❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✲ ❯❋❋

❊s❝♦❧❛ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ✲ ❚❈❊

❈✉rs♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❚❡❧❡❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s ✲ ❚●❚

Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❚✉t♦r✐❛❧ ✲ P❊❚

●r✉♣♦ P❊❚✲❚❡❧❡

❚ó♣✐❝♦s ❊s♣❡❝✐❛✐s ❡♠ ❊❧❡trô♥✐❝❛ ■■

■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❛♦ ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r ❆r❞✉✐♥♦

❆♣♦st✐❧❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦
✭❱❡rsã♦✿ ❆✷✵✶✹▼✵✺❉✵✷✮

❆✉t♦r✿ ❘♦❜❡rt♦ ❇r❛✉❡r ❉✐ ❘❡♥♥❛

▲♦rr❛✐♥❡ ❞❡ ▼✐r❛♥❞❛ P❛✐✈❛
❚✉t♦r✿ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❡ ❙❛♥t♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❱❡❣❛

◆✐t❡ró✐ ✲ ❘❏

❋❡✈❡r❡✐r♦ ✴ ✷✵✶✹
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✷
❙✉♠ár✐♦

✶ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ✾
✶✳✶ s❡t✉♣✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾
✶✳✷ ❧♦♦♣✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾
✶✳✸ ❊str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵
✶✳✸✳✶ ✐❢ ❡ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵
✶✳✸✳✷ ✐❢ ✴ ❡❧s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶
✶✳✸✳✸ ❢♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷
✶✳✸✳✹ s✇✐t❝❤ ✴ ❝❛s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸
✶✳✸✳✺ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹
✶✳✸✳✻ ❞♦✲✇❤✐❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✶✳✸✳✼ ❜r❡❛❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✶✳✸✳✽ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻
✶✳✸✳✾ r❡t✉r♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻
✶✳✸✳✶✵ ❣♦t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼
✶✳✹ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ s✐♥t❛①❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✶✳✹✳✶ ❀ ✲ ♣♦♥t♦ ❡ ✈ír❣✉❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✶✳✹✳✷ ④⑥ ✲ ❈❤❛✈❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✶✳✹✳✸ // ❡ /∗ ✲ ❈♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✶✳✹✳✹ ❞❡✜♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵
✶✳✹✳✺ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✶✳✺ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✶✳✻ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷
✶✳✼ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❇♦♦❧❡❛♥♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷
✶✳✽ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣♦♥t❡✐r♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸
✶✳✾ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❜✐t ❛ ❜✐t ✭❇✐t✇✐s❡ ✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸
✶✳✾✳✶ ❇✐t✇✐s❡ ❊ ✭❆◆❉✮ ✭&✮✱ ❇✐t✇✐s❡ ❖❯ ✭❖❘✮ ✭|✮✱ ❇✐t✇✐s❡ ❖❯ ❊❳❈▲❯❙■❱❖
✭❳❖❘✮ ✭ˆ✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸
✶✳✾✳✷ ❇✐t✇✐s❡ ◆❖❚✭∼✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻
✶✳✾✳✸ ❇✐ts❤✐❢t ❧❡❢t ✭<<✮✱ ❇✐ts❤✐❢t r✐❣❤t ✭>>✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻
✶✳✶✵ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽
✶✳✶✵✳✶ ■♥❝r❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞❡❝r❡♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽
✶✳✶✵✳✷ ❖♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♣♦st❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾

✷ ❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s ✸✶
✷✳✶ ❈♦♥st❛♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✷✳✶✳✶ tr✉❡ | ❢❛❧s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✷✳✶✳✷ ❍■●❍ | ▲❖❲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶

✸
❙✉♠ár✐♦ ❙✉♠ár✐♦
✷✳✶✳✸ ■◆P❯❚ | ❖❯❚P❯❚ | ■◆P❯❚ P❯▲▲❯P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷
✷✳✶✳✹ ▲❊❉ ❇❯■▲❚■◆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✷✳✶✳✺ ❈♦♥st❛♥t❡s ✐♥t❡✐r❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✷✳✶✳✻ ❈♦♥st❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦ ✢✉t✉❛♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✷✳✷ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✷✳✷✳✶ ✈♦✐❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✷✳✷✳✷ ❜♦♦❧❡❛♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✷✳✷✳✸ ❝❤❛r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✷✳✷✳✹ ✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ❝❤❛r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✷✳✷✳✺ ❜②t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✷✳✷✳✻ ✐♥t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✷✳✷✳✼ ✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ✐♥t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼
✷✳✷✳✽ ✇♦r❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✷✳✷✳✾ ❧♦♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✷✳✷✳✶✵ ✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ❧♦♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✷✳✷✳✶✶ s❤♦rt ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✷✳✷✳✶✷ ✢♦❛t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✷✳✷✳✶✸ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✷✳✷✳✶✹ str✐♥❣ ✲ ❝❤❛r ❛rr❛② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷
✷✳✷✳✶✺ ❙tr✐♥❣ ✲ ♦❜❥❡❝t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
✷✳✷✳✶✻ ❛rr❛② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✷✳✸ ❈♦♥✈❡rsã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✷✳✸✳✶ ❝❤❛r✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✷✳✸✳✷ ❜②t❡✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✷✳✸✳✸ ✐♥t✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✷✳✸✳✹ ✇♦r❞✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✷✳✸✳✺ ❧♦♥❣✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✷✳✸✳✻ ✢♦❛t✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✷✳✹ ❊s❝♦♣♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✷✳✹✳✶ ❊s❝♦♣♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✷✳✹✳✷ ❊stát✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
✷✳✹✳✸ ❱♦❧át✐❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
✷✳✹✳✹ ❈♦♥st❛♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
✷✳✺ ❯t✐❧✐tár✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
✷✳✺✳✶ s✐③❡♦❢✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾

✸ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ✺✶
✸✳✶ ❊♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ s❛í❞❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
✸✳✶✳✶ ♣✐♥▼♦❞❡✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
✸✳✶✳✷ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧❲r✐t❡✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷
✸✳✶✳✸ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧❘❡❛❞✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷
✸✳✷ ❊♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ s❛í❞❛ ❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✸✳✷✳✶ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✸✳✷✳✷ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❛❞✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✸✳✷✳✸ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❛❞❘❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
✸✳✷✳✹ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❲r✐t❡✭✮ ✲ P❲▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
✸✳✷✳✺ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❲r✐t❡❘❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✹

❙✉♠ár✐♦ ❙✉♠ár✐♦

✸✳✸ ❊♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ s❛í❞❛ ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵

✸✳✸✳✶ ❚♦♥❡✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
✸✳✸✳✷ ♥♦❚♦♥❡✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
✸✳✸✳✸ s❤✐❢t❖✉t✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶
✸✳✸✳✹ s❤✐❢t❧♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸
✸✳✸✳✺ ♣✉❧s❡❧♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹
✸✳✹ ❚❡♠♣♦r✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺
✸✳✹✳✶ ♠✐❧❧✐s✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺
✸✳✹✳✷ ♠✐❝r♦s✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
✸✳✹✳✸ ❞❡❧❛②✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
✸✳✹✳✹ ❞❡❧❛②▼✐❝r♦s❡❝♦♥❞s✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
✸✳✺ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽
✸✳✺✳✶ ♠✐♥✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽
✸✳✺✳✷ ♠❛①✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾
✸✳✺✳✸ ❛❜s✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
✸✳✺✳✹ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶
✸✳✺✳✺ ♠❛♣✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶
✸✳✺✳✻ ♣♦✇✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
✸✳✺✳✼ sqrt✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
✸✳✺✳✽ s✐♥✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸
✸✳✺✳✾ ❝♦s✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸
✸✳✺✳✶✵ t❛♥✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸
✸✳✺✳✶✶ r❛♥❞♦♠❙❡❡❞✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸
✸✳✺✳✶✷ r❛♥❞♦♠✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹
✸✳✻ ❇✐ts ❡ ❜②t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺
✸✳✻✳✶ ❧♦✇❇②t❡✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺
✸✳✻✳✷ ❤✐❣❤❇②t❡✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻
✸✳✻✳✸ ❜✐t❘❡❛❞✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻
✸✳✻✳✹ ❜✐t❲r✐t❡✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼
✸✳✻✳✺ ❜✐t❙❡t✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼
✸✳✻✳✻ ❜✐t❈❧❡❛r✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼
✸✳✻✳✼ ❜✐t✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼
✸✳✼ ■♥t❡rr✉♣çõ❡s ❡①t❡r♥❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽
✸✳✼✳✶ ❛tt❛❝❤■♥t❡rr✉♣t✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽
✸✳✼✳✷ ❞❡t❛❝❤■♥t❡rr✉♣t✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵
✸✳✽ ■♥t❡rr✉♣çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵
✸✳✽✳✶ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣ts✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵
✸✳✽✳✷ ♥♦■♥t❡rr✉♣ts✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵
✸✳✾ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶
✸✳✾✳✶ ❙❡r✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶
✸✳✾✳✷ ❙tr❡❛♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷
✸✳✶✵ ❯❙❇ ✭❛♣❡♥❛s ❆r❞✉✐♥♦s ▲❡♦♥❛r❞♦ ❡ ❉✉❡✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸
✸✳✶✵✳✶ ❚❡❝❧❛❞♦ ❡ ♠♦✉s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸

❆ ❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ✽✺
❆✳✶ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❆❙❈■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✺

❙✉♠ár✐♦ ❙✉♠ár✐♦

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✻

▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
❆✳✶ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❆❙❈■■ ✲ ♣❛rt❡ ✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺
❆✳✷ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❆❙❈■■ ✲ ♣❛rt❡ ✷✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻

✼
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✽

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
❊str✉t✉r❛

✶✳✶ s❡t✉♣✭✮
❆ ❢✉♥çã♦ s❡t✉♣✭✮ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❝♦♠❡ç❛ ❛ r♦❞❛r✳ ➱ ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛r
❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s✱ ♦s t✐♣♦ ❞♦s ♣✐♥♦s✱ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛r ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳ ❊st❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ s❡rá
❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ ❛♣ós ❛ ♣❧❛❝❛ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦ s❡r ❧✐❣❛❞❛ ♦✉ r❡✐♥✐❝✐❛❞❛✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦

✐♥t ❜✉tt♦♥P✐♥ ❂ ✸❀

✈♦✐❞ s❡t✉♣✭✮④

❙❡r✐❛❧✳❜❡❣✐♥✭✾✻✵✵✮❀
♣✐♥▼♦❞❡✭❜✉tt♦♥P✐♥✱ ■◆P❯❚✮❀
⑥

✈♦✐❞ ❧♦♦♣✭✮④
✴✴ ✳✳✳
⑥

✶✳✷ ❧♦♦♣✭✮
❆♣ós ❝r✐❛r ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ s❡t✉♣✭✮ q✉❡ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s✱ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❧♦♦♣✭✮ ❢❛③ ❡①❛t❛♠❡♥t❡
♦ q✉❡ s❡✉ ♥♦♠❡ s✉❣❡r❡✱ ❡♥tr❛ ❡♠ ❧♦♦♣✐♥❣ ✭❡①❡❝✉t❛ s❡♠♣r❡ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❜❧♦❝♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✮✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦
❛♦ s❡✉ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❢❛③❡r ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❡ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r✳ ❊st❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ é ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡
❛ ♣❧❛❝❛ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦

✐♥t ❜✉tt♦♥P✐♥ ❂ ✸❀

✾
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ✶✳✸✳ ❊str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡

✴✴ s❡t✉♣ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛ ♦ s❡r✐❛❧ ❡ ♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❞♦ ❜✉tt♦♥ ✭❜♦t❛♦✮

✈♦✐❞ s❡t✉♣✭✮④

❜❡❣✐♥❙❡r✐❛❧✭✾✻✵✵✮❀
♣✐♥▼♦❞❡✭❜✉tt♦♥P✐♥✱ ■◆P❯❚✮❀
⑥

✴✴ ❧♦♦♣ ❝❤❡❝❛ ♦ ❜♦t❛♦ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③✱

✴✴ ❡ ❡♥✈✐❛ ♦ s❡r✐❛❧ s❡ ❡❧❡ ❢♦r ♣r❡ss✐♦♥❛❞♦
✈♦✐❞ ❧♦♦♣✭✮④

✐❢ ✭❞✐❣✐t❛❧❘❡❛❞✭❜✉tt♦♥P✐♥✮ ❂❂ ❍■●❍✮
s❡r✐❛❧❲r✐t❡✭✬❍✬✮❀
❡❧s❡
s❡r✐❛❧❲r✐t❡✭✬▲✬✮❀

❞❡❧❛②✭✶✵✵✵✮❀
⑥

✶✳✸ ❊str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡

✶✳✸✳✶ ✐❢ ❡ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦

❊ss❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛✱ q✉❡ é ✉s❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦✱ t❡st❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❝♦♥✲

❞✐çã♦ ✐♠♣♦st❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r✳ P❛r❛ t❡st❛r s❡ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ é ♠❛✐♦r ❞♦ q✉❡ ✶✵✵

♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱

✐❢ ✭✈❛r✐❛✈❡❧ ❃ ✶✵✵✮④

✴✴ ❢❛ç❛ ❛❧❣♦ ❛q✉✐

⑥

❖ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ t❡st❛ s❡ ✈❛r✐❛✈❡❧ é ♠❛✐♦r ❞♦ q✉❡ ✶✵✵✳ ❙❡ ❢♦r✱ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡①❡❝✉t❛ ❛ ❛çã♦

s❡❣✉✐♥t❡✳ ❈❛s♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦✱ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✐❣♥♦r❛ ❛ ❛çã♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛s ❝❤❛✈❡s ❡ s❡❣✉❡ ❛ r♦t✐♥❛✳ ❈❛s♦ ❛

❛çã♦ t❡♥❤❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✱ ❛s ❝❤❛✈❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♦♠✐t✐❞❛s✳

P❛r❛ ❢❛③❡r ❛s ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çõ❡s✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ❛ ✉t❧✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛✶✳✸

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✶✵

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ✶✳✸✳ ❊str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡

❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✶✿ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦✳

❖♣❡r❛❞♦r ❖♣❡r❛çã♦

== ■❣✉❛❧ ❛

!= ❉✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❞❡

< ▼❡♥♦r q✉❡

> ▼❛✐♦r q✉❡

<= ▼❡♥♦r ♦✉ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛

>= ▼❛✐♦r ♦✉ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛

✶✳✸✳✷ ✐❢ ✴ ❡❧s❡

❆ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ✐❢✴❡❧s❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♠❛✐♦r s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞♦ q✉❡ s✐♠♣❧❡s♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ✐❢✱
♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s t❡st❡s ❛❣r✉♣❛❞♦s✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ s❡ t❡st❛❞❛

❡ ✉♠❛ ❛çã♦ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛ ❝❛s♦ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❢♦ss❡ ♠❡♥♦r ❞♦ q✉❡ ✺✵✵✳ ❈❛s♦ s❡❥❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♦✉ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ ✺✵✵✱

❡①❡❝✉t❛r✐❛ ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❛çã♦✳

✐❢ ✭❛♥❛❧♦❣ ❁ ✺✵✵✮④
✴✴ ❛çã♦ ❆
⑥
❡❧s❡④
✴✴ ❛çã♦ ❇
⑥

❚❛♠❜é♠ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝♦❧♦❝❛r ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❧♦❣♦ ❛♣ós ❞♦ ❡❧s❡✳ ◆ã♦ ❤á ❧✐♠✐t❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❛

s❡r❡♠ ❝♦❧♦❝❛❞❛s✳

✐❢ ✭❛♥❛❧♦❣ ❁ ✺✵✵✮
④
✴✴ ❛çã♦ ❆
⑥
❡❧s❡ ✐❢ ✭❛♥❛❧♦❣ ❃❂ ✶✵✵✵✮
④
✴✴ ❛çã♦ ❇
⑥
❡❧s❡
④
✴✴ ❛çã♦ ❈
⑥

❖✉tr❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ s❡ ❢❛③❡r ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s é ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ s✉❜s❡❝çã♦ ✶✳✸✳✹✱ ♦ s✇✐❝❤ ❝❛s❡✳

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✶✶

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ✶✳✸✳ ❊str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡

✶✳✸✳✸ ❢♦r

❋♦r é ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ç♦✱ ♣♦✐s ❝❛❞❛ ❜❧♦❝♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ s❡ r❡♣❡t❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛

q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✈❡③❡s✳ ❯♠ ❝♦♥t❛❞♦r é ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❡ ❞❛r r✐t♠♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♦♣✳ ➱

út✐❧ ♣❛r❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ q✉❡ s❡ r❡♣✐t❛✳ ❯♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♠✉♠ é ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ✈❡t♦r❡s✳

❙✐♥t❛①❡✿

❢♦r ✭✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦❀ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦❀ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t♦✮ ④

✴✴❛çã♦❀
⑥

❆ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❝♦♠❡ç❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❡ ú♥✐❝❛ ✈❡③✳ ❈❛❞❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛rá ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❧♦♦♣✱ ❛

❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ é t❡st❛❞❛✳ ❙❡ ❢♦r ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛✱ ❛ ❛çã♦ é ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♣❛ss♦ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛✳

◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ s❡ t♦r♥❛r ❢❛❧s❛✱ ♦ ❧♦♦♣ t❡r♠✐♥❛✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦

✴✴ ❊s❝✉r❡❝❡r ✉♠ ▲❊❉ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♣✐♥♦ ❛ P❲▼

✐♥t P❲▼♣✐♥ ❂ ✶✵❀ ✴✴ ▲❊❉ ❡♠ sér✐❡ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ r❡s✐st♦r ❞❡ ✹✼✵ ♦❤♠ ♥♦ ♣✐♥♦ ✶✵

✈♦✐❞ s❡t✉♣✭✮④
✴✴ ♥ã♦ ❤á ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡t✉♣
⑥

