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New Expansions for Two Trigonometric Functions

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 New Expansions for Two Trigonometric
Functions
Demetrios P. Kanoussis1
and
Vassilis G. Papanicolaou2
Department of Mathematics
National Technical University of Athens
Zografou Campus 157 80, Athens, GREECE
1 2
dkanoussis@teemail.gr papanico@math.ntua.gr

Abstract
We introduce a new type expansions for the functions sin (πx) and
cot (πx), 0 < x < 1. In particular, the sin (πx) is expressed as an infi-
nite product (different from the Euler’s product for the sine function),
while the cot (πx) is expressed as an infinite series of terms involving
the logarithmic function. The resulting formulas lead to some product
expansions for eπ , eγ , and φ (the golden ratio).

2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. 00A08; 00A99.

Key words and phrases: Sine; cotangent; golden ratio.

1 Introduction
In a recent paper [4] a product type expansion for the Gamma function Γ(x)
was obtained:
 
∏∞ ∏
√ k
k
 (x + j)(x+j)( j )(−1)  ,
j
Γ(x) = 2eπe−x x > 0. (1.1)
k=0 j=0

In the same paper [4] it is shown that the Psi (or Digamma) function,

d Γ′ (x)
Ψ(x) := ln Γ(x) = (1.2)
dx Γ(x)

admits the following representation

∞
∑ ( )
1 ∑
k
j k
Ψ(x) = (−1) ln(x + j), x > 0. (1.3)
k+1 j
k=0 j=0
The expression (1.3) has been also derived by J. Guillera and J. Sondow (see
[3]), with the help of the so-called Lerch transcendent. In [4], expressions
(1.1) and (1.3) are derived by a fundamentally different approach, that is
they result as a solution of an appropriate difference equation. Expression
(1.1) for the Γ(x), x > 0, is obtained as a solution of the difference equation

ln Γ(x + 1) − ln Γ(x) = ln x, x > 0, (1.4)

while expression (1.3) for the Ψ(x), x > 0, is obtained as a solution of the
difference equation
1
Ψ(x + 1) − Ψ(x) = , x>0 (1.5)
x

2 Expansion for the function sin(πx), 0 < x < 1

Making use of the well known reflection formula for the Gamma function
(see [1], Th. 2.12)
π
Γ(x) Γ(1 − x) = , 0<x<1 (2.1)
sin(πx)

and taking into consideration (1.1), the following product type expansion
for sin(πx) is obtained
  1
∞
∏ k {
∏ } k j+1
k+1
1 ( )(−1)
sin(πx) =  (x + j)(x+j)
(1 − x + j)(1−x+j) j
 ,
2
k=0 j=0
(2.2)
i.e.
[ ]1
1 1 (x + 1)x+1 (2 − x)2−x 2
sin(πx) = · x · ·
2 x (1 − x)1−x xx (1 − x)1−x
[ ]1 [ ]1
(x + 1)2(x+1) (2 − x)2(2−x) 3
(x + 1)3(x+1) (x + 3)x+3 (2 − x)3(2−x) (4 − x)4−x 4
· ··· .
xx (x + 2)x+2 (1 − x)1−x (3 − x)3−x xx (x + 2)3(x+2) (1 − x)1−x (3 − x)3(3−x)
(2.3)
This product formula for sin(πx), 0 < x < 1, which expresses sin(πx) in
terms of x alone, is very different from the well known Euler’s product
expansion of the sine function and, as far we know, is new.

3 Expansion of the function cot(πx), 0 < x < 1

With the aid of the reflection formula for the Psi function (see [2]) we have

Ψ(1 − x) − Ψ(x) = π cot(πx) (3.1)

2
and using (3.1), the following expression for the cot(πx) is obtained:
 
∞ k { }k
1 ∑ 1  ∏ 1 − x − j ( j )(−1) 
j

cot(πx) = ln , (3.2)
π k+1 x+j
k=0 j=0

i.e.
( ) ( ) ( )
1−x 1 (1 − x)(1 + x) 1 (1 − x)(3 − x)(1 + x)2
π cot(πx) = ln + ln + ln +
x 2 (2 − x)x 3 (2 − x)2 x(2 + x)
( )
1 (1 − x)(3 − x)3 (1 + x)3 (3 + x)
ln + .... (3.3)
4 (2 − x)3 (4 − x)x(2 + x)3
In the next paragraph we show some rather interesting applications of the
expansions, just derived.

