 )) = A 1 (A(x + x0 )) =
= x + x0 = A 1 (y ) + A 1 (y 0 ),
A 1 (λy) = A 1 (λA(x)) =
A 1
(y + y0 ) = A 1 (A(x) + A(x0 )) = A 1 (A(x + x0 )) =
= x + x0 = A 1 (y ) + A 1 (y 0 ),
A 1 (λy) = A 1 (λA(x)) = A 1 (A(λx)) =
A 1
(y + y 0 ) = A (A(x) + A(x0 )) = A 1 (A(x + x0 )) =
1
= x + x0 = A 1 (y ) + A 1 (y 0 ),
1
A (λy) = A 1 (λA(x)) = A 1 (A(λx)) =
= λx =
A 1
(y + y 0 ) = A (A(x) + A(x0 )) = A 1 (A(x + x0 )) =
1
= x + x0 = A 1 (y ) + A 1 (y 0 ),
1
A (λy) = A 1 (λA(x)) = A 1 (A(λx)) =
= λx = λA 1 (y),
A 1
(y + y 0 ) = A (A(x) + A(x0 )) = A 1 (A(x + x0 )) =
1
= x + x0 = A 1 (y ) + A 1 (y 0 ),
1
A (λy) = A 1 (λA(x)) = A 1 (A(λx)) =
= λx = λA 1 (y),
A 1
(y + y 0 ) = A (A(x) + A(x0 )) = A 1 (A(x + x0 )) =
1
= x + x0 = A 1 (y ) + A 1 (y 0 ),
1
A (λy) = A 1 (λA(x)) = A 1 (A(λx)) =
= λx = λA 1 (y),
Teorem.
A 1
(y + y 0 ) = A (A(x) + A(x0 )) = A 1 (A(x + x0 )) =
1
= x + x0 = A 1 (y ) + A 1 (y 0 ),
1
A (λy) = A 1 (λA(x)) = A 1 (A(λx)) =
= λx = λA 1 (y),
A 1
(y + y 0 ) = A (A(x) + A(x0 )) = A 1 (A(x + x0 )) =
1
= x + x0 = A 1 (y ) + A 1 (y 0 ),
1
A (λy) = A 1 (λA(x)) = A 1 (A(λx)) =
= λx = λA 1 (y),
Teorem.
Zadatak.
A(~i ) =
A(~i ) = ~i ~j
A(~i ) = ~i ~j
A(~j ) =
A(~i ) = ~i ~j
A(~j ) = 2~i + 3~j
A(~i ) = ~i ~j
)
A(~j ) = 2~i + 3~j
A(~i ) = ~i ~j
)A=
A(~j ) = 2~i + 3~j
A(~i ) = ~i ~j 1 2
)A= .
A(~j ) = 2~i + 3~j 1 3
A(~i ) = ~i ~j 1 2
)A= .
A(~j ) = 2~i + 3~j 1 3
Imamo
det A =
A(~i ) = ~i ~j 1 2
)A= .
A(~j ) = 2~i + 3~j 1 3
Imamo
1 2
det A = =
1 3
A(~i ) = ~i ~j 1 2
)A= .
A(~j ) = 2~i + 3~j 1 3
Imamo
1 2
det A = =1
1 3
A(~i ) = ~i ~j 1 2
)A= .
A(~j ) = 2~i + 3~j 1 3
Imamo
1 2
det A = = 1 6= 0
1 3
A(~i ) = ~i ~j 1 2
)A= .
A(~j ) = 2~i + 3~j 1 3
Imamo
1 2
det A = = 1 6= 0 ) A je regularan.
1 3
A(~i ) = ~i ~j 1 2
)A= .
A(~j ) = 2~i + 3~j 1 3
Imamo
1 2
det A = = 1 6= 0 ) A je regularan.
1 3
Pravilo preslikavanja inverznog operatora je
1
A (x~i + y~j ) =
A(~i ) = ~i ~j 1 2
)A= .
A(~j ) = 2~i + 3~j 1 3
Imamo
1 2
det A = = 1 6= 0 ) A je regularan.