✈♦✐❞ ❧♦♦♣✭✮④
❢♦r ✭✐♥t ✐❂✵❀ ✐ ❁❂ ✷✺✺❀ ✐✰✰✮④
❛♥❛❧♦❣❲r✐t❡✭P❲▼♣✐♥✱ ✐✮❀
❞❡❧❛②✭✶✵✮❀
⑥
⑥

❉✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦

❈ é ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛ ❛♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❝♦♥❢♦rt♦ ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ♣❛r❛

r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❛çõ❡s✳ ❯♠❛ ❞❡❧❛s é ♦ ❧♦♦♣✳ ➱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ q✉❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦✱

❡ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r q✉❛✐sq✉❡r ❞❡❝❧❛r❛çõ❡s ✈á❧✐❞❛s ❡♠ ❈ ❡ ❢❛③❡r ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❄❄✐♥❞❡✲

♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r q✉❛✐sq✉❡r t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ♦ t✐♣♦ ✢♦❛t✳ ■ss♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r

s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦✳

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✶✷

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ✶✳✸✳ ❊str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡

P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛r ♦ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t♦ ❣❡r❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦❣r❡ssã♦ ❧♦❣❛rít♠✐❝❛✿

❢♦r✭✐♥t ① ❂ ✷❀ ① ❁ ✶✵✵❀ ① ❂ ① ✯ ✶✳✺✮④

♣r✐♥t❧♥✭①✮❀
⑥

●❡r❛✿ ✷✱✸✱✹✱✻✱✾✱✶✸✱✶✾✱✷✽✱✹✷✱✻✸✱✾✹✳
❖✉tr♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡♥❢r❛q✉❡❝❡r ❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ❧✉③ ❞❡ ✉♠ ▲❊❉✿

✈♦✐❞ ❧♦♦♣✭✮④
✐♥t ① ❂ ✶❀
❢♦r ✭✐♥t ✐ ❂ ✵❀ ✐ ❃ ✲✶❀ ✐ ❂ ✐ ✰ ①✮④
❛♥❛❧♦❣❲r✐t❡✭P❲▼♣✐♥✱ ✐✮❀
✐❢ ✭✐ ❂❂ ✷✺✺✮ ① ❂ ✲✶❀ ✴✴tr♦❝❛ ❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❞♦ ♣✐❝♦
❞❡❧❛②✭✶✵✮❀
⑥
⑥

✶✳✸✳✹ s✇✐t❝❤ ✴ ❝❛s❡

❈♦♠♦ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ✐❢✱ s✇✐t❝❤✳✳✳❝❛s❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛ ♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s

❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝ó❞✐❣♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡rã♦ s❡r ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s✳ ❊♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱
❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ s✇✐t❝❤ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❛s♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦
♦ ❝❛s♦ é ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r é ♦ ❞❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧✱ ❛ ❛çã♦ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ é ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛✳
❆ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ r❡s❡r✈❛❞❛ ❜r❡❛❦ ✐♥t❡rr♦♠♣❡ ♦ s✇✐t❝❤✱ ❡ é tí♣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉s❛❞♦ ♥♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛
❝❛s❡✳ ❙❡♠ ♦ ❜r❡❛❦✱ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ s✇✐t❝❤ ✐rá s❡r ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛ ❛té ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çã♦✱
♦✉ ♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❛s ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çõ❡s✳
❊①❛♠♣❧❡

s✇✐t❝❤ ✭✈❛r✮ ④
❝❛s❡ ✶✿
✴✴❢❛ç❛ ❛❧❣♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✈❛r ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡ ❛ ✶
❜r❡❛❦❀
❝❛s❡ ✷✿
✴✴❢❛ç❛ ❛❧❣♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✈❛r ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡ ❛ ✷
❜r❡❛❦❀
❞❡❢❛✉❧t✿
✴✴ s❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❢♦r ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛✱ ❢❛③✲s❡ ♦ ♣❛❞rã♦
✴✴ ♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ♣♦❞❡ ♦✉ ♥ã♦✱ ❡①✐st✐r
⑥

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✶✸

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ✶✳✸✳ ❊str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡

❙✐♥t❛①❡

s✇✐t❝❤ ✭✈❛r✮ ④
❝❛s❡ ❧❛❜❡❧✿
✴✴ ❛çã♦
❜r❡❛❦❀
❝❛s❡ ❧❛❜❡❧✿
✴✴ ❛çã♦
❜r❡❛❦❀
❞❡❢❛✉❧t✿
✴✴ ❛çã♦
⑥

P❛râ♠❡tr♦s
✈❛r✿ ❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ q✉❡ s❡rá ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞❛
❧❛❜❡❧✿ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r q✉❡ s❡rá ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ✏✈❛r✑

✶✳✸✳✺ ✇❤✐❧❡

❖ ❧❛ç♦ ❞♦ ✇❤✐❧❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ ✐♥✜♥✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛té q✉❡ ❛ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦s ♣❛rê♥t❡s❡s s❡ t♦r♥❡ ❢❛❧s❛✳
❆❧❣♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❛♦ t❡st❛r ❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ tér♠✐♥♦ ❞♦ ❧♦♦♣✱ ❝❛s♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦ ❡❧❡ ♥✉♥❝❛
t❡r♠✐♥❛rá✳
❙✐♥t❛①❡

✇❤✐❧❡✭❡①♣r❡ssã♦✮④
✴✴ ❛çã♦
⑥

P❛râ♠❡tr♦s

❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ✲ ❆ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ✭❜♦♦❧❡❛♥❛✮❞❡ ❈ q✉❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛ s❡ é ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r♦ ♦✉ ❢❛❧s♦✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦

✈❛r ❂ ✵❀
✇❤✐❧❡✭✈❛r ❁ ✷✵✵✮④
✴✴ ❢❛ç❛ ❛❧❣♦ ❞✉③❡♥t❛s ✈❡③❡s
✈❛r✰✰❀
⑥

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✶✹

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ✶✳✸✳ ❊str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡

✶✳✸✳✻ ❞♦✲✇❤✐❧❡

▼✉✐t♦ ♣❛r❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✇❤✐❧❡✱ ♦ ❞♦✲✇❤✐❧❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ q✉❡ s✉❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ é t❡st❛❞❛ ❛♦ ✜♥❛❧
❞♦ ❧♦♦♣✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❡①❡❝✉t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❛çã♦ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③✳

❙✐♥t❛①❡

❞♦④
✴✴ ❜❧♦❝♦ ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s
⑥ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭t❡st❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦✮❀

❊①❡♠♣❧♦
▲❡✐t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠ s❡♥s♦r✿

❞♦④
❞❡❧❛②✭✺✵✮❀ ✴✴ ❡s♣❡r❛r s❡♥s♦r❡s ❡st❛❜✐❧✐③❛r❡♠
① ❂ r❡❛❞❙❡♥s♦rs✭✮❀ ✴✴ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s✳ ❢❛rá ✶✵✵ ❧❡✐t✉r❛s

⑥ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭① ❁ ✶✵✵✮❀

✶✳✸✳✼ ❜r❡❛❦

■♥t❡rr♦♠♣❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❧♦♦♣✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ é ✉s❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ s✇✐t❝❤✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦

❢♦r ✭① ❂ ✵❀ ① ❁ ✷✺✺❀ ① ✰✰✮④

❞✐❣✐t❛❧❲r✐t❡✭P❲▼♣✐♥✱ ①✮❀
s❡♥s ❂ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❛❞✭s❡♥s♦rP✐♥✮❀
✐❢ ✭s❡♥s ❃ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞✮④
① ❂ ✵❀
❜r❡❛❦❀
⑥
❞❡❧❛②✭✺✵✮❀
⑥

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✶✺

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ✶✳✸✳ ❊str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡

✶✳✸✳✽ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡

■❣♥♦r❛ ♦ r❡st♦ ❞❛ ✐t❡r❛çã♦ ❛t✉❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❧♦♦♣✳ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛ ♠❛r❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ❝♦♥❞✐✲

❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❧♦♦♣✱ ❡ ♣r♦ss❡❣✉❡ ❝♦♠ ❛s ✐t❡r❛çõ❡s s✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t❡s✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦

❢♦r ✭① ❂ ✵❀ ① ❁ ✷✺✺❀ ① ✰✰✮④

✐❢ ✭① ❃ ✹✵ ✫✫ ① ❁ ✶✷✵✮④
❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡❀
⑥

❞✐❣✐t❛❧❲r✐t❡✭P❲▼♣✐♥✱ ①✮❀
❞❡❧❛②✭✺✵✮❀
⑥

✶✳✸✳✾ r❡t✉r♥

❚❡r♠✐♥❛ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❡ r❡t♦r♥❛ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛✳

❙✐♥t❛①❡

r❡t✉r♥❀
r❡t✉r♥ ✈❛❧♦r❀ ✴✴ ❛♠❜❛s ❛s ❢♦r♠❛s sã♦ ✈á❧✐❞❛s

P❛râ♠❡tr♦s

✈❛❧♦r✿ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ♦✉ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡✱ ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r t✐♣♦✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦s✿

✐♥t ❝❤❡❝❦❙❡♥s♦r✭✮④
✐❢ ✭❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❛❞✭✵✮ ❃ ✹✵✵✮ ④
r❡t✉r♥ ✶❀
❡❧s❡④
r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
⑥
⑥

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✶✻

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ✶✳✸✳ ❊str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡

❉✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦
r❡t✉r♥ é út✐❧ ♣❛r❛ t❡st❛r ♣❛rt❡s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❛♦ ✐♥✈és ❞❡ ❢❛③❡r ✉♠ ❜❧♦❝♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦✳

✈♦✐❞ ❧♦♦♣✭✮④

✴✴ ■❞❡✐❛ ❜r✐❧❤❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❛q✉✐

r❡t✉r♥❀

✴✴ r❡st♦ ❞♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ✐♥út✐❧

✴✴ ❡ss❛ ♣❛rt❡ ♥✉♥❝❛ s❡rá ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛
⑥

✶✳✸✳✶✵ ❣♦t♦

❚r❛♥s❢❡r❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳

❙✐♥t❛①❡

❧❛❜❡❧✿
❣♦t♦ ❧❛❜❡❧❀ ✴✴ ❡♥✈✐❛ ♦ ❢❧✉①♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❧❛❜❡❧

❉✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦
❆❧❣✉♥s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❞❡s❡♥❝♦r❛❥❛♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ❣♦t♦ ❡♠ ❈ ❛❧❡❣❛♥❞♦ ♥✉♥❝❛ s❡r ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦✱ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱
♣♦❞❡ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛r ❝❡rt♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s✳ ❯♠❛ ❞❡ss❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s é ❞❡ ❡♥❝❡rr❛r ❧♦♥❣♦s ❧♦♦♣s ♦✉ ❜❧♦❝♦s
❧ó❣✐❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦✳✴ ❆ r❛③ã♦ ♣❡❧❛ q✉❛❧ ♠✉✐t♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡s❛♣r♦✲
✈❛♠✱ é q✉❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡s❡♥❢r❡❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✐♥str✉çõ❡s ❣♦t♦✱ é ❢á❝✐❧ ❝r✐❛r ✉♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✢✉①♦
❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✐♥❞❡✜♥✐❞♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♥✉♥❝❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡♣✉r❛❞♦✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦

❢♦r✭❜②t❡ r ❂ ✵❀ r ❁ ✷✺✺❀ r✰✰✮④

❢♦r✭❜②t❡ ❣ ❂ ✷✺✺❀ ❣ ❃ ✲✶❀ ❣✲✲✮④
❢♦r✭❜②t❡ ❜ ❂ ✵❀ ❜ ❁ ✷✺✺❀ ❜✰✰✮④
✐❢ ✭❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❛❞✭✵✮ ❃ ✷✺✵✮④ ❣♦t♦ ❜❛✐❧♦✉t❀⑥
⑥
⑥
⑥
❜❛✐❧♦✉t✿

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✶✼

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ✶✳✹✳ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ s✐♥t❛①❡

✶✳✹ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ s✐♥t❛①❡

✶✳✹✳✶ ❀ ✲ ♣♦♥t♦ ❡ ✈ír❣✉❧❛

❯s❛❞♦ ❛♦ t❡r♠✐♥❛r ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦
✐♥t ❛ ❂ ✶✸❀

❉✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦
❚❡r♠✐♥❛r ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ s❡♠ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❡ ✈ír❣✉❧❛ r❡s✉❧t❛rá ❡♠ ✉♠ ❡rr♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛çã♦✳ ❯♠❛ ❞❛s
♣r✐♠❡✐r❛s ❝♦✐s❛s ❛ s❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r q✉❛♥❞♦ ❤á ❛❧❣✉♠ ❡rr♦ s❡♠ r❛③ã♦✱ é ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❡ ✈ír❣✉❧❛ ❡sq✉❡❝✐❞♦✱
q✉❡ ♣r❡❝❡❞❡ ❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r r❡❝❧❛♠♦✉✳

✶✳✹✳✷ ④⑥ ✲ ❈❤❛✈❡s

❆s ❝❤❛✈❡s sã♦ ❧❛r❣❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉s❛❞❛s ♥❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✳ P♦ss✉❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s

❛❜❛✐①♦✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❝❛✉s❛r ❝♦♥❢✉sã♦ ❡♠ ✐♥✐❝✐❛♥t❡s✳

❚♦❞❛ ❝❤❛✈❡ ❞❡ ❛❜❡rt✉r❛ ✭④✮ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❢❡❝❤❛❞❛ ✭⑥✮✳ ❊ss❛ é ❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ q✉❡ s❡ r❡❢❡r❡ às ❝❤❛✲
✈❡s ❡st❛r❡♠ ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❛❞❛s✳ ❆ ■❉❊ ✭■♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❊♥✈✐r♦♠❡♥t✱ ❡♠ ✐♥❣❧ês✮ ❞♦ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦
✐♥❝❧✉✐ ✉♠ ❛rt✐❢í❝✐♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡ s❡ ❛s ❝❤❛✈❡s ❡stã♦ ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❛❞❛s✳ P❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡
❛♣❡♥❛s s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛r ✉♠❛ ❝❤❛✈❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ ✐rá s❡r ❞❡st❛❝❛❞❛✳
❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡ss❡ ❛rt✐❢í❝✐♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦ ❜✉❣ ♦♥❞❡ ❡❧❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡st❛❝❛ ✭✐♥❝♦rr❡t❛♠❡♥t❡✮ ❛s
❝❤❛✈❡s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ❝♦♠❡♥t❛❞❛s✳ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛♥t❡s ❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s q✉❡ ❤❛❜✐t✉❛❞♦s ❝♦♠
❇❆❙■❈ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❝❤❛✈❡s✳ ◆ã♦ ♦❜st❛♥t❡✱ ❛s ❝❤❛✈❡s
s✉❜st✐t✉❡♠ ❛ ✐♥str✉çã♦ ❘❊❚❯❘◆ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ s✉❜r♦t✐♥❛ ✭❢✉♥çã♦✮✱ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❊◆❉■❋ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥❞✐✲
❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ❛ ✐♥str✉çã♦ ◆❡①t ♣♦r ✉♠ ❧♦♦♣ ❢♦r✳
P♦r ❝♦♥t❛ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛s ❝❤❛✈❡s s❡r ❜❡♠ ✈❛r✐❛❞♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❞✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♣r❛t✐❝❛r é ✐♠❡❞✐❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣ós s❡
❛❜r✐r ✉♠❛ ❝❤❛✈❡ é ❢❡❝❤á✲❧❛✳ ❈❤❛✈❡s ❞❡s❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❛❞❛s ❝❛✉s❛♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ❡rr♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛çã♦✳ ▼✉✐t❛s
✈❡③❡s ✜❝❛ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦ ❡rr♦ ❞❡ s✐♥t❛①❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s✳ P♦r ❝♦♥t❛ ❞❡
s❡✉ ❧❛r❣♦ ✉s♦✱ ❛s ❝❤❛✈❡s sã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ s✐♥t❛①❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳ ▼♦✈❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♦✉
❞✉❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❧✉❣❛r✱ ♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❛❧t❡r❛r ❞r❛st✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✳

❋✉♥çõ❡s
✈♦✐❞ ♠✐♥❤❛❢✉♥çã♦✭♣❛râ♠❡tr♦✮④
❛çõ❡s
⑥

▲♦♦♣s
✇❤✐❧❡ ✭❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ❜♦♦❧❡❛♥❛✮ ④
❛çõ❡s
⑥

❞♦ ④

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✶✽

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ✶✳✹✳ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ s✐♥t❛①❡

❛çõ❡s
⑥ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ❜♦♦❧❡❛♥❛✮❀

❢♦r ✭✐♥❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦❀ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ tér♠✐♥♦❀ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t♦✮ ④

❛çõ❡s
⑥

❊str✉t✉r❛s ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s
✐❢ ✭❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ❜♦♦❧❡❛♥❛✮ ④
❛çõ❡s
⑥

❡❧s❡ ✐❢ ✭❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ❜♦♦❧❡❛♥❛✮ ④

❛çõ❡s
⑥
❡❧s❡ ④
❛çõ❡s
⑥

✶✳✹✳✸ // ❡ /∗ ✲ ❈♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s

❈♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s sã♦ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ sã♦ ✉s❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛r ♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r ♦✉
♦✉tr❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ q✉❡ ✈❡♥❤❛ ❛ ✉s❛r ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✳ ❊ss❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s sã♦ ✐❣♥♦r❛❞❛s
♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ❡ ♥❡♠ sã♦ ❡♥✈✐❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r✱ ❧♦❣♦✱ ♥ã♦ ♦❝✉♣❛♠ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ♥♦ ❝❤✐♣ ❞♦
❆t♠❡❣❛✳ ❈♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♦ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❞❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r ❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ✭♦✉ ❧❡♠❜r❛r✮
❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ ♦✉ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛r ❛ ♦✉tr♦s✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ ❞✉❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❡
❝♦♠❡♥t❛r✿
❊①❛♠♣❧❡
① ❂ ✺❀ ✴✴ ❊ss❛ é ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦✳
✴✴ ❚✉❞♦ ❡s❝r✐t♦ ❛q✉✐ ♥ã♦ s❡rá ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦
✴✴ ♦✉tr❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦

✴✯ ❛ ❜❛rr❛ s❡❣✉✐❞❛ ❞♦ ❛st❡r✐s❝♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ✉♠ ❜❧♦❝♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦✳

❛té ✉♠ ❛st❡r✐s❝♦ s❡❣✉✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❜❛rr❛✱ ♥❛❞❛ s❡rá ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦✳

✐❢ ✭❣✇❜ ❂❂ ✵✮④ ✴✴ ❧✐♥❤❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦ ♠❛✐♦r✳

① ❂ ✸❀
⑥

✯✴ ❢❡❝❤❛ ♦ ❜❧♦❝♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦

➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛r q✉❡ ♥ã♦ s❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❢❛③❡r ✉♠ ❜❧♦❝♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦✳

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✶✾

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ✶✳✹✳ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ s✐♥t❛①❡

❉✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦
❆♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛r✱ ✉♠❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ s❡ t❡st❛r ♣❛rt❡s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ é ❝♦♠❡♥t❛r tr❡❝❤♦s ❛♦ ✐♥✈és ❞❡
❛♣❛❣❛r ❧✐♥❤❛s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♦ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ✐❣♥♦r❛ ❡ss❡s tr❡❝❤♦s ❡ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r ♣♦❞❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ❝♦♠♦
✜❝❛ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♥❡ss❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦✱ s❡♠ ♣❡r❞❡r ♦ q✉❡ ❥á ❢♦✐ ❞✐❣✐t❛❞♦✳

✶✳✹✳✹ ❞❡✜♥❡
❞❡❢✐♥❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r ♥♦♠❡❛r ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ s❡r
❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦✳ ❈♦♥st❛♥t❡s ♥♦♠❡❞❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❞❡❢✐♥❡ ♥ã♦ ✉s❛♠ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❞♦ ❝❤✐♣✳ ❖ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ✐rá
❢❛③❡r r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❛s ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♥♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛çã♦✳
■ss♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛r ❛❧❣✉♥s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ✐♥❞❡s❡❥á✈❡✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♥♦♠❡ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❞❡❢✐♥❡ s❡r ✐♥❝❧✉í❞♦ ❡♠
♦✉tr❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ♦✉ ♥♦♠❡ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧✳◆❡ss❡ ❝❛s♦ ♦ t❡①t♦ ❞❡✈❡rá s❡r tr♦❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♦✉ t❡①t♦
q✉❡ s❡ ✉s♦✉ ♦ ❞❡❢✐♥❡✳
❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❛ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ r❡s❡r✈❛❞❛ ❝♦♥st é ♠❡❧❤♦r ♣❛r❛ s❡ ❞❡✜♥✐r ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❞❡❢✐♥❡✳

❆ s✐♥t❛①❡ ❞♦ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦ é ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ q✉❡ ❡♠ ❈✿

❙✐♥t❛①❡

★❞❡❢✐♥❡ ♥♦♠❡❞❛❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ✈❛❧♦r

◆♦t❡ q✉❡ ♦ ★ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦

★❞❡❢✐♥❡ ❧❡❞P✐♥ ✸
✴✴ ❖ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ✐rá tr♦❝❛r ❧❡❞P✐♥ ♣♦r ✸ ♥♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛r✳

❉✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦
◆ã♦ ❤á ♣♦♥t♦ ❡ ✈ír❣✉❧❛ ♥❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❞❡❢✐♥❡✳ ❈❛s♦ ❝♦❧♦❝❛r ❛❧❣✉♠✱ ♦ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ❛♣♦♥t❛rá
❡rr♦s✳

★❞❡❢✐♥❡ ❧❡❞P✐♥ ✸❀ ✴✴ ❡rr❛❞♦✦

❈♦❧♦❝❛r ✉♠ s✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ✐❣✉❛❧ t❛♠❜é♠ é ✉♠ ❡rr♦ ❞❡ s✐♥t❛①❡✳

★❞❡❢✐♥❡ ❧❡❞P✐♥ ❂ ✸ ✴✴ ❡rr❛❞♦✦

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✷✵

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ✶✳✺✳ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝♦s

✶✳✹✳✺ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡

★✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ é ✉s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❝❧✉✐r ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s✳ P♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛ ❛♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r ✉s❛r ✉♠ ❧❛r❣♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡
❢✉♥çõ❡s ♣ré✲❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ❡s❝r✐t❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦✳
❆ ♣á❣✐♥❛ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ❞❡ ❈ ❞❛ ❆❱❘✭❆❱❘ é ❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❝❤✐♣s ❞❛ ❆t♠❡❧✱ ♦s
q✉❛✐s ♦ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦ é ❜❛s❡❛❞♦✮ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥❢❡r✐❞♦ ♥❡st❡ ❧✐♥❦✶ ✳
◆♦t❡ q✉❡ ♦ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ é s✐♠✐❧❛r ❛♦ ❞❡❢✐♥❡✱ ♥ã♦ ❤á ♣♦♥t♦ ❡ ✈ír❣✉❧❛ ♣❛r❛ t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✱ ❝❛✉s❛♥❞♦
❛ss✐♠ ✉♠ ❡rr♦ ❞❡ s✐♥t❛①❡ ❝❛s♦ s❡❥❛ ❝♦❧♦❝❛❞♦✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦
❊ss❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ✐♥❝❧✉✐ ❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ q✉❡ é ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦❧♦❝❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♥♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛
✢❛s❤ ❛♦ ✐♥✈és ❞❛ r❛♠✳ ■ss♦ ❣✉❛r❞❛ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❛ r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠❛♠ór✐❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❡ ❢❛③ ❛ ♣r♦❝✉r❛
♣♦r t❛❜❡❧❛s ♠❛✐s ♣rát✐❝❛✳

★✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁❛✈r✴♣❣♠s♣❛❝❡✳❤❃

♣r♦❣❴✉✐♥t✶✻❴t ♠②❈♦♥st❛♥ts❬❪ P❘❖●▼❊▼ ❂ ④✵✱ ✷✶✶✹✵✱ ✼✵✷ ✱ ✾✶✷✽✱ ✵✱ ✷✺✼✻✹✱ ✽✹✺✻✱

✵✱✵✱✵✱✵✱✵✱✵✱✵✱✵✱✷✾✽✶✵✱✽✾✻✽✱✷✾✼✻✷✱✷✾✼✻✷✱✹✺✵✵⑥❀

✶✳✺ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝♦s

◆❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✷ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❝♦♥❢❡rí✲❧♦s✿

❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✷✿ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝♦s✳

❖♣❡r❛❞♦r ❖♣❡r❛çã♦
= ❆tr✐❜✉✐çã♦
+ ❆❞✐çã♦
− ❙✉❜tr❛çã♦
∗ ▼✉❧t✐♣✐❝❛çã♦
/ ❉✐✈✐sã♦
% ❘❡st♦ ❞❛ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ✐♥t❡✐r❛

✶ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♥♦♥❣♥✉✳♦r❣✴❛✈r✲❧✐❜❝✴✉s❡r✲♠❛♥✉❛❧✴♠♦❞✉❧❡s✳❤t♠❧✰

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✷✶

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ✶✳✻✳ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦

✶✳✻ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦

◆❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✸ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❝♦♥❢❡rí✲❧♦s✿

❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✸✿ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦✳

❖♣❡r❛❞♦r ❖♣❡r❛çã♦
== ■❣✉❛❧ ❛
!= ❉✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❞❡
< ▼❡♥♦r q✉❡
> ▼❛✐♦r q✉❡
<= ▼❡♥♦r ♦✉ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛
>= ▼❛✐♦r ♦✉ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛

✶✳✼ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❇♦♦❧❡❛♥♦s

◆❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✹ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❝♦♥❢❡rí✲❧♦s✿

❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✹✿ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❜♦♦❧❡❛♥♦s✳

❖♣❡r❛❞♦r ❙✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❧ó❣✐❝♦

&& ❡ ✭❛♥❞✮
|| ♦✉ ✭♦r✮
! ♥❡❣❛çã♦ ✭♥♦t✮

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✷✷

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ✶✳✽✳ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣♦♥t❡✐r♦

✶✳✽ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣♦♥t❡✐r♦

◆❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✺ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❝♦♥❢❡rí✲❧♦s✿

❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✺✿ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣♦♥t❡✐r♦✳

❖♣❡r❛❞♦r ❙✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦
✫ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛
∗ ❉❡sr❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛

P♦♥t❡✐r♦s sã♦ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ✐♥❝✐❛♥t❡s ❡♠ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛✲
♠❛çã♦ ❈ ❡ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❝ó❞✐❣♦s ❞❡ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦ s❡♠ ✉s❛r ♣♦♥t❡✐r♦s✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦
♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛♥❞♦ ❝❡rt❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♣♦♥t❡✐r♦s s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛♠ ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧á✲❧♦s é ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❈✳

✶✳✾ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❜✐t ❛ ❜✐t ✭ ❇✐t✇✐s❡ ✮

✶✳✾✳✶ ❇✐t✇✐s❡
❊ ✭❆◆❉✮ ✭&✮✱ ❇✐t✇✐s❡ ❖❯ ✭❖❘✮ ✭|✮✱ ❇✐t✇✐s❡ ❖❯ ❊❳✲
❈▲❯❙■❱❖ ✭❳❖❘✮ ✭ˆ✮
❖s ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❜✐t ❛ ❜✐t✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♥♦♠❡ s✉❣❡r❡✱ ❜❛s❡✐❛♠✲s❡ s❡✉s ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s ❛ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❜✐t ❞❛s
✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s✳ ❊ss❡s ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s r❡s♦❧✈❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❧❛r❣❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✳
❆❜❛✐①♦ s❡❣✉❡♠ ❞❡s❝r✐çõ❡s ❡ s✐♥t❛①❡ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s✳ P❛r❛ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s✱ ✈❡r✐✜q✉❡ ❛
❜✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛✜❛❬✸❪✳

❇✐t✇✐s❡ ❆◆❉ ✭✫✮

❖ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❜✐t✇✐s❡ ❆◆❉ é ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❧ó❣✐❝♦ ✏❆◆❉✑✳
❖ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❜✐t✇✐s❡ ❆◆❉ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✏✫✑ é ✉s❛❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❞✉❛s ❡①♣r❡ssõ❡s ✐♥t❡✐r❛s✳ ❇✐t✇✐s❡
❆◆❉ ♦♣❡r❛ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❜✐t ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ s❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ r❡❣r❛✿ s❡

❛♠❜♦s sã♦ ✶✱ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ é ✶✱ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♦✉tr♦ ❝❛s♦✱ ❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ é ✵✳ ❆ t❛❜❡❧❛✲✈❡r❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♣♦rt❛

❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❆◆❉ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥❢❡r✐❞❛ ♥❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✻✱ ❛❜❛✐①♦✿

❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✻✿ ❚❛❜❡❧❛✲✈❡r❞❛❞❡ ♣♦rt❛ ❆◆❉✳

❆ ❇ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦
✵ ✵ ✵
✶ ✵ ✵
✵ ✶ ✵
✶ ✶ ✶

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✷✸

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ✶✳✾✳ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❜✐t ❛ ❜✐t ✭❇✐t✇✐s❡✮

❖✉tr❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❛r ✐ss♦✿

✵ ✵ ✶ ✶ ♦♣❡r❛♥❞♦ ✶
✵ ✶ ✵ ✶ ♦♣❡r❛♥❞♦ ✷
✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲
✵ ✵ ✵ ✶ ✭♦♣❡r❛♥❞♦ ✶ ✫ ♦♣❡r❛♥❞♦ ✷✮ ✲ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ r❡t♦r♥❛❞♦

◆♦ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦✱ ♦ t✐♣♦ ✐♥t❡✐r♦ ✭✐♥t✮ é ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✶✻ ❜✐ts✱ ❡♥tã♦ ❛♦ ✉s❛r ♦ ✫ ❡♥tr❡ ❞✉❛s ❡①♣r❡ssõ❡s
❝❛✉s❛ ✶✻ ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s s✐♠✉❧tâ♥❡❛s✳ ❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✿

✐♥t ❛ ❂ ✾✷❀ ✴✴ ❡♠ ❜✐♥ár✐♦✿ ✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✶✵✶✶✶✵✵

✐♥t ❜ ❂ ✶✵✶❀ ✴✴ ❡♠ ❜✐♥ár✐♦✿ ✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✶✶✵✵✶✵✶
✐♥t ❝ ❂ ❛ ✫ ❜❀ ✴✴ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦✿ ✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✶✵✵✵✶✵✵✱ ♦✉ ✻✽ ❡♠ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧✳

❈❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s ✶✻ ❜✐ts ❡♠ ✏❛✑ ❡ ✏❜✑ sã♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❜✐t✇✐s❡ ❆◆❉✱ ❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ✶✻ ❜✐ts
r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡s sã♦ ❣✉❛r❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✏❝✑✱ r❡s✉❧t❛♥❞♦ ♥♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✵✶✵✵✵✶✵✵ ❡♠ ❜✐♥ár✐♦✱ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ❛ ✻✽
❡♠ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧✳

❇✐t✇✐s❡ ❖❘ ✭|✮
❖ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❜✐t✇✐s❡ ❖❘ é ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❧ó❣✐❝♦ ✏❖❘✑✳
❖ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❜✐t✇✐s❡ ❖❘ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✏ |✑ é ✉s❛❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❞✉❛s ❡①♣r❡ssõ❡s ✐♥t❡✐r❛s✳ ❇✐t✇✐s❡ ❖❘
♦♣❡r❛ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❜✐t ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ s❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ r❡❣r❛✿ s❡ ❛♠❜♦s
sã♦ ✵✱ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ é ✵✱ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♦✉tr♦ ❝❛s♦✱ ❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ é ✶✳ ❆ t❛❜❡❧❛✲✈❡r❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♣♦rt❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛
❖❘ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥❢❡r✐❞❛ ♥❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✼✱ ❛❜❛✐①♦✿

❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✼✿ ❚❛❜❡❧❛✲✈❡r❞❛❞❡ ♣♦rt❛ ❖❘✳

❆ ❇ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦
✵ ✵ ✵
✶ ✵ ✶
✵ ✶ ✶
✶ ✶ ✶

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✷✹

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ✶✳✾✳ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❜✐t ❛ ❜✐t ✭❇✐t✇✐s❡✮

❖✉tr❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r✿

✵ ✵ ✶ ✶ ♦♣❡r❛♥❞♦ ✶
✵ ✶ ✵ ✶ ♦♣❡r❛♥❞♦ ✷
✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲
✵ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✭♦♣❡r❛♥❞♦ ✶ ⑤ ♦♣❡r❛♥❞♦ ✷✮ ✲ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ r❡t♦r♥❛❞♦

❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✿

✐♥t ❛ ❂ ✾✷❀ ✴✴ ❜✐♥ár✐♦✿ ✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✶✵✶✶✶✵✵

✐♥t ❜ ❂ ✶✵✶❀ ✴✴ ❜✐♥ár✐♦✿ ✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✶✶✵✵✶✵✶
✐♥t ❝ ❂ ❛ ⑤ ❜❀ ✴✴ ❜✐♥ár✐♦✿ ✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✶✶✶✶✶✵✶✱ ♦✉ ✶✷✺ ❡♠ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧✳

❇✐t✇✐s❡ ❳❖❘ ✭ˆ✮

❍á t❛♠❜é♠ ✉♠ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ♥ã♦ tã♦ ✉s❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❈✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✏♦✉✲❡①❝❧✉s✐✈♦✑✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦
❝♦♠♦ ❳❖❘✳ ❖ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❜✐t✇✐s❡ ❳❖❘ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✏ˆ✑ é ✉s❛❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❞✉❛s ❡①♣r❡ssõ❡s ✐♥t❡✐r❛s✳
❇✐t✇✐s❡ ❳❖❘ ♦♣❡r❛ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❜✐t ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✳ ❙✉❛ r❡❣r❛ é ♠✉✐t♦
♣❛r❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❖❘✱ tr♦❝❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ t❡♠♦s ✶ ❡ ✶✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ é ✵✳
❆ t❛❜❡❧❛✲✈❡r❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♣♦rt❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❖❳❘ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥❢❡r✐❞❛ ♥❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✽✱ ❛❜❛✐①♦✿

❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✽✿ ❚❛❜❡❧❛✲✈❡r❞❛❞❡ ♣♦rt❛ ❳❖❘✳

❆ ❇ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦
✵ ✵ ✵
✶ ✵ ✶
✵ ✶ ✶
✶ ✶ ✵

❖✉tr❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r✿

✵ ✵ ✶ ✶ ♦♣❡r❛♥❞♦ ✶
✵ ✶ ✵ ✶ ♦♣❡r❛♥❞♦ ✷
✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲
✵ ✶ ✶ ✵ ✭♦♣❡r❛♥❞♦ ✶ ❫ ♦♣❡r❛♥❞♦ ✷✮ ✲ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ r❡t♦r♥❛❞♦

❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✿

✐♥t ① ❂ ✶✷❀ ✴✴ ❜✐♥ár✐♦✿ ✶✶✵✵

✐♥t ② ❂ ✶✵❀ ✴✴ ❜✐♥ár✐♦✿ ✶✵✶✵
✐♥t ③ ❂ ① ❫ ②❀ ✴✴ ❜✐♥ár✐♦✿ ✵✶✶✵✱ ♦✉ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✻

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✷✺

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ✶✳✾✳ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❜✐t ❛ ❜✐t ✭❇✐t✇✐s❡✮

❉✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦
❖ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❳❖❘ t❛♠❜é♠ é ✉s❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ s♦♠❛❞♦r ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❜✐♥ár✐♦s✳

✶✳✾✳✷ ❇✐t✇✐s❡ ◆❖❚✭∼✮

❖ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❜✐t✇✐s❡ ◆❖❚✱ é r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✏ ∼✑✳ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✫ ❡ |✱
sim é ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ ♦♣❡r❛♥❞♦✳ ◆❖❚ tr♦❝❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❜✐t ♣♦r s❡✉ ♦♣♦st♦✿ ✵ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ✶ ❡ ✶
t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ✵✳ ❆ t❛❜❡❧❛✲✈❡r❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♣♦rt❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❖❳❘ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥❢❡r✐❞❛ ♥❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✾✱ ❛❜❛✐①♦✿

❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✾✿ ❚❛❜❡❧❛✲✈❡r❞❛❞❡ ♣♦rt❛ ◆❖❚✳

❆ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦
✵ ✶
✶ ✵

❖✉tr❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r✿

✵ ✶ ♦♣❡r❛♥❞♦ ✶
✲✲✲✲✲✲
✶ ✵ ◆❖❚ ♦♣❡r❛♥❞♦ ✶

✐♥t ❛ ❂ ✶✵✸❀ ✴✴ ❜✐♥ár✐♦✿ ✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✶✶✵✵✶✶✶

✐♥t ❜ ❂ ◆❖❚ ❛❀ ✴✴ ❜✐♥ár✐♦✿ ✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✵✵✶✶✵✵✵ ❂ ✲✶✵✹

◆ã♦ ❡stá ✐♥❝♦rr❡t♦ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ s❡r −104✳ ■st♦ é ♣♦rq✉❡ ♦ ❜✐t ♠❛✐s ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧
✐♥t❡✐r❛ é ♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❜✐t ❞❡ s✐♥❛❧✳ ❙❡ ♦ ❜✐t ♠❛✐s ❛❧t♦ é ✶✱ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ é ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦✳
❊st❛ ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❡ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s✳ P❛r❛
♠❛✐s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✱ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❡ ❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛✜❛✳
◆♦t❡ q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ✐♥t❡✐r♦ ① q✉❛❧q✉❡r✱ ∼ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡ ❛ −x − 1✳

✶✳✾✳✸ ❇✐ts❤✐❢t ❧❡❢t ✭<<✮✱ ❇✐ts❤✐❢t r✐❣❤t ✭>>✮

❊①✐st❡♠ ❞♦✐s ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜✐t ❡♠ ❈✿ ♦ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦ à ❡sq✉❡r❞❛
<< ❡ ♦ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦ à ❞✐r❡✐t❛ >>✳ ❊st❡s ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❢❛③❡♠ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♦s ❜✐ts ❞♦
♦♣❡r❛♥❞♦ ❡sq✉❡r❞♦ s❡❥❛♠ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡sq✉❡r❞❛ ♦✉ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞✐r❡✐t❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣♦s✐çõ❡s
❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♦♣❡r❛♥❞♦ ❞✐r❡✐t♦✳

❙✐♥t❛①❡
✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ << ♥✉♠❡r♦❴❞❡❴❜✐ts
✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ >> ♥✉♠❡r♦❴❞❡❴❜✐ts

P❛râ♠❡tr♦s
✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ✲ ✭❜②t❡✱ ✐♥t✱ ❧♦♥❣✮ ♥✉♠❡r♦❴❞❡❴❜✐ts ✐♥t❡❣❡r <= 32

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✷✻

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ✶✳✾✳ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❜✐t ❛ ❜✐t ✭❇✐t✇✐s❡✮

❊①❡♠♣❧♦✿

✐♥t ❛ ❂ ✺❀ ✴✴ ❜✐♥ár✐♦✿ ✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✶✵✶

✐♥t ❜ ❂ ❛ ❁❁ ✸❀ ✴✴ ❜✐♥ár✐♦✿ ✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✶✵✶✵✵✵✱ ♦✉ ✹✵ ❡♠ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧
✐♥t ❝ ❂ ❜ ❃❃ ✸❀ ✴✴ ❜✐♥ár✐♦✿ ✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✶✵✶✱ ♦✉ ✈♦❧t❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✺ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦✉

❆♦ ♠✉❞❛r ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ① ♣♦r ❜✐ts ② ✭① << ②✮✱ ♦s ❜✐ts ❞❡ ② ♠❛✐s à ❡sq✉❡r❞❛ sã♦ ♣❡r❞✐❞♦s ❡♠ ①✱
❧✐t❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦✿

✐♥t ❛ ❂ ✺❀ ✴✴ ❜✐♥ár✐♦✿ ✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✶✵✶

✐♥t ❜ ❂ ❛ ❁❁ ✶✹❀ ✴✴ ❜✐♥ár✐♦✿ ✵✶✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵ ✲ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ✶ ❞♦ ✶✵✶ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❝❛rt❛❞♦

❙❡ ✈♦❝ê t✐✈❡r ❝❡rt❡③❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ❡stã♦ s❡♥❞♦
❞❡s❧♦❝❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ✏❢♦r❛✑✱ ✉♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❞❡ ♣❡♥s❛r ♥♦ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦ á ❡sq✉❡r❞❛
é q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛ ♦ ♦♣❡r❛♥❞♦ ❞❛ ❡sq✉❡r❞❛ ♣♦r ✷ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦ á ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ♦♣❡r❛♥❞♦ á ❞✐r❡✐t❛✳ P♦r
❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❛r ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ✷✱ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❡①♣r❡ssõ❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞❛s✿

✶ ❁❁ ✵ ❂❂ ✶
✶ ❁❁ ✶ ❂❂ ✷
✶ ❁❁ ✷ ❂❂ ✹
✶ ❁❁ ✸ ❂❂ ✽
✳✳✳
✶ ❁❁ ✽ ❂❂ ✷✺✻
✶ ❁❁ ✾ ❂❂ ✺✶✷
✶ ❁❁ ✶✵ ❂❂ ✶✵✷✹
✳✳✳

◗✉❛♥❞♦ ✈♦❝ê ♠✉❞❛ ① ❞✐r❡✐t❛ ♣♦r ❜✐ts ② ✭① ✔ ②✮✱ ❡ ♦ ❜✐t ♠❛✐s ❛❧t♦ ❡♠ ① é ✉♠ ✶✱ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦r✲
t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡①❛t♦s ❞❡ ①✳ ❙❡ ① é ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ✐♥t❡✐r♦✱ ♦ ❜✐t ♠❛✐s ❛❧t♦ é ♦ ❜✐t
❞❡ s✐♥❛❧✱ q✉❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ s❡ ① é ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦ ♦✉ ♥ã♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❥á ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✳ ◆❡ss❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ♦
❜✐t ❞❡ s✐♥❛❧ é ❝♦♣✐❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❜✐ts ♠❛✐s ❜❛✐①♦s✿

✐♥t ① ❂ ✲✶✻❀ ✴✴ ❜✐♥ár✐♦✿ ✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✵✵✵✵

✐♥t ② ❂ ① ❃❃ ✸❀ ✴✴ ❜✐♥ár✐♦✿ ✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✵

❊ss❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ s✐♥❛❧✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ♥ã♦ é ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦

❞❡s❡❥❛❞♦✳ ❊♠ ✈❡③ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❞❡s❡❥❛r ③❡r♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡sq✉❡r❞❛✳ ❆❝♦♥t❡❝❡
q✉❡ ❛s r❡❣r❛s ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞✐r❡✐t❛ sã♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣r❡ssõ❡s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ✐♥t❡✐r❛ s❡♠
s✐♥❛❧✱ ❡♥tã♦ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ é ✉s❛r ✉♠ t②♣❡❝❛st ♣❛r❛ s✉♣r✐♠✐r ♦s ❜✐ts q✉❡ ❡stã♦ s❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♣✐❛❞♦s ❞❛
❡sq✉❡r❞❛✿

✐♥t ① ❂ ✲✶✻❀ ✴✴ ❜✐♥ár✐♦✿ ✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✵✵✵✵

✐♥t ② ❂ ✭✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ✐♥t✮① ❃❃ ✸❀ ✴✴ ❜✐♥ár✐♦✿ ✵✵✵✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✵

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✷✼

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ✶✳✶✵✳ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦

❙❡♥❞♦ ❝✉✐❞❛❞♦s♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡✈✐t❛r ❛ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ s✐♥❛❧✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣♦❞❡ ✉s❛r ♦ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❞❡s❧♦✲
❝❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞✐r❡✐t❛ >> ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❞✐✈✐❞✐r ♣♦r ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ✷✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✿

✐♥t ① ❂ ✶✵✵✵❀
✐♥t ② ❂ ① ❃❃ ✸❀ ✴✴ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ✐♥t❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ✶✵✵✵ ♣♦r ✽✱ t❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ② ❂ ✶✷✺✳

✶✳✶✵ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦

✶✳✶✵✳✶ ■♥❝r❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞❡❝r❡♠❡♥t♦

■♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛ ✭++✮ ♦✉ ❞❡❝r❡♠❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧✳

❙✐♥t❛①❡

①✰✰❀ ✴✴ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛ ① ❡♠ ✉♠ ❡ r❡t♦r♥❛ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❡ ①

✰✰①❀ ✴✴ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛ ① ❡♠ ✉♠ ❡ r❡t♦r♥❛ ♦ ♥♦✈♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ①

①✲✲❀ ✴✴ ❞❡❝r❡♠❡♥t❛ ① ❡♠ ✉♠ ❡ r❡t♦r♥❛ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❡ ①

✲✲①❀ ✴✴ ❞❡❝r❡♠❡♥t❛ ① ❡♠ ✉♠ ❡ r❡t♦r♥❛ ♦ ♥♦✈♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ①

P❛râ♠❡tr♦s
① ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✏✐♥t❡❣❡r✑ ♦✉ ✏❧♦♥❣✑✳

❘❡t♦r♥❛
❖ ✈❛❧♦r ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ♦✉ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦✴❞❡❝r❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦
① ❂ ✷❀
② ❂ ✰✰①❀ ✴✴ ① ❛❣♦r❛ ♣♦ss✉✐ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✸ ❡ ② t❛♠❜❡♠ ✸
② ❂ ①✲✲❀ ✴✴ ① ♣♦ss✉✐ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✷ ♥♦✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡ ② ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✸

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✷✽

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ✶✳✶✵✳ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦

✶✳✶✵✳✷ ❖♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♣♦st❛s

❙ã♦ ❜❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s✳ ❆ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✶✵ ❧✐st❛ ❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐✲
❧✐❞❛❞❡s✿

❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✶✵✿ ❖♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♣♦st❛s✳

❋♦r♠❛ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❊q✉✐✈❛❧ê♥❝✐❛ ✉s✉❛❧

x + = y; x=x+y
x − = y; x=x−y
x ∗ = y; x=x∗y
x / = y; x = x/y
x &= y x = x&y
x |= y x = x|y

➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛r q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ❞♦ ❜✐t✇✐s❡ ❆◆❉ ❡ ❞♦ ❜✐t✇✐s❡ ❖❘✱ ♦ ✏①✑
♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡✱ ✐♥t❡✐r♦✭✐♥t✮ ♦✉ ❧♦♥❣♦ ✭❧♦♥❣✮✳ ✏②✑ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❛ ❧✐❜❡r❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r ✉♠❛
❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ✐♥t❡✐r❛ ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ✉♠ ❞♦s t✐♣♦s ❝✐t❛❞♦s✳ P❛r❛ ❛s ♦✉tr❛s ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ✉s❛r
q✉❛❧q✉❡r t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧✳
❊①❡♠♣❧♦
① ❂ ✷❀
① ✰❂ ✹❀ ✴✴ ① ❛❣♦r❛ ♣♦ss✉✐ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✻
① ✲❂ ✸❀ ✴✴ ① ❛❣♦r❛ ♣♦ss✉✐ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✸
① ✯❂ ✶✵❀ ✴✴ ① ❛❣♦r❛ ♣♦ss✉✐ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✸✵
① ✴❂ ✷❀ ✴✴ ① ❛❣♦r❛ ♣♦ss✉✐ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✶✺

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✷✾

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ✶✳✶✵✳ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✸✵

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s

✷✳✶ ❈♦♥st❛♥t❡s

✷✳✶✳✶ tr✉❡ | ❢❛❧s❡

❢❛❧s❡
❢❛❧s❡ é ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✵ ✭③❡r♦✮✳

tr✉❡
tr✉❡ é ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✶✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❡stá ❝❡rt♦✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ♣♦ss✉✐r ✉♠❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ♠❛✐s
❧❛r❣❛✳ ◗✉❛❧q✉❡r ✐♥t❡✐r♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ③❡r♦ é tr✉❡✱ ♥♦ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦ ❇♦♦❧❡❛♥♦✳ ❊♥tã♦✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❝❤❡✲
❣❛r ❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ q✉❡ ✲✶✱ ✷ ❡ ✲✷✵✵ sã♦ t♦❞♦s ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ tr✉❡ t❛♠❜é♠✳

❉✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦
❘❡♣❛r❡ q✉❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s r❡s❡r✈❛❞❛s ❍■●❍✱ ▲❖❲✱ ■◆P❯❚ ❡ ❖❯❚P❯❚✱ tr✉❡ ❡ ❢❛❧s❡
sã♦ ❡s❝r✐t❛s ❡♠ ❧❡tr❛s ♠✐♥ús❝✉❧❛s✳

✷✳✶✳✷ ❍■●❍ | ▲❖❲

◆♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❢♦r ❧❡r ♦✉ ❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣✐♥♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✱ ❤á ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞♦✐s ✈❛❧♦r❡s q✉❡ ♦ ♣✐♥♦
♣♦❞❡ ❛ss✉♠✐r✿ ❍■●❍ ♦✉ ▲❖❲✳

❍■●❍
❊♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ♣✐♥♦s✱ ♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❍■●❍ é ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❧ ♠♦❞♦ ♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❢♦r
❝♦❧♦❝❛❞♦✱ s❡ ■◆P❯❚ ♦✉ ❖❯❚P❯❚✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣✐♥♦ é ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ■◆P❯❚ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♣✐♥▼♦❞❡
❡ ❧✐❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧❘❡❛❞✱ ♦ ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r ✐rá ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ❝♦♠♦ ❍■●❍ s❡ ❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❢♦r
♠❛✐♦r ♦✉ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ ✸ ✈♦❧ts ♥♦ ♣✐♥♦✳

❚❛♠❜é♠ é ♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛r ❝♦♠ ♣✐♥▼♦❞❡ ♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❝♦♠♦ ■◆P❯❚ ❡✱ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠ ❛
❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧❲r✐t❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❍■●❍ ❞❡✜♥✐rá ♦s ✷✵❑ r❡s✐st♦r❡s ♣✉❧❧✲✉♣ ✐♥t❡r♥♦s q✉❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛rã♦
♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❍■●❍ ❡①❝❡t♦ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ q✉❡ ❢♦r ♣✉①❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ▲❖❲ ♣❡❧♦ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦

✸✶
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s ✷✳✶✳ ❈♦♥st❛♥t❡s

❡①t❡r♥♦✳ ➱ ❞❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ■◆P❯❚❴P❯▲▲❯P ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✳

◗✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♣✐♥♦ é ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❖❯❚P❯❚ ❝♦♠ ♣✐♥▼♦❞❡✱ ❡ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❍■●❍ ❝♦♠
❞✐❣✐t❛❧❲r✐t❡✱ ♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❡stá ❝♦♠ ✺ ✈♦❧ts✳ ◆❡st❡ ❡st❛❞♦✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ❝♦rr❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠✲
♣❧♦✱ ❛❝❡♥❞❡r ✉♠ ▲❊❉ q✉❡ ❡stá ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ r❡s✐st♦r ❡♠ sér✐❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ t❡rr❛ ♦✉ ♣❛r❛
♦ ♦✉tr♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❖❯❚P❯❚✱ ❡ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ▲❖❲✳

▲❖❲
❖ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ▲❖❲ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❢♦✐ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥✜✲
❣✉r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ■◆P❯❚ ❝♦♠ ♣✐♥▼♦❞❡✱ ❡ ❧✐❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧❘❡❛❞✱ ♦ ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r ✐rá ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r
❝♦♠♦ ❍■●❍ s❡ ❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❢♦r ♠❡♥♦r ♦✉ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ ✷ ✈♦❧ts ♥♦ ♣✐♥♦✳

◗✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♣✐♥♦ é ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❖❯❚P❯❚ ❝♦♠ ♣✐♥▼♦❞❡✱ ❡ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ▲❖❲ ❝♦♠
❞✐❣✐t❛❧❲r✐t❡✱ ♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❡stá ❝♦♠ ✵ ✈♦❧ts✳ ◆❡st❡ ❡st❛❞♦✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ r❡❞✉③✐r ❝♦rr❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱
❛❝❡♥❞❡r ✉♠ ▲❊❉ q✉❡ ❡stá ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ r❡s✐st♦r ❡♠ sér✐❡ ♣❛r❛ ❱❝❝✱ ♦✉ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♦✉tr♦
♣✐♥♦ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❖❯❚P❯❚✱ ❡ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❍■●❍✳

✷✳✶✳✸ ■◆P❯❚ | ❖❯❚P❯❚ | ■◆P❯❚ P❯▲▲❯P

P✐♥♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ■◆P❯❚✱ ■◆P❯❚❴P❯▲▲❯P✱ ♦✉ ❖❯❚P❯❚✳ ▼♦❞✐✜❝❛r ♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❝♦♠
♣✐♥▼♦❞❡✭✮ s✐♥❣♥✐✜❝❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦ ❞♦ ♣✐♥♦✳

P✐♥♦s ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ■◆P❯❚

❖s ♣✐♥♦s ❞♦ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ■◆P❯❚ ❝♦♠ ♣✐♥▼♦❞❡✭✮ ❡stã♦ ❡♠ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t❛✲
✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛✳ P✐♥♦s ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ■◆P❯❚ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r ❛çõ❡s
❞❡ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦ ♣♦rt❡✳ ❊q✉✐✈❛❧❡♠ ❛ ✉♠❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ✶✵✵▼Ω ♥❛ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ♣✐♥♦✳ ■ss♦ ♦s
t♦r♥❛ út❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ s❡♥s♦r✱ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛r ✉♠ ▲❊❉✳