4 Applications
1. Setting x = 1 in (1.3) and recalling that Ψ(1) = −γ (see [2]), where γ
is the Euler’s constant, an expression for eγ is obtained, i.e.
( )1/2 ( 2 )1/3 ( 3 )1/4 ( 4 4 )1/5
2 2 2 ·4 2 ·4
γ
e = ··· . (4.1)
1 1·3 1·3 3 1 · 36 · 5
This expression was first derived by J. Ser [5] and subsequently red-
erived by J. Sondow.
2. Setting x = 14 in (3.2)–(3.3) and recalling that cot( π4 ) = 1, one easily
obtains an expression for eπ :
( )1/1 ( ) ( )1/3 ( )1/4
3 3 · 5 1/2 3 · 52 · 11 3 · 53 · 113 · 13
eπ = ··· .
1 1·7 1 · 72 · 9 1 · 73 · 93 · 15
(4.2)
π
This product expansion for e has also been derived by J. Guillera and
J. Sondow in [3].
3. It may be of interest to notice that (3.2) can be used to find fancy
product expansions of numbers of the form eλπ , where λ is a real
algebraic number of a certain kind. For example, by setting x = 13 in
(3.2)–(3.3) one obtains
( )1/1 ( ) ( )1/3 ( )1/4
π
√ 2 2 · 4 1/2 2 · 42 · 8 2 · 43 · 83 · 10
e = 3 ··· ,
1 1·5 1 · 52 · 7 1 · 53 · 73 · 11
(4.3)
while for x = 16 we obtain
√
( )1/1 ( ) ( )1/3 ( )1/4
5 5 · 7 1/2 5 · 72 · 11 5 · 73 · 173 · 19
e π 3
= ··· .
1 1 · 11 1 · 112 · 13 1 · 113 · 133 · 22
(4.4)

3
 √ (π)
4. Let φ be the golden ratio, namely φ = 1+2 5 = 21 csc 10 . Applying
1 φ
(2.2)–(2.3) at x = 10 , the following product for e is obtained:
( )1/20 ( )1/30
( )
9 1/10 11 · 99 11 · 99 · 2121 · 2929
φ= 1 ·9 1
·
1111 · 1919 1122 · 1938
( )1/40
19 · 99 · 2163 · 2987
··· . (4.5)
1133 · 1957 · 3131 · 3939
( )
Knowing that φ can also be expressed as φ = 2 sin 3π10 , another prod-
3
uct expression can be obtained if we set x = 10 in (2.2)–(2.3):
( )1/10 ( )1/20 ( )1/30
1 1313 · 1717 1326 · 1734
φ= ·
3 · 77
3 33 · 77 33 · 77 · 2323 · 2727
( )1/40
1339 · 1751 · 3333 · 3737
··· . (4.6)
33 · 77 · 2369 · 2781

References
[1] W.W. Bell, Special Functions for Scientists and Engineers, Dover Pub-
lications Inc., Mineola, New York, 1967.

[2] G. Boros and V.H. Moll, Irresistible Integrals. Symbolics, Analysis and
Experiments in the Evaluation of Integrals, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge 2004.

[3] J. Guillera and J. Sondow, Double Integrals and Infinite Products for
some classical constants via analytic continuations of Lerch’s transcen-
dent, Ramanujan J., 16, 247–270 (2008).

[4] D.P. Kanoussis and V.G. Papanicolaou, On the Inverse of the Taylor
operation, Scientia, Series A: Mathematical Sciences, 24 (to appear in
2013).

[5] J. Ser, Sur une expression de la function j(s) de Riemman (in French),
C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris Ser. I Math., 182, 1075–1077 (1926).

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