1 3
Pravilo preslikavanja inverznog operatora je
1 1
A (x~i + y~j ) = A x=
A(~i ) = ~i ~j 1 2
)A= .
A(~j ) = 2~i + 3~j 1 3
Imamo
1 2
det A = = 1 6= 0 ) A je regularan.
1 3
Pravilo preslikavanja inverznog operatora je
1 1 3 2 x
A (x~i + y~j ) = A x = ... = =
1 1 y
A(~i ) = ~i ~j 1 2
)A= .
A(~j ) = 2~i + 3~j 1 3
Imamo
1 2
det A = = 1 6= 0 ) A je regularan.
1 3
Pravilo preslikavanja inverznog operatora je
1 1 3 2 x 3x + 2y
A (x~i + y~j ) = A x = ... = = =
1 1 y x +y
A(~i ) = ~i ~j 1 2
)A= .
A(~j ) = 2~i + 3~j 1 3
Imamo
1 2
det A = = 1 6= 0 ) A je regularan.
1 3
Pravilo preslikavanja inverznog operatora je
1 1 3 2 x 3x + 2y
A (x~i + y~j ) = A x = ... = = =
1 1 y x +y
= (3x + 2y )~i + (x + y )~j.
Jelena Sedlar (FGAG) Linearni operatori 25 / 33
Primjeri operatora ravnine i prostora
Operator simetrije obzirom na os x
Neka je A : V 2 ! V 2
Neka je A : V 2 ! V 2 de…niran sa A( !
a)=!
a 0 (!
a 0 simetriµcan vektoru
!
a os x ).
Vrijedi
A(~i ) =
Vrijedi
A(~i ) = ~i
Vrijedi
A(~i ) = ~i
A(~j ) =
Vrijedi
A(~i ) = ~i
A(~j ) = ~j
Vrijedi
A(~i ) = ~i
)
A(~j ) = ~j
Vrijedi
A(~i ) = ~i
)A=
A(~j ) = ~j
Vrijedi
A(~i ) = ~i 1 0
)A= .
A(~j ) = ~j 0 1
Neka je A : V 2 ! V 2
Neka je A : V 2 ! V 2 de…niran sa A( !
a)=!
a 0 (!
a 0 dobiven rotacijom !
a
za α ).
Vrijedi
A(~i ) =
Vrijedi
Vrijedi
Vrijedi
Vrijedi
Vrijedi
Vrijedi
Neka je A : V 2 ! V 2
Neka je A : V 2 ! V 2 de…niran sa A( !
a)=!
a 0 (!
a 0 dobiven rastezanjem
!
a duµz osi x za λ ).
Vrijedi
A(~i ) =
Vrijedi
A(~i ) = λ~i
Vrijedi
A(~i ) = λ~i
A(~j ) =
Vrijedi
A(~i ) = λ~i
A(~j ) = ~j
Vrijedi
A(~i ) = λ~i
)
A(~j ) = ~j
Vrijedi
A(~i ) = λ~i
)A=
A(~j ) = ~j
Vrijedi
A(~i ) = λ~i λ 0
)A= .
A(~j ) = ~j 0 1
dobije se
1 0
A= ,
0 µ
dobije se
1 0 λ 0
A= , te A = .
0 µ 0 µ
Neka je A : V 2 ! V 2
Neka je A : V 2 ! V 2 de…niran sa A( !
a)=!
a 0 (!
a 0 dobiven zakošenjem
!
a za ε).
Vrijedi
A(~i ) =
Vrijedi
A(~i ) = ~i
Vrijedi
A(~i ) = ~i
A(~j ) =
Vrijedi
A(~i ) = ~i
A(~j ) = ε~i +~j
Vrijedi
A(~i ) = ~i
)
A(~j ) = ε~i +~j
Vrijedi
A(~i ) = ~i
)A=
A(~j ) = ε~i +~j
Vrijedi
A(~i ) = ~i 1 ε
)A= .
A(~j ) = ε~i +~j 0 1