P✐♥♦s ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ■◆P❯❚ P❯▲▲❯P

❖ ❝❤✐♣ ✐♥t❡r♥♦ ❆t♠❡❣❛ ❞♦ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ r❡s✐st♦r❡s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ♣✉❧❧✲✉♣ ✶ ✐♥t❡r♥♦s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠
s❡r ❛❝❡ss❛❞♦s✳ ❈❛s♦ s❡❥❛ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ✉s❛r ❡ss❡s r❡s✐st♦r❡s ❛♦ ✐♥✈és ❞❡ r❡s✐st♦r❡s ❡①t❡r♥♦s ♣✉❧❧✲
✷
❞♦✇♥ ✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ✉s❛r ■◆P❯❚❴P❯▲▲❯P ❝♦♠♦ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣✐♥▼♦❞❡✭✮✳ ■ss♦ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥✈❡rt❡
♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❍■●❍s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛r✐❛ q✉❡ ♦ s❡♥s♦r ❡stá ❞❡s❧✐❣❛❞♦ ❡ ▲❖❲✱ ❧✐❣❛❞♦✳

P❛r❛ ♠❛✐s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ r❡s✐t♦r❡s ♣✉❧❧✲✉♣ ❡ ♣✉❧❧✲❞♦✇♥✱ ✈❡❥❛ ♦ ❧✐♥❦✸ ✳

✶ ❆ ✐❞é✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ r❡s✐st♦r ♣✉❧❧✲✉♣ é q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ❢r❛❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✏♣✉①❡✭♣✉❧❧s ✮✑ ❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ❡stá ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦
♣❛r❛ ✺❱ ✭♦✉ q✉❛❧q✉❡r t❡♥sã♦ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❧ó❣✐❝♦ ✏❛❧t♦✑✮✳

✷ r❡s✐st♦r❡s ♣✉❧❧✲❞♦✇♥ sã♦ ✉s❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛r ❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✈❛❧♦r ③❡r♦✭❜❛✐①♦✮ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ♦✉tr♦
❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❡st✐✈❡r ❝♦♥❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛✳ ❊❧❡s sã♦ ✉s❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♠❡♥♦s ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ♦s r❡s✐st♦r❡s ♣✉❧❧✲✉♣✳

✸ ❤tt♣✿✴✴♣t✳✇✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛✳♦r❣✴✇✐❦✐✴❘❡s✐st♦r❡s − up+
p ull

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✸✷

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s ✷✳✶✳ ❈♦♥st❛♥t❡s

P✐♥♦s ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❖✉t♣✉t

P✐♥♦s ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❖❯❚P❯❚ ❝♦♠ ♣✐♥▼♦❞❡✭✮ ❡stã♦ ❡♠ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❜❛✐①❛✲✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛✳ P♦✲
❞❡♠ ♣r♦✈❡r ✉♠❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rá✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr♦s ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s✳ P✐♥♦s ❞❛ ❆t♠❡❣❛
❢♦r♥❡❝❡♠ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ♣♦ss✐t✐✈❛ ♦✉ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛ ❛té 40mA ✭♠✐❧✐❛♠♣èr❡s✮ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr♦s ❝✐r✲
❝✉✐t♦s✳ ■ss♦ é út✐❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛❝❡♥❞❡r ▲❊❉s✱ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❧❡r s❡♥s♦r❡s✳ P✐♥♦s ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❖❯❚P❯❚
♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞❡str✉í❞♦s ❝❛s♦ s❡❥❛♠ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞♦s ❛ ❝✉rt♦✲❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ❝♦♠ ✺ ✈♦❧ts✳ ❆ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡
❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ♣✐♥♦ ❆t♠❡❣❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ♥ã♦ é s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛❜❛st❡❝❡r ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s
r❡❧és ♦✉ ♠♦t♦r❡s✱ ❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ s❡rã♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s✳

✷✳✶✳✹ ▲❊❉ ❇❯■▲❚■◆

❆ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛❝❛s ❆r❞✉✐♥♦ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✉♠ ♣✐♥♦ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦ ❛ ✉♠ ▲❊❉ ♦♥❜♦❛r❞ ❡♠ sér✐❡ ❝♦♠
✉♠ r❡s✐st♦r✳ ▲❊❉❴❇❯■▲❚■◆ é ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛r ♠❛♥✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧✳ ❆
♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛❝❛s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❡ss❡ ▲❊❉ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦ ❛♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ✶✸✳

✷✳✶✳✺ ❈♦♥st❛♥t❡s ✐♥t❡✐r❛s

❈♦♥s❛t❛♥t❡s ✐♥t❡✐r❛s sã♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ✉s❛❞♦s ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ s❦❡t❝❤✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✶✷✸✳ P♦r ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦✱ ❡ss❡s
♥ú♠❡r♦s sã♦ tr❛t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✏✐♥t✑✱ ♠❛s é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r ✐ss♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ❯ ❡ ▲
✭✈❡❥❛ ❛❜❛✐①♦✮✳
◆♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s ✐♥t❡✐r❛s sã♦ tr❛t❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ✶✵ ✭❞❡❝✐♠❛❧✮✱ ♠❛s ♥♦t❛çõ❡s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛✐s
♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉s❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♠ ♦✉tr❛s ❜❛s❡s✳

❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❈♦♥st❛♥t❡s ✐♥t❡✐r❛s✳

❇❛s❡ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❋♦r♠❛t❛❞♦r ❈♦♠❡♥tár✐♦

✶✵ ✭❞❡❝✐♠❛❧✮ ✶✷✸ ♥❡♥❤✉♠
✷ ✭❜✐♥ár✐♦✮ ❇✶✶✶✶✵✶✶ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r ✏❇✑ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠ ❛♣❡✲
♥❛s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ✽
❜✐ts ✭✵ ❛ ✷✺✺✮ ❝❛✲
r❛❝t❡r❡s ✵ ❡ ✶ sã♦
✈á❧✐❞♦s
✽ ✭♦❝t❛❧✮ ✵✶✼✸ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r ✏✵✑ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s ❞❡ ✏✵✑
❛ ✏✼✑ sã♦ ✈á❧✐❞♦s
✶✻ ✭❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧✮ ✵①✼❇ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r ✏✵①✑ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s ✏✵✑ ❛
✏✾✑✱ ✏❆✑ ❛ ✏❋✑✱ ✏❛✑
❛ ✏❢ ✑ ✈á❧✐❞♦s

❇❛s❡ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧
❉❡❝✐♠❛❧ é ❜❛s❡ ✶✵✳ ❈♦♥st❛♥t❡s s❡♠ ♣r❡✜①♦s sã♦ ❛ss✉♠✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧✳
❊①❡♠♣❧♦✿
✶✵✶ ✴✴ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❡ ♦ ✶✵✶ ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✭✭✶ ✯ ✶✵❫✷✮ ✰ ✭✵ ✯ ✶✵❫✶✮ ✰ ✶✮
❇❛s❡ ❜✐♥ár✐❛
❇✐♥ár✐♦ é ❜❛s❡ ❞♦✐s✳ ❆♣❡♥❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s ✵ ❡ ✶ sã♦ ✈á❧✐❞♦s✳

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✸✸

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s ✷✳✶✳ ❈♦♥st❛♥t❡s

❊①❡♠♣❧♦✿

❇✶✵✶ ✴✴ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❡ ✺ ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✭✭✶ ✯ ✷❫✷✮ ✰ ✭✵ ✯ ✷❫✶✮ ✰ ✶✮

❖ ❢♦r♠❛t❛❞♦r ❜✐♥ár✐♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s tr❛❜❛❧❤❛ ❝♦♠ ❜②t❡s ✭✽ ❜✐ts ✮ ❡♥tr❡ ③❡r♦ ✭❇✵✮ ❡ ✷✺✺ ✭❇✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✮✳
❙❡ ❢♦r ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ ✐♥s❡r✐r ✉♠ ✐♥t❡✐r♦ ✭✐♥t✱ ✶✻ ❜✐ts✮ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❜✐♥ár✐❛✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❢❛③❡r ❡♠ ❞♦✐s ♣❛ss♦s✿

✰♠②■♥t ❂ ✭❇✶✶✵✵✶✶✵✵ ✯ ✷✺✻✮ ✰ ❇✶✵✶✵✶✵✶✵❀

❇❛s❡ ♦❝t❛❧
❖❝t❛❧ é ❛ ❜❛s❡ ♦✐t♦✳ ❆♣❡♥❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s ❞❡ ✵ ❛ ✼ sã♦ ✈á❧✐❞♦s✳ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❡♠ ♦❝t❛❧ sã♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦s
❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r❡✜①♦ ✏✵✑✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦✿

✵✶✵✶ ✴✴ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❡ ✻✺✱ ❡♠ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✭✭✶ ✯ ✽❫✷✮ ✰ ✭✵ ✯ ✽❫✶✮ ✰ ✶✮

❉✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦

➱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡r ✉♠ ❡rr♦ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❞❡ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ✉♠ ③❡r♦ ♥❛ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡✱

♦ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛ ❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❝t❛❧✳

❍❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧
❍❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✭♦✉ ❤❡①✮ é ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡③❡ss❡✐s✳ ❈❛r❛❝t❡r❡s ✈á❧✐❞♦s sã♦ ❞❡ ✵ ❛ ✾ ❡ ❧❡tr❛s ❞❡ ✏❆✑ ❛ ✏❋✑✳
✏❆✑ ♣♦ss✉✐ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✶✵✱ ✏❇✑ ❞❡ ✶✶✱ ❛té ✏❋✑✱ q✉❡ ✈❛❧❡ ✶✺✳ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❍❡① sã♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦
♣r❡✜①♦ ✏✵①✑✳ ❘❡♣❛r❡ q✉❡ t❛♥t♦ ❢❛③ ❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❛s ❧❡tr❛s ❡♠ ❝❛✐①❛ ❛❧t❛ ♦✉ ❜❛✐①❛✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦✿

✵①✶✵✶ ✴✴ ♠❡s♠♦ ❞❡ ✷✺✼✱ ❡♠ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✭✭✶ ✯ ✶✻❫✷✮ ✰ ✭✵ ✯ ✶✻❫✶✮ ✰ ✶✮

❋♦r♠❛t❛❞♦r❡s ❯ ❡ ▲
P♦r ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦✒ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ✐♥t❡✐r❛ é tr❛t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ✐♥t❡✐r♦ ❝♦♠ ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ✐♥❡r❡♥t❡s ❛
s❡✉s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s✳ P❛r❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛r ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ✐♥t❡✐r❛ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✿
✏✉✑ ♦✉ ✏❯✑ ♣❛r❛ ❢♦rç❛r ❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❛♦ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✏✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞✑✳ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦✿ ✸✸✉
✏❧✑ ♦✉ ✏▲✑ ♣❛r❛ ❢♦rç❛r ❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❛♦ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✏❧♦♥❣ ❞❛t❛✑✳ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦✿ ✶✵✵✵✵✵▲
✏✉❧✑ ♦✉ ✏❯▲✑ ♣❛r❛ ❢♦rç❛r ❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❛♦ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✏✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ❧♦♥❣ ❝♦♥st❛♥t✑✳ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦✿
✸✷✼✻✼✉❧

✷✳✶✳✻ ❈♦♥st❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦ ✢✉t✉❛♥t❡

❙✐♠✐❧❛r ❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s ✐♥t❡✐r❛s✱ ❝♦♥t❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦ ✢✉t✉❛♥t❡ sã♦ ✉s❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ t♦r♥❛r ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ♠❛✐s
❧❡❣í✈❡❧✳ ❈♦♥st❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦ ❢✉t✉❛♥t❡ sã♦ tr♦❝❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ♣❛r❛ ♦ q✉❛❧ ❛
❡①♣r❡ssã♦ é ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛✳

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✸✹

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s ✷✳✷✳ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s

❊①❡♠♣❧♦✿

♥ ❂ ✳✵✵✺❀
❈♦♥st❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦ ✢✉t✉❛♥t❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡①♣r❡ss❛s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦t❛çã♦
❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛✳ ✏❊✑ ❡ ✏❡✑ sã♦ ❛♠❜❛s ❛❝❡✐t❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❡①♣♦❡♥t❡s ✈á❧✐❞♦s✳

❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳✷✿ ❈♦♥st❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦ ✢✉t✉❛♥t❡✳

P♦♥t♦ ✢✉t✉❛♥t❡ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡ ❛✿ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛✿

❝♦♥st❛♥t❡
✶✵✳✵ ✶✵
✷✳✸✹❊✺ 2.34 ∗ 105 ✷✸✹✵✵✵
✻✼❡✲✶✷ 67.0 ∗ 10− 12 ✳✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✻✼

✷✳✷ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s

✷✳✷✳✶ ✈♦✐❞

❆ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ r❡s❡r✈❛❞❛ ✈♦✐❞ é ✉s❛❞❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛r ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦✳ ■♥❞✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦
é ❡s♣❡r❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡t♦r♥❛r ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦✿

✴✴ ❛çõ❡s ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡♠ ♥❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ✧s❡t✉♣✧ ❡ ✧❧♦♦♣✧

✴✴ ♠❛s ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❢♦✐ r❡♣❛ss❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛

✈♦✐❞ s❡t✉♣✭✮④
✴✴ ✳✳✳
⑥

✈♦✐❞ ❧♦♦♣✭✮④
✴✴ ✳✳✳
⑥

✷✳✷✳✷ ❜♦♦❧❡❛♥

❯♠❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❜♦♦❧❡❛♥❛ ❛ss✉♠❡ ❞♦✐s ✈❛❧♦r❡s✱ ❞❡ tr✉❡ ♦✉ ❢❛❧s❡✳ ❈❛❞❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❞❡st❡ t✐♣♦
♦❝✉♣❛ ✉♠ ❜②t❡ ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛✳

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✸✺

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s ✷✳✷✳ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s

✷✳✷✳✸ ❝❤❛r

➱ ✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ ❜②t❡ ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❣✉r❞❛r ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡✳
P❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡ ✉s❛♠♦s ❛s♣❛s s✐♠♣❧❡s ✬❆✬✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s✭str✐♥❣s ✮
❛s♣❛s ❞✉♣❧❛s✿ ✧❆❇❈✧✳
❈❛r❛❝t❡r❡s sã♦ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦s✱ ❡♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✳ P❡r❝❜❡✲s❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❆❙❈■■✭❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥
❙t❛♥❞❛r❞ ❈♦❞❡ ❢♦r ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ■♥t❡r❝❤❛♥❣❡✱ ❡♠ ✐♥❣❧ês✮✳ ■ss♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❢❛③❡r ❝♦♥t❛s

❝♦♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ❆❙❈■■ ✭❡①✳ ✬❆✬ ✰ ✶ ♣♦ss✉✐ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✻✻✱ ❥á q✉❡ ♥❛
t❛❜❡❧❛ ❆❙❈■■ ❛ ❧❡tr❛ ❛ ♠❛✐ús❝✉❧❛ ♣♦ss✉✐ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✐s ✻✺✮✳ ❱❡❥❛ ♠❛✐s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛✳ ❆✳✶
❖ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❝❤❛r é ✉♠ t✐♣♦ s✐❣♥❡❞✱ ♦ q✉❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛ ♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❞❡ −128 ❛
127✳ P❛r❛ ✉♠✱ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❜②t❡ ✭✽ ❜✐ts ✮ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♥ã♦ s✐❣♥❡❞✱ ✉s❡ ♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❜②t❡✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦

❝❤❛r ♠②❈❤❛r ❂ ✬❆✬❀

❝❤❛r ♠②❈❤❛r ❂ ✻✺❀ ✴✴ ❛♠❜♦s sã♦ ✈á❧✐❞♦s

✷✳✷✳✹ ✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ❝❤❛r

➱ ✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦ q✉❡ ♦❝✉♣❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✶ ❜②t❡ ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛✳ ❖ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦ ❛❝❡✐t❛ ❞❡ ✵ ❛ ✷✺✺✳
◆♦ ❡st✐❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦✱ ♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❜②t❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ♣r❡❢❡r✐❞♦✳
❊①❡♠♣❧♦

✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ❝❤❛r ♠②❈❤❛r ❂ ✷✹✵❀

✷✳✷✳✺ ❜②t❡

❆ ❜②t❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✽ ❜✐ts✱ ❞❡ ✵ ❛ ✷✺✺✳

❊①❛♠♣❧❡
❜②t❡ ❜ ❂ ❇✶✵✵✶✵❀ ✴✴ ✧❇✧ ❭✬④❡⑥ ♦ ❢♦r♠❛t❛❞♦r ❜✐♥❭✬④❛⑥r✐♦ ✭❇✶✵✵✶✵ ❂ ✶✽ ❡♠ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧✮

✷✳✷✳✻ ✐♥t

■♥t❡✐r♦ é ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛ ❛ ❣✉❛r❞❛r ♥ú♠❡r♦s✳

◆♦ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦ ❯♥♦ ✭❡ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❧❛❝❛s ❞❛ ❆❚▼❡❣❛✮ ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ✐♥t❡✐r♦ ✭✐♥t✮ ❣✉❛r❞❛ ✉♠
✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✶✻ ❜✐ts ✭✷ ❜②t❡s ✮✳ ■ss♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ✉♠ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ −32, 768 ❛ 32, 767 ✭✈❛❧♦r ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❞❡
−21 5 ❡ ✈❛❧♦r ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❡ ✭215 ✲✶✮✮✳
❏á ♥♦ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦ ❉✉❡✱ ✐♥t ❣✉❛r❞❛ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ✸✷ ❜✐ts ✭✹ ❜②t❡s ✮✳ ■ss♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ✉♠ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡
−2, 147, 483, 648 ❛ 2, 147, 483, 647 ✭✈❛❧♦r ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ −231 ❡ ✈❛❧♦r ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❡ ✭231 ✮ ✲ ✶✮✳

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✸✻

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s ✷✳✷✳ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s

✐♥t ❣✉❛r❞❛ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s✱ ❝✐t❛❞❛
❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✳ ❖ ❜✐t ♠❛✐s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦✱ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✈❡③❡s ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❜✐t ❞❡ s✐♥❛❧✱ t♦r♥❛ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦
♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦✳ ❖ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦ ✏s❡ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛✑ ❡♠ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s ❧♦❣♦✱ ❛s ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❛r✐t♠é✲
t✐❝❛s ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❡s♣❡r❛❞❛✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡r ❛❧❣✉♥s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❛♦ ❧✐❞❛r
❝♦♠ ♦ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❜✐ts❤✐❢t r✐❣❤t ✭>>✮✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦

✐♥t ❧❡❞P✐♥ ❂ ✶✸❀

❙✐♥t❛①❡

✐♥t ✈❛r ❂ ✈❛❧❀

✈❛r ✲ ♥♦♠❡ ❞❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ✐♥t❡✐r❛

✈❛❧ ✲ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r q✉❡ ❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❛ss✉♠✐rá

❉✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦

◗✉❛♥❞♦ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❡①❝❡❞❡♠ s✉❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♠á①✐♠❛ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡❧❛s ✏r♦❧❛♠✑ ♣❛r❛
s✉❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♠í♥✐♠❛✳ ◆♦t❡ q✉❡ ✐ss♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❡♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❞✐r❡çõ❡s✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ✐♥t❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ✶✻ ❜✐ts✿

✐♥t ①❀
① ❂ ✲✸✷✼✻✽❀
① ❂ ① ✲ ✶❀ ✴✴ ① ❛❣♦r❛ ❣✉❛r❞❛ ✸✷✱✼✻✼ ✲ r♦❧❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛

① ❂ ✸✷✼✻✼❀
① ❂ ① ✰ ✶❀ ✴✴ ① ♣♦ss✉✐ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✲✸✷✱✼✻✽ ✲ r♦❧❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛

✷✳✷✳✼ ✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ✐♥t

◆♦ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦ ❯◆❖ ❡ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❧❛❝❛s ❞❛ ❆❚▼❊●❆✱ ✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ✐♥ts ✭✐♥t❡✐r♦s ✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ✮ sã♦ ♦
♠❡s♠♦ ❞❛s ✐♥t❡✐r❛s q✉❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛♠ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ✷ ❜②t❡s✳ ❆♦ ✐♥✈és ❞❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛r ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s
16
❛♣❡♥❛s ❣✉❛r❞❛ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s✱ ❡♠ ✉♠ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ ✵ ❛ 65.535(2 ) − 1)✳ ❆ ✈❡rsã♦ ❉✉❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛
32
✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ 4 ❜②t❡s ✭32 ❜✐ts ✮✱ ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ✵ ❛ 4, 294, 967, 295 ✭2 − 1✮✳
✹
❆ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ✐♥t ❡ ✭s✐❣♥❡❞ ✮ ✐♥t✱ é q✉❡ ♦ ▼❙❇ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ❞❡ s✐♥❛❧✱ ❛ss✐♠
❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦✱ ♠❛✐s ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✷✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦

✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ✐♥t ❧❡❞P✐♥ ❂ ✶✸❀

✹ ▼♦st ❙✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ❇✐t✱ ❇✐t ♠❛✐s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦✱ ❡♠ ✐♥❣❧ês✳ ❱❡r✐✜q✉❡ ❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛✜❛❬✸❪ ♣❛r❛ ♠❛✐s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✳

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✸✼

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s ✷✳✷✳ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s

❙✐♥t❛①❡

✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ✐♥t ✈❛r ❂ ✈❛❧❀

✈❛r ✲ ♥♦♠❡ ❞❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧

✈❛❧ ✲ ✈❛❧♦r ❛ss✉♠✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ✈❛✐rá✈❡❧

❉✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦
◗✉❛♥❞♦ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❡①❝❡❞❡♠ s✉❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♠á①✐♠❛ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡❧❛s ✏r♦❧❛♠✑ ♣❛r❛
s✉❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♠í♥✐♠❛✳ ◆♦t❡ q✉❡ ✐ss♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❡♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❞✐r❡çõ❡s✳

✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ✐♥t ①
① ❂ ✵❀
① ❂ ① ✲ ✶❀ ✴✴ ① ❛❣♦r❛ ❣✉❛r❞❛ ✻✺✺✸✺ ✲ r♦❧❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛
① ❂ ① ✰ ✶❀ ✴✴ ① ♣♦ss✉✐ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✵ ✲ r♦❧❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛

✷✳✷✳✽ ✇♦r❞

❆r♠❛③❡♥❛ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ❞❡ ✶✻ ❜✐ts ❞❡ ✵ ❛ ✻✺✺✸✺✳ ❙❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ ❛ ✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ✐♥t✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦
✇♦r❞ ✇ ❂ ✶✵✵✵✵❀

✷✳✷✳✾ ❧♦♥❣

❈♦♥✈❡rt❡ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ♣❛r❛ ♦ t✐♣♦ ❧♦♥❣✳

❙✐♥t❛①❡
❧♦♥❣✭①✮
P❛râ♠❡tr♦s
①✿ ✈❛rá✈❡❧ ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r t✐♣♦
❘❡t♦r♥❛
❧♦♥❣

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✸✽

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s ✷✳✷✳ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s

✷✳✷✳✶✵ ✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ❧♦♥❣

❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ❧♦♥❣ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ t❛♠❛♥❤♦s ❡①t❡♥s♦s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦

❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❣✉❛r❞❛r ✸✷ ❜✐ts ✭✹ ✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ❧♦♥❣ ♥ã♦ ❣✉❛r❞❛ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s✱
❜②t❡s ✮✳
32
t❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ ✵ ❛ 4, 294, 967, 295(2 − 1)✳
❊①❡♠♣❧♦

✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ❧♦♥❣ t✐♠❡❀

✈♦✐❞ s❡t✉♣✭✮④
❙❡r✐❛❧✳❜❡❣✐♥✭✾✻✵✵✮❀
⑥

✈♦✐❞ ❧♦♦♣✭✮④
❙❡r✐❛❧✳♣r✐♥t✭✧❚✐♠❡✿ ✧✮❀
t✐♠❡ ❂ ♠✐❧❧✐s✭✮❀
✴✴❡s❝r❡✈❡ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ t❡♥❤❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❞♦
❙❡r✐❛❧✳♣r✐♥t❧♥✭t✐♠❡✮❀
❞❡❧❛②✭✶✵✵✵✮❀
⑥

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✸✾

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s ✷✳✷✳ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s

❙✐♥t❛①❡

✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ❧♦♥❣ ✈❛r ❂ ✈❛❧❀

♦♥❞❡✿
✈❛r ✲ ♥♦♠❡ ❞❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧
✈❛❧ ✲ ✈❛❧♦r q✉❡ ❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❛ss✉♠❡

✷✳✷✳✶✶ s❤♦rt
s❤♦rt é ✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✶✻ ❜✐ts✳ ❊♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❆r❞✉✐♥♦s s❤♦rt ❣✉❛r❞❛ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ✶✻ ❜✐ts✳
P♦ss✉✐ ♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ −32.768 ❛ 32.767 ✭✈❛❧♦r ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ −215 ❡ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❡ (215 )−1✮✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦
s❤♦rt ❧❡❞P✐♥ ❂ ✶✸❀
❙✐♥t❛①❡
s❤♦rt ✈❛r ❂ ✈❛❧❀

♦♥❞❡✿
✈❛r ✲ ♥♦♠❡ ❞❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧
✈❛❧ ✲ ✈❛❧♦r q✉❡ ❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❛ss✉♠❡

✷✳✷✳✶✷ ✢♦❛t
❇❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ sã♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❝♦♠ ✈ír❣✉❧❛✳ ◆ú♠❡r♦s ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦ ✢✉t✉❛♥t❡ sã♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉s❛❞♦s
♣❛r❛ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛r ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❡ ❝♦♥tí♥✉♦s ♣♦r ❝♦♥t❛ ❞❡ s✉❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s ♥ú✲
♠❡r♦s ✐♥t❡✐r♦s✳ ◆ú♠❡r♦s ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦ ✢✉t✉❛♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r tã♦ q❣r❛♥❞❡s q✉❛♥t♦ 3.4028235E + 38
❡ tã♦ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦ q✉❛♥t♦ −3.4028235E + 38✳ ➱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❣✉❛r❞❛r ✸✷ ❜✐ts ✭✹ ❜②t❡s ✮ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
❋❧♦❛ts ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞❡ ✻ ❛ ✼ ❞í❣✐t♦s ❞❡ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦✳ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s✱

♦♥❞❡ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ♦❜t❡r ♠❛✐s ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ ✭❡♠ t♦r♥♦ ❞❡ ✶✺ ❞í❣✐t♦s✮✱ ♥♦ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦✱ ❞♦✉❜❧❡
é ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ q✉❡ ❢❧♦❛t✳
◆ú♠❡r♦s ❢❧♦❛t ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❡①❛t♦s✱ ❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ t❡r r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡str❛♥❤♦s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦s✳ P♦r
❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✻✳✵✴✸✳✵ ♥ã♦ é ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ ✷✳✵✳ ❖♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦ ✢✉t✉❛♥t❡ sã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s
❞❡✈❛❣❛r❡s ❞♦ q✉❡ ✐♥t❡✐r♦s✳ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rt❡♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦ ✢✉t✉❛♥t❡
♣❛r❛ ✐♥t❡✐r♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❝ó❞✐❣♦s✳ P❛r❛ tr❛t❛r ❝♦♠♦ ❢❧♦❛t✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡
❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛r ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞♦ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧✱ ❝❛s♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦✱ s❡rá tr❛t❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥t❡✐r♦✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦
❢❧♦❛t ♠✐♥❤❛❴✈❛r✐❛✈❡❧❀
❢❧♦❛t s❡♥s♦r❈❛❧✐❜r❛❞♦ ❂ ✶✳✶✶✼❀

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✹✵

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s ✷✳✷✳ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s

❙✐♥t❛①❡
❢❧♦❛t ✈❛r ❂ ✈❛❧❀

♦♥❞❡✿
✈❛r ✲ ♥♦♠❡ ❞❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧
✈❛❧ ✲ ✈❛❧♦r q✉❡ ❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❛ss✉♠❡
❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦
✐♥t ①❀
✐♥t ②❀
❢❧♦❛t ③❀

① ❂ ✶❀
② ❂ ① ✴ ✷❀ ✴✴ ② ❛❣♦r❛ ❝♦♥té♠ ✵✱ ✐♥t ♥ã♦ ❣✉❛r❞❛ ❢r❛çõ❡s
③ ❂ ✭❢❧♦❛t✮① ✴ ✷✳✵❀ ✴✴ ③ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✳✺ ✭❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ✉s❛r ✷✳✵✱ ❛♦ ✐♥✈és ❞❡ ✷✮

✷✳✷✳✶✸ ❞♦✉❜❧❡

✏Pr❡❝✐sã♦ ❞✉♣❧❛✑ ♣❛r❛ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦ ✢✉t✉❛♥t❡✳ ◆♦s ❆r❞✉✐♥♦s ❯◆❖ ❡ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❧❛❝❛s ❞❛
❆❚▼❊●❆✱ ♦❝✉♣❛ ✹ ❜②t❡s✳ ■st♦ é✱ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ é ❡①❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❞♦ ❢❧♦❛t✱
s❡♠ ❣❛♥❤♦s ❞❡ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦✳ ◆♦ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦ ❉✉❡✱ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✽ ❜②t❡s ✭✻✹ ❜✐ts ✮ ❞❡ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦✳

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✹✶

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s ✷✳✷✳ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s

✷✳✷✳✶✹ str✐♥❣ ✲ ❝❤❛r ❛rr❛②

❙tr✐♥❣s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ❢♦r♠❛s✳ ❯s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛
❙tr✐♥❣ ♦✉ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ✈❡t♦r ❞❡ ❝❤❛r✳ P❛r❛ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ q✉❡ ✉s❛ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛
❙tr✐♥❣✱ q✉❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ♠❛✐s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛✱ s✐❣❛ ❛ s✉❜s❡❝çã♦ ✷✳✷✳✶✺✳

❋♦r♠❛s ❞❡ s❡ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛r str✐♥❣s

❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳✸✿ ❙tr✐♥❣s ✿ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛r❄

❈ó❞✐❣♦ ❋♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛r

❝❤❛r ❙tr✶❬✶✺❪❀ ❱❡t♦r s❡♠ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦
❝❤❛r ❙tr✷❬✽❪ ❂ ④✬❛✬✱ ✬r✬✱ ❱❡t♦r ❝♦♠ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❡①tr❛✱ s❡♠ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦
✬❞✬✱ ✬✉✬✱ ✬✐✬✱ ✬♥✬✱ ✬♦✬⑥❀
❝❤❛r ❙tr✸❬✽❪ ❂ ④✬❛✬✱ ✬r✬✱ ❊①♣✐❝✐t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r ♥✉❧♦
✬❞✬✱ ✬✉✬✱ ✬✐✬✱ ✬♥✬✱ ✬♦✬✱ ✬❭✵✬⑥❀
❝❤❛r ❙tr✹❬ ❪ ❂ ✧❛r❞✉✐♥♦✧❀ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛r ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ str✐♥❣ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❡♥tr❡
❛s♣❛s✱ ♦ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ❛ ❛❥✉st❛r ❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡
❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s ❡ ✉♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡ ♥✉❧♦ ❞❡ t❡r♠✐♥❛✲
çã♦
❝❤❛r ❙tr✺❬✽❪ ❂ ✧❛r❞✉✐♥♦✧❀ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❡①♣❧í✲
❝✐t♦ ❡ str✐♥❣ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡
❝❤❛r ❙tr✻❬✶✺❪ ❂ ✧❛r❞✉✐♥♦✧❀ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛r ♦ ❛rr❛②✱ ❞❡✐①❛♥❞♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❡①tr❛
♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♠❛✐♦r

❚❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ♥✉❧❛ ✭♥✉❧❧ ✮

●❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ str✐♥❣s t❡r♠✐♥❛♠ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡ ♥✉❧♦ ✭✵✱ ♥♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❆❙❈■■✮✳ ■ss♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡
q✉❡ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❙❡r✐❛❧✳♣r✐♥t✭✮ ✏s❛✐❜❛♠✑ q✉❛♥❞♦ t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❛ str✐♥❣✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❛s
❢✉♥çõ❡s ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠ ❧❡♥❞♦ ♦s ❜②t❡s ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ q✉❡ ♥❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡ ♥ã♦ ❢❛③❡♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ str✐♥❣✳ ■ss♦
s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ ❛ str✐♥❣ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ t❡r ✉♠ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ t❡①t♦ q✉❡ s❡
❞❡s❡❥❛ ❡s❝r❡✈❡r✳ ➱ ♣♦r ✐ss♦ q✉❡ ❙tr✷ ❡ ❙tr✺ ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ ♣♦ss✉✐r ♦✐t♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡✏❛r❞✉✐♥♦✑
♣♦ss✉✐r ❛♣❡♥❛s s❡t❡ ✲ ❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ é ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣r❡❡♥❝❤✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r ♥✉❧♦✳
❙tr✹ s❡rá ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❥✉st❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ ♦✐t♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s✱ ✉♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♥✉❧♦✳ ❊♠
❙tr✸✱ ❢♦✐ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❝❧✉í❞♦ ♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r ♥✉❧♦ ✭❭✵✮✳

➱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ t❡r str✐♥❣s s❡♠ ✉♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r ✜♥❛❧ ♥✉❧♦ ✭❝❛s♦ s❡ ♥♦ ❙tr✷ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛❞♦
❢♦ss❡ s❡t❡ ❛♦ ✐♥✈és ❞❡ ♦✐t♦✮✳ ■ss♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❡✈✐t❛❞♦✱ ♣♦✐s ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ♥ã♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛r✳
▼✉✐t♦s ❡rr♦s ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♠ ❝♦♥❢✉s❛ ❞❡ ❝❛r❝t❡r❡s ❞❡ ✈❡t♦r❡s ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ♣♦r ❡ss❡ ❢❛t♦✳

❆s♣❛s ❞✉♣❧❛s ♦✉ s✐♠♣❧❡s❄

❙tr✐♥❣s sã♦ s❡♠♣r❡ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛s♣❛s ❞✉♣❧❛s ✭ ✧❆❜❝✧✮ ❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s sã♦ s❡♠♣r❡ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s
❝♦♠ ❛s♣❛s s✐♠♣❧❡s ✭✬❆✬✮✳

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✹✷

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s ✷✳✷✳ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s

❈♦♥❝❛t❡♥❛♥❞♦ str✐♥❣s ❧♦♥❣❛s

❝❤❛r ❙tr✐♥❣❬❪ ❂ ✧♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✧

✧ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✧
✧ ❡t❝❡t❡r❛✧❀

❱❡t♦r❡s ❞❡ str✐♥❣s
➱ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛ ❝♦♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡s q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ t❡①t♦✱ ❛ss✐♠
❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣❧❛② ▲❈❉✱ ✉s❛r ✉♠ ✈❡t♦r ❞❡ str✐♥❣s✳ ❙tr✐♥❣s sã♦ ♣♦r s✐ só ✈❡t♦r❡s✱ ✉♠
❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✈❡t♦r ❜✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✳

◆♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❛❜❛✐①♦✱ ♦ ❛st❡r✐s❝♦ ❞❡♣♦✐s ❞♦ ❝❤❛r ✏ ❝❤❛r✯✑ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ q✉❡ é ✉♠ ✈❡t♦r ❞❡ ♣♦♥t❡✐r♦s✳
❚♦❞♦ ♥♦♠❡ ❞❡ ✈❡t♦r ♥❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡ é ✉♠ ♣♦♥t❡✐r♦✱ ❡♥tã♦✱ é ♣r❡❝✐s♦ ❞✐ss♦ ♣❛r❛ ❢❛③❡r ✉♠ ✈❡t♦r ❞❡
✈❡t♦r❡s✳ ◆ã♦ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❞❡ ♣♦♥t❡✐r♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦
❝❤❛r✯ ❙tr✐♥❣s❬❪❂④✧str✐♥❣ ✶✧✱ ✧str✐♥❣ ✷✧✱ ✧str✐♥❣ ✸✧✱
✧str✐♥❣ ✹✧✱ ✧str✐♥❣ ✺✧✱✧str✐♥❣ ✻✧⑥❀

✈♦✐❞ s❡t✉♣✭✮④
❙❡r✐❛❧✳❜❡❣✐♥✭✾✻✵✵✮❀
⑥

✈♦✐❞ ❧♦♦♣✭✮④
❢♦r ✭✐♥t ✐ ❂ ✵❀ ✐ ❁ ✻❀ ✐✰✰✮④
❙❡r✐❛❧✳♣r✐♥t❧♥✭❙tr✐♥❣s❬✐❪✮❀
❞❡❧❛②✭✺✵✵✮❀
⑥
⑥

✷✳✷✳✶✺ ❙tr✐♥❣ ✲ ♦❜❥❡❝t

❆ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❙tr✐♥❣ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ q✉❡ s❡ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❡ str✐♥❣s ❞♦ t❡①t♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛s ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s ❞♦ q✉❡
❝♦♠ ✈❡t♦r❡s✳ ➱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝♦♥❝❛t❡♥❛r ❙tr✐♥❣s✱ ❛♥❡①á✲❧♦s✱ ♣r♦❝✉r❛r ❡ s✉❜st✐t✉✐r s✉❜str✐♥❣s ❡ ♠✉✐t♦
♠❛✐s✳ ➱ ♣r❡❝✐s♦ ♠❛✐s ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❞♦ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ é ♠❛✐s
út✐❧✳ P❛r❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✱ ❛rr❛②s ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ str✐♥❣s ❝♦♠ ✏s✑ ♠✐♥ús❝✉❧♦ ✭s✮✱ ❡
❛s ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❙tr✐♥❣ sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ str✐♥❣s ❞❡ ✏s✑ ♠❛✐ús❝✉❧♦✭❙✮✳ ◆♦t❡ q✉❡ str✐♥❣s
❞❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛s♣❛s ❞✉♣❧❛s sã♦ tr❛t❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♠❛tr✐③❡s ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s✱ ❡ ♥ã♦
✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❙tr✐♥❣✳

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✹✸

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s ✷✳✸✳ ❈♦♥✈❡rsã♦

✷✳✷✳✶✻ ❛rr❛②
❯♠ ❛rr❛② ✭✈❡t♦r✮ é ✉♠❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s q✉❡ sã♦ ❛❝❡ss❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ í♥❞✐❝❡✳ ❉❡❝❧❛✲
r❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ✈❡t♦r ✭t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s sã♦ ✈á❧✐❞♦s✮✿

✐♥t ✐♥t❡✐r♦s❬✻❪❀
✐♥t ♣✐♥♦s❬❪ ❂ ④✷✱ ✹✱ ✽✱ ✸✱ ✻⑥❀
✐♥t ✈❛❧♦r❡s❬✻❪ ❂ ④✷✱ ✹✱ ✲✽✱ ✸✱ ✷⑥❀
❝❤❛r ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠❬✸❪ ❂ ✧♦❧❛✧❀
➱ ♣♦ss✐✈❡❧ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛r ✉♠ ✈❡t♦r s❡♠ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③á✲❧♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♠ ✏✐♥t❡✐r♦s✑✳

❏á ❡♠ ✏♣✐♥♦s✑ ♦ ✈❡t♦r ❢♦✐ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❞♦ s❡♠ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❛r s❡♠ t❛♠❛♥❤♦✳ ❖ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ❝♦♥t❛ ♦s
❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❛❧♦❝❛ ✉♠ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ t❛♠♥❤♦ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞♦✳ ❊♠ ✏✈❛❧♦r❡s✑✱ ❤á t♦❞❛s
❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✱ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❡ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞♦ ✈❡t♦r✳ P❛r❛ ♣r❡❡♥❝❤❡r ✉♠ ✈❡t♦r ❝♦♠ ♦ t✐♣♦ ❝❤❛r✱
❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛r ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❡ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✳ P♦❞❡✲s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ❝❛❞❛ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞♦ ✈❡t♦r ❝♦♠♦
✉♠❛ ✏❝❛s❛✑✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ✉♠ ✈❡t♦r ❝♦♠ ✻ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✱ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❝♦♠♦ í♥❞✐❝❡s ❞❡ ✵ ❛ ✺✳ ❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛
❝❛s❛ s❡♠♣r❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ í♥❞✐❝❡ ❝♦♠♦ ③❡r♦✳

❆tr✐❜✉✐♥❞♦ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❛ ✉♠ ✈❡t♦r

✈❡t❬✵❪ ❂ ✶✵❀
❘❡❝❡❜❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✉♠ ✈❡t♦r
① ❂ ✈❡t❬✹❪❀
❱❡t♦r❡s ❡ ❢♦r
❱❡t♦r❡s ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ sã♦ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛❞♦s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧♦♦♣s ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ❝♦♥t❛❞♦r ❞♦ ❧❛ç♦ é ✉s❛❞♦
❝♦♠♦ í♥❞✐❝❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ✈❡t♦r✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡s❝r❡✈❡r ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦ ✈❡t♦r ♥❛
♣♦rt❛ s❡r✐❛❧✿

✐♥t ✐❀
❢♦r ✭✐ ❂ ✵❀ ✐ ❁ ✺❀ ✐ ❂ ✐ ✰ ✶✮ ④
❙❡r✐❛❧✳♣r✐♥t❧♥✭♣✐♥♦s❬✐❪✮❀
⑥

✷✳✸ ❈♦♥✈❡rsã♦

✷✳✸✳✶ ❝❤❛r✭✮
❈♦♥✈❡rt❡ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ♣❛r❛ ♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❝❤❛r✳
❙✐♥t❛①❡
❝❤❛r✭①✮
P❛râ♠❡tr♦s
①✿ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r t✐♣♦
❘❡t♦r♥❛
❝❤❛r

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✹✹

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s ✷✳✸✳ ❈♦♥✈❡rsã♦

✷✳✸✳✷ ❜②t❡✭✮
❈♦♥✈❡rt❡ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ♣❛r❛ ♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❜②t❡✳
❙✐♥t❛①❡
❜②t❡✭①✮

P❛râ♠❡tr♦s
①✿ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r t✐♣♦

❘❡t♦r♥❛
❜②t❡

✷✳✸✳✸ ✐♥t✭✮
❈♦♥✈❡rt❡ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ♣❛r❛ ♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✐♥t✳
❙✐♥t❛①❡
✐♥t✭①✮

P❛râ♠❡tr♦s
①✿ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r t✐♣♦

❘❡t♦r♥❛
✐♥t

✷✳✸✳✹ ✇♦r❞✭✮
❈♦♥✈❡rt❡ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ♣❛r❛ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✇♦r❞ ♦✉ ❝r✐❛ ✉♠❛ ♣❛r❛❧✈r❛ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ❜②t❡s✳

❙✐♥t❛①❡
✇♦r❞✭①✮
✇♦r❞✭❤✱ ❧✮

P❛râ♠❡tr♦s
①✿ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r t✐♣♦
❤✿ ♦ ❜②t❡ ♠❛✐s à ❡sq✉❡r❞❛ ❞❛ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛
❧✿ ♦ ❜②t❡ ♠❛✐s à ❞✐r❡✐t❛ ❞❛ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛

❘❡t♦r♥❛
✇♦r❞

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✹✺

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s ✷✳✹✳ ❊s❝♦♣♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s

✷✳✸✳✺ ❧♦♥❣✭✮
❈♦♥✈❡rt❡ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ♣❛r❛ ♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❧♦♥❣✳
❙✐♥t❛①❡
❧♦♥❣✭①✮
P❛râ♠❡tr♦s
①✿ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r t✐♣♦
❘❡t♦r♥❛
❧♦♥❣

✷✳✸✳✻ ✢♦❛t✭✮
❈♦♥✈❡rt❡ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ♣❛r❛ ♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❢❧♦❛t✳
❙✐♥t❛①❡
❢❧♦❛t✭①✮
P❛râ♠❡tr♦s
①✿ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r t✐♣♦
❘❡t♦r♥❛
❢❧♦❛t

✷✳✹ ❊s❝♦♣♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s

✷✳✹✳✶ ❊s❝♦♣♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧

❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❡♠ ❈✱ ✉s❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦✱ ss✉✐ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦♣♦✳ ❊ss❛ é ✉♠❛
❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ♠❛✐s ❛♥t✐❣❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❇❆❙■❈ ♦♥❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s sã♦ ❣❧♦❜❛✐s✳
❱❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❣❧♦❜❛r é ✉♠❛ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛❞❛✭✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛✮ ♣♦r q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❢✉♥çã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣r♦✲
❣r❛♠❛✳ ❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❧♦❝❛✐s sã♦ ✈✐sí✈❡✐s ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❞❛s✳ ◆♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡
❞♦ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦✱ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❞❛ ❢♦r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦✱ é ❣❧♦❜❛❧✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❝♦✲
♠❡ç❛♠ ❛ s❡ t♦r♥❛r ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❡ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s✱ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❧♦❝❛✐s sã♦ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡
❝❛❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ t❡♥❤❛ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ s✉❛s ♣ró♣r✐❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s✳ ■ss♦ ♣r❡✈✐♥❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❡rr♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦
♦♥❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛ ❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛ ❢✉♥çã♦✳
❆❧❣✉♠❛s ✈❡③❡s é út✐❧ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛r ❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❧❛ç♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❢♦r✳ ❉❡st❛
❢♦r♠❛✱ ❡ss❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ♣♦❞❡rá s❡r ❛❝❡ss❛❞❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ❧❛ç♦✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦
✐♥t ❣P❲▼✈❛❧❀ ✴✴ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ✉s❛rá ❡ss❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧

✈♦✐❞ s❡t✉♣✭✮④
✴✴ ✳✳✳
⑥

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✹✻

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s ✷✳✹✳ ❊s❝♦♣♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s

✈♦✐❞ ❧♦♦♣✭✮④
✐♥t ✐❀ ✴✴ ✧✐✧ s❡rá ✈✐sí✈❡❧ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❧♦♦♣
❢❧♦❛t ❢❀ ✴✴ ✧❢✧ s❡rá ✈✐sí✈❡❧ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❧♦♦♣
✴✴ ✳✳✳

❢♦r ✭✐♥t ❥ ❂ ✵❀ ❥ ❁✶✵✵❀ ❥✰✰✮④

✴✴ ❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❥ ♣♦❞❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s s❡r ❛❝❡ss❛❞❛ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ❧❛ç♦ ❢♦r
⑥
⑥

✷✳✹✳✷ ❊stát✐❝❛s

❆ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ r❡s❡r✈❛❞❛ st❛t✐❝ é ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝r✐❛r ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s q✉❡ sã♦ ✈✐sí✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛
❢✉♥çã♦✳ ❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❧♦❝❛✐s sã♦ ❝r✐❛❞❛s ❡ ❞❡str✉í❞❛s t♦❞❛s ❛s ✈❡③❡s q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛✱
✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❡stát✐❝❛s ✭st❛t✐❝✮ ♣❡rs✐st❡♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛♣ós ❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ t❡r♠✐♥❛r✱ ❣✉❛r❞❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✲
çã♦✳
❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ st❛t✐❝ sã♦ ❝r✐❛❞❛s ❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛ ❢✉♥✲
çã♦ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦

✐♥t ✈❛r✶❀
✐♥t ✈❛r✷❀

✈♦✐❞ s❡t✉♣✭✮④
✴✴ ✳✳✳
⑥

✈♦✐❞ ❧♦♦♣✭✮④
✴✴ ✳✳✳
⑥

✐♥t ❢✉♥❝❛♦✭✮④
st❛t✐❝ ✐♥t ✈❛r✸❀
❛çõ❡s
⑥

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✹✼

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s ✷✳✹✳ ❊s❝♦♣♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s

✷✳✹✳✸ ❱♦❧át✐❧

✈♦❧❛t✐❧❡ é ❛ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ r❡s❡r✈❛❞❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ q✉❛❧✐✜❝❛❞♦r❛✱ ✉s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉s❛❞❛ ❛♥t❡s ❞♦ t✐♣♦
❞❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧✱ ♣♦ss✉✐ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ❡ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✐rã♦ tr❛t❛r ❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧✳
❉❡❝❧❛r❛r ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧❡ é ✉♠❛ ❞✐r❡t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r✳ ❖ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r é ✉♠
s♦❢t✇❛r❡ q✉❡ tr❛❞✉③ ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡♠ ❈✴❈✰✰✱ q✉❡ ❡♥✈✐❛ ❛s r❡❛✐s ✐♥str✉çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❤✐♣ ❆t♠❡❣❛ ❞♦
❆r❞✉✐♥♦✳ ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡❧❡ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛ ♦ ❝♦♠♣✐❛❧♦r ❛ ❝❛rr❡❣❛r ❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❞❛ ❘❆▼ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❞♦
✺
q✉❡ ❡stá ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞♦ ♥♦ r❡❣✐str❛❞♦r ✳ ❉❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❝❡rt❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s✱ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❛r♠❛③❡✲
♥❛❞❛ ♥♦s r❡❣✐str❛❞♦r❡s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✐♠♣r❡❝✐s♦✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧❡
q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ♣♦ss❛ s❡r tr♦❝❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❛❧❣♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥♦ tr❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❛çõ❡s
❝♦♥❝♦♠✐t❛♥t❡s✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦

✴✴ ❛❧t❡r♥❛ ♦ ❡st❛❞♦✭❛❝❡♥❞❡ ♦✉ ❛♣❛❣❛✮ ❞♦ ▲❊❉ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çã♦ ♠✉❞❛ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦

✐♥t ♣✐♥♦ ❂ ✶✸❀
✈♦❧❛t✐❧❡ ✐♥t ❡st❛❞♦ ❂ ▲❖❲❀

✈♦✐❞ s❡t✉♣✭✮④
♣✐♥▼♦❞❡✭♣✐♥♦✱ ❖❯❚P❯❚✮❀
❛tt❛❝❤■♥t❡rr✉♣t✭✵✱ ❜❧✐♥❦✱ ❈❍❆◆●❊✮❀
⑥

✈♦✐❞ ❧♦♦♣✭✮④
❞✐❣✐t❛❧❲r✐t❡✭♣✐♥♦✱ ❡st❛❞♦✮❀
⑥

✈♦✐❞ ❜❧✐♥❦✭✮④
❡st❛❞♦ ❂ ✦❡st❛❞♦❀
⑥

✷✳✹✳✹ ❈♦♥st❛♥t❡

❆ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ r❡s❡r✈❛❞❛ ❝♦♥st s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡✳ ➱ ✉♠ q✉❛❧✐✜❝❛❞♦r ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ q✉❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛ ♦ ❝♦♠✲
♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ✏ r❡❛❞✲♦♥❧② ✑✳ ■st♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ ❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ♣♦❞❡
s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♦✉tr❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❞♦ s❡✉ t✐♣♦✱ ♠❛s ♦ s❡✉ ✈❛❧♦r ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r
❛❧t❡r❛❞♦✳ ❖ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ❛❝✉s❛rá ❡rr♦ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉✐r ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ❛ ✉♠❛
✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❝♦♥st✳
❈♦♥st❛♥t❡s ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ r❡s❡r✈❛❞❛ ❝♦♥st ♦❜❡❞❡❝❡♠ ❛s r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ❡s❝♦♣♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s
q✉❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠ ♦✉tr❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s✳ ■ss♦✱ ❡ ❛s ❛r♠❛❞✐❧❤❛s ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ★❞❡❢✐♥❡✱ ❢❛③ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛
r❡s❡r✈❛❞❛ ❝♦♥st ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ é ♣r❡❢❡rí✈❡❧ ❛ ✉s❛r
★❞❡❢✐♥❡✳

✺ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ t❡♠♣♦rár✐❛ ♦♥❞❡ ❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ sã♦ ❣✉❛r❞❛s ❡ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛❞❛s✳

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✹✽

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s ✷✳✺✳ ❯t✐❧✐tár✐♦s

❊①❡♠♣❧♦
❝♦♥st ❢❧♦❛t ♣✐ ❂ ✸✳✶✹❀
❢❧♦❛t ①❀

✴✴ ✳✳✳✳

① ❂ ♣✐ ✯ ✷❀ ✴✴ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ✉s❛r ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s ❡♠ ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝❛s

♣✐ ❂ ✼❀ ✴✴ ❡rr❛❞♦✦ ♥ã♦ s❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉✐r ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❛ ❝♦♥t❛♥t❡s✦

❆ t❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳✹ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✉s❛r ★❞❡❢✐♥❡ ♦✉ ❝♦♥st✿

❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳✹✿ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❡ ❝♦♥st✿ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✉s❛r❄

t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ★❞❡❢✐♥❡ ❝♦♥st

√ √
❈♦♥t❛♥t❡s ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛s √ √
❙tr✐♥❣s √
❱❡t♦r❡s

✷✳✺ ❯t✐❧✐tár✐♦s

✷✳✺✳✶ s✐③❡♦❢✭✮
❖ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r s✐③❡♦❢✭✮ r❡t♦r♥❛ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❜②t❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ♦✉ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❜②t❡s
♦❝✉♣❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ✈❡t♦r✳

❙✐♥t❛①❡

s✐③❡♦❢✭✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡✮

P❛râ♠❡tr♦s

✈❛r✐á✈❡❧✿ q✉❛❧q✉❡r t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ♦✉ ✈❡t♦r ✭❡①❡♠♣❧♦✿ ✐♥t✱ ❢❧♦❛t✱ ❜②t❡✮

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✹✾

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s ✷✳✺✳ ❯t✐❧✐tár✐♦s

❊①❡♠♣❧♦
❖ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r s✐③❡♦❢ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ é ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ ✈❡t♦r❡s ✭❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ str✐♥❣s ✮✱

♦♥❞❡ é ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ ♠✉❞❛r ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✈❡t♦r s❡♠ q✉❡❜r❛r ♦✉tr❛s ♣❛rt❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳ ❖
♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❛❜❛✐①♦ ✐♠♣r✐♠❡ ✉♠ t❡①t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r ♣♦r ✈❡③✳

❝❤❛r ♠✐♥❤❛❙tr✐♥❣❬❪ ❂ ✧t❡st❡✧❀

✐♥t ✐❀

✈♦✐❞ s❡t✉♣✭✮④
❙❡r✐❛❧✳❜❡❣✐♥✭✾✻✵✵✮❀
⑥

✈♦✐❞ ❧♦♦♣✭✮ ④
❢♦r ✭✐ ❂ ✵❀ ✐ ❁ s✐③❡♦❢✭♠✐♥❤❛❙tr✐♥❣✮ ✲ ✶❀ ✐✰✰✮④
❙❡r✐❛❧✳♣r✐♥t✭✐✱ ❉❊❈✮❀
❙❡r✐❛❧✳♣r✐♥t✭✧ ❂ ✧✮❀
❙❡r✐❛❧✳✇r✐t❡✭♠✐♥❤❛❙tr✐♥❣❬✐❪✮❀
❙❡r✐❛❧✳♣r✐♥t❧♥✭✮❀
⑥
❞❡❧❛②✭✺✵✵✵✮❀ ✴✴ r❡❞✉③ ❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛
⑥

◆♦t❡ q✉❡ s✐③❡♦❢ r❡t♦r♥❛ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ❜②t❡s✳ ❊♥tã♦ s❡ ❢♦r ✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❝♦♠♦
✐♥t✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ✉s❛r ✉♠ ❧♦♦♣ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❢♦r✳ ❘❡♣❛r❡ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ str✐♥❣ ❜❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❝♦♠
✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ◆❯▲▲✱ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❆❙❈■■ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡ ❛ ✵ ✭③❡r♦✮✳

❢♦r ✭✐ ❂ ✵❀ ✐ ❁ ✭s✐③❡♦❢✭♠❡✉s■♥t❡✐r♦s✮✴s✐③❡♦❢✭✐♥t✮✮ ✲ ✶❀ ✐✰✰✮ ④

✴✴ ❢❛ç❛ ❛❧❣♦ ❝♦♠ ♠❡✉s■♥t❡✐r♦s❬✐❪
⑥

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✺✵

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸
❋✉♥çõ❡s

✸✳✶ ❊♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ s❛í❞❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧

✸✳✶✳✶ ♣✐♥▼♦❞❡✭✮

❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛ ✉♠ ♣✐♥♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✐♥♣✉t ♦✉ ♦✉t♣✉t✳ ◆♦ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦
✶✳✵✳✶✱ é ♣♦ss✐✈❡❧ ❤❛❜✐❧✐t❛r ♦s r❡s✐st♦r❡s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s ♣✉❧❧✉♣ ♥♦ ♠♦❞♦ ■◆P❯❚❴P❯▲▲❯P✳ ❖ ♠♦❞♦ ■◆P❯❚
❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡s❛❜✐❧✐t❛ ♦s ♣✉❧❧✉♣s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s✳

❙✐♥t❛①❡

♣✐♥▼♦❞❡✭♣✐♥♦✱ ♠♦❞♦✮

P❛râ♠❡tr♦s

♣✐♥♦✿ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦ ❛ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦

♠♦❞♦✿ ■◆P❯❚✱ ❖❯❚P❯❚✱ ♦✉ ■◆P❯❚❴P❯▲▲❯P

❊①❡♠♣❧♦

✐♥t ❧❡❞P✐♥ ❂ ✶✸❀ ✴✴ ▲❊❉ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♣✐♥♦ ✶✸

✈♦✐❞ s❡t✉♣✭✮④
♣✐♥▼♦❞❡✭❧❡❞P✐♥✱ ❖❯❚P❯❚✮❀ ✴✴ ❞❡❢✐♥✐♥❞♦ ♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦✉t♣✉t
⑥

✈♦✐❞ ❧♦♦♣✭✮④
❞✐❣✐t❛❧❲r✐t❡✭❧❡❞P✐♥✱ ❍■●❍✮❀ ✴✴ ❧✐❣❛ ♦ ▲❊❉
❞❡❧❛②✭✶✵✵✵✮❀ ✴✴ ❛❣✉❛r❞❛ ✉♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦
❞✐❣✐t❛❧❲r✐t❡✭❧❡❞P✐♥✱ ▲❖❲✮❀ ✴✴ ❞❡s❧✐❣❛ ♦ ▲❊❉
❞❡❧❛②✭✶✵✵✵✮❀ ✴✴ ❛❣✉❛r❞❛ ✉♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦
⑥

✺✶
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ✸✳✶✳ ❊♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ s❛í❞❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧

✸✳✶✳✷ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧❲r✐t❡✭✮
❊s❝r❡✈❡ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❍■●❍ ♦✉ ▲❖❲ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣✐♥♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✳ ❙❡ ♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❢♦r ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❖❯❚P❯❚ ❝♦♠
♣✐♥▼♦❞❡✭✮✱ ❡ss❛ t❡♥sã♦ s❡rá ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛ s❡✉ ✈❛❧♦r ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡✿ 5❱ ✭♦✉ 3.3❱ ♥❛s ♣❧❛❝❛s ❞❡
3.3❱✮ ♣❛r❛ ❍■●❍✱ 0❱ ✭❣r♦✉♥❞✮ ♣❛r❛ ▲❖❲✳ ❖ ♣✐♥♦ é ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ■◆P❯❚✱ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧❲r✐t❡✭✮ ✐rá
❤❛❜✐❧✐t❛r ✭❍■●❍✮ ♦✉ ❞❡s❛❜✐❧✐t❛r ✭▲❖❲✮ ♦ r❡s✐st♦r ✐♥t❡r♥♦ ♣✉❧❧✉♣ ♥♦ ♣✐♥♦✳ ❘❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛✲s❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛r
♦ ♣✐♥▼♦❞❡✭✮ ❝♦♠♦ ■◆P❯❚❴P❯▲▲❯P ♣❛r❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r q✉❡ ❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ✐♥t❡r♥♦ ♣✉❧❧✲✉♣✳ ❆♦ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛r
♣✐♥▼♦❞❡✭✮ ❝♦♠♦ ❖❯❚P❯❚✱ ❡ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛r ♦ ▲❊❉ ❛ ✉♠ ♣✐♥♦✱ ❛♦ ❝❤❛♠❛r ❞✐❣✐t❛❧❲r✐t❡✭❍■●❍✮✱ ♦ ▲❊❉
♣♦❞❡ ❛❝❡♥❞❡r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❢r❛❝❛✳ ❙❡♠ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❛r ♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞♦ ♣✐♥♦✱ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧❲r✐t❡✭✮ ✐rá ❤❛❜✐❧✐t❛r ♦s
r❡s✐st♦r❡s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s ♣✉❧❧✲✉♣✱ q✉❡ ❛❣❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ r❡s✐st♦r ❧❛r❣♦ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡✳

❙✐♥t❛①❡
❞✐❣✐t❛❧❲r✐t❡✭♣✐♥♦✱ ✈❛❧♦r✮
P❛râ♠❡tr♦s
♣✐♥♦✿ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞♦ ♣✐♥♦
✈❛❧♦r✿ ❍■●❍ ♦✉ ▲❖❲
❊①❡♠♣❧♦
✐♥t ❧❡❞P✐♥ ❂ ✶✸❀ ✴✴ ▲❊❉ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦ ❛♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ✶✸

✈♦✐❞ s❡t✉♣✭✮④
♣✐♥▼♦❞❡✭❧❡❞P✐♥✱ ❖❯❚P❯❚✮❀ ✴✴ ❞❡❢✐♥❡ ♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ♦✉t♣✉t
⑥

✈♦✐❞ ❧♦♦♣✭✮④
❞✐❣✐t❛❧❲r✐t❡✭❧❡❞P✐♥✱ ❍■●❍✮❀ ✴✴ ❧✐❣❛ ♦ ▲❊❉
❞❡❧❛②✭✶✵✵✵✮❀ ✴✴ ❛❣✉❛r❞❛r ✉♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦
❞✐❣✐t❛❧❲r✐t❡✭❧❡❞P✐♥✱ ▲❖❲✮❀ ✴✴ ❞❡s❧✐❣❛ ♦ ▲❊❉
❞❡❧❛②✭✶✵✵✵✮❀ ✴✴ ❛❣✉❛r❞❛r ✉♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦
⑥

✸✳✶✳✸ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧❘❡❛❞✭✮
❋❛③ ❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣✐♥♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦✱ t❛♥t♦ ❍■●❍ ♦✉ ▲❖❲✳

❙✐♥t❛①❡
❞✐❣✐t❛❧❘❡❛❞✭♣✐♥♦✮
P❛râ♠❡tr♦s
♣✐♥♦✿ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡s❡❥❛ ❢❛③❡r ❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ✭✐♥t✮
❘❡t♦r♥❛
❍■●❍ ♦✉ ▲❖❲

❊①❡♠♣❧♦
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✺✷
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ✸✳✷✳ ❊♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ s❛í❞❛ ❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝❛

P✐♥♦ ✶✸ ♣♦ss✉✐ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞♦ ♣✐♥♦ ✼✱ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥♣✉t✳

✐♥t ❧❡❞P✐♥ ❂ ✶✸❀ ✴✴ ▲❊❉ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦ ❛♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ✶✸

✐♥t ✐♥P✐♥ ❂ ✼❀ ✴✴ ❜♦tã♦ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦ ❛♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ✼
✐♥t ✈❛❧ ❂ ✵❀ ✴✴ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❣✉❛r❞❛r ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❧✐❞♦

✈♦✐❞ s❡t✉♣✭✮④
♣✐♥▼♦❞❡✭❧❡❞P✐♥✱ ❖❯❚P❯❚✮❀ ✴✴ ❞❡❢✐♥❡ ♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ✶✸ ❝♦♠♦ ♦✉t♣✉t
♣✐♥▼♦❞❡✭✐♥P✐♥✱ ■◆P❯❚✮❀ ✴✴ ❞❡❢✐♥❡ ♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ✼ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥♣✉t
⑥

✈♦✐❞ ❧♦♦♣✭✮④
✈❛❧ ❂ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧❘❡❛❞✭✐♥P✐♥✮❀ ✴✴ ❢❛③ ❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❞♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❞❡❢✐♥✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥♣✉t
❞✐❣✐t❛❧❲r✐t❡✭❧❡❞P✐♥✱ ✈❛❧✮❀
⑥

❉✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦

❙❡ ♦ ♣✐♥♦ ♥ã♦ ❡st✐✈❡r ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦ ❛ ♥❛❞❛✱ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧❘❡❛❞✭✮ ♣♦❞❡ r❡t♦r♥❛r ❍■●❍ ♦✉ ▲❖❲ ✭✐ss♦
♣♦❞❡ s❡r tr♦❝❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ r❛♥❞ô♠✐❝❛✮✳

✸✳✷ ❊♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ s❛í❞❛ ❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝❛

✸✳✷✳✶ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡✭✮
❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛ ❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✉s❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝❛ ✭✐st♦ é✱ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ✉s❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ t♦♣♦
❞♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦✮✳ ❆s ♦♣çõ❡s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❡stã♦ ❞✐s♣♦st❛s ♥❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✸✳✷✳✶✳

❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✸✳✶✿ ❖♣çõ❡s ❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡✭✮✳

❖♣çõ❡s ❆çã♦ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛

❉❊❋❆❯▲❚ ❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛❞rã♦ é ❞❡ 5 ✈♦❧ts ✭♥❛s ♣❧❛❝❛s ❞❡ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦
❞❡ 5❱✮ ♦✉ 3.3 ✈♦❧ts ✭♥❛s ♣❧❛❝❛s ❞❡ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦ ❞❡ 3.3❱✮
■◆❚❊❘◆❆▲ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ 1, 1 ✈♦❧ts ♥♦ ❆❚♠❡❣❛✶✻✽ ♦✉ ❆❚♠❡❣❛✸✷✽ ❡ 2, 56
✈♦❧ts ♥♦ ❆❚♠❡❣❛✽ ✭♥ã♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♥♦ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦ ▼❡❣❛✮
■◆❚❊❘◆❆▲✶❱✶ ✉s❛ ✶✳✶❱ ❝♦♠♦ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✭❛♣❡♥❛s ❆r❞✉✐♥♦ ▼❡❣❛✮
■◆❚❊❘◆❆▲✷❱✺✻ ✉s❛ ✷✳✺✻❱ ❝♦♠♦ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✭❛♣❡♥❛s ❆r❞✉✐♥♦ ▼❡❣❛✮
❊❳❚❊❘◆❆▲ ❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❆❘❊❋ ✭❞❡ 0 ❛ 5❱ ❛♣❡♥❛s✮ é
✉s❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳

P❛râ♠❡tr♦s

t②♣❡✿ q✉❛❧ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ s❡rá ✉s❛❞❛

✭❉❊❋❆❯▲❚✱ ■◆❚❊❘◆❆▲✱ ■◆❚❊❘◆❆▲✶❱✶✱ ■◆❚❊❘◆❆▲✷❱✺✻✱ ♦✉ ❊❳❚❊❘◆❆▲✮✳

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✺✸

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ✸✳✷✳ ❊♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ s❛í❞❛ ❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝❛

❉✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦
❉❡♣♦✐s ❞❡ tr♦❝❛r ❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❛♥❛❧ó✐❝❛✱ ❛s ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛s ❧❡✐t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❛❞✭✮✭ ✸✳✷✳✷✮ ♣♦❞❡♠
♥ã♦ s❡r ♣r❡❝✐s❛s✳

◆ã♦ s❡ ❞❡✈❡ ✉s❛r ♠❡♥♦s ❞♦ q✉❡ ✵❱ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ❞♦ q✉❡ ✺❱ ♣❛r❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡①t❡r♥❛s ♥♦s ♣✐♥♦s
✉s❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❆❘❊❋✦ ❈❛s♦ s❡ ✉s❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡①t❡r♥❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣✐♥♦✱❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛
❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❊❳❚❊❘◆❆▲ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ s❡ ❢❛③❡r ❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❝♦♠ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❛❞✭✮✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ✐ss♦
❡♥❝✉rt❛rá ❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❛t✐✈❛ ✭❣❡r❛❞❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❡✮ ❡ ♦ ♣✐♥♦ ✉s❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❆❘❊❋✱ ❛ss✐♠
♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ❞❛♥✐✜❝❛r ♦ ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r ♥❛ ♣❧❛❝❛ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦✳ ❆❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❧✐❣❛r ❛
t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡①t❡r♥❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❆❘❊❋ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ r❡s✐st♦r ❞❡ ✺❑✱ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡
❛❧t❡r♥❛r ❡♥tr❡ t❡♥sõ❡s ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡①t❡r♥❛s ❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❛s✳ ◆♦t❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛❧t❡r❛rá ❛
t❡♥sã♦ q✉❡ é ✉s❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✸✷❑ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♣✐♥♦
❆❘❊❋✳ ❖s ❞♦✐s ❛t✉❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❞✐✈✐s♦r ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✷✱✺ ❱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛
❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ✐rá ♣r♦❞✉③✐r 2, 5 ∗ 32/(32 + 5) =∼ ✷✱✷ ❱✱ ♥♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❆❘❊❋✳

✸✳✷✳✷ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❛❞✭✮
❋❛③ ❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣✐♥♦ ❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝♦✳ ❆ ♣❧❛❝❛ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✻ ❝❛♥❛✐s ✭✽ ❝❛♥❛✐s ♥♦ ▼✐♥✐ ❡
◆❛♥♦✱ ✶✻ ♥♦ ▼❡❣❛✮ ❞❡ ✶✵ ❜✐ts ♥♦ ❝♦♥✈❡rs♦r ❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✳ ■ss♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ ❛s t❡♥sõ❡s
❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ s❡rã♦ ♠❛♣❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❡♥tr❡ ✵ ❡ ✺ ✈♦❧ts ♣❛r❛ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ✐♥t❡✐r♦s ❞❡ ✵ ❛ ✶✵✷✸✳ ■ss♦
❣❡r❛ ✉♠❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❧❡✐t✉r❛s ❞❡✿ ✺ ✈♦❧ts ♣♦r ✶✵✷✹ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ♦✉ ✵✱✵✵✹✾ ✈♦❧ts ✭✹✱✾ ♠❱✮ ♣♦r
✉♥✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❖ ❛❧❝❛♥❝❡ ❡ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛❧t❡r❛❞♦s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡✭✮✳
❉❡♠♦r❛ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✶✵✵ ♠✐❝r♦ss❡❣✉♥❞♦s ✭✵✱✵✵✵✶s✮ ♣❛r❛ ❧❡r ✉♠❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝❛✱ ❡♥tã♦ ❛ t❛①❛
♠á①✐♠❛ ❞❡ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ é ❞❡ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✶✵✳✵✵✵ ✈❡③❡s ♣♦r s❡❣✉♥❞♦✳

❙✐♥t❛①❡
❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❛❞✭♣✐♥✮

P❛râ♠❡tr♦s
♣✐♥✿ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❧✐❞❛s ✭✵ ❛ ✺ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛
❞❛s ♣❧❛❝❛s✱ ✵ ❛ ✼ ♥♦s ❆r❞✉✐♥♦s ▼✐♥✐ ❡ ◆❛♥♦✱ ✵ ❛ ✶✺ ♥♦ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦ ▼❡❣❛✮

❘❡t♦r♥❛
✐♥t ✭✵ ❛ ✶✵✷✸✮

❉✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦
❙❡ ♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❛♥❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❢♦r ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❞♦ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ ❡st✐✈❡r ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦ ❛ ♥❛❞❛✱ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r q✉❡ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❛❞✭✮
r❡t♦r♥❛rá s❡rá ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❛s ♦✉tr❛s
❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝❛s✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✺✹
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ✸✳✷✳ ❊♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ s❛í❞❛ ❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝❛

✐♥t ❛♥❛❧♦❣P✐♥ ❂ ✸❀
✐♥t ✈❛❧ ❂ ✵❀ ✴✴ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❣✉❛r❞❛r ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❧✐❞♦

✈♦✐❞ s❡t✉♣✭✮④
❙❡r✐❛❧✳❜❡❣✐♥✭✾✻✵✵✮❀
⑥

✈♦✐❞ ❧♦♦♣✭✮④
✈❛❧ ❂ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❛❞✭❛♥❛❧♦❣P✐♥✮❀ ✴✴ ♣✐♥♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❧❡✐t✉r❛
❙❡r✐❛❧✳♣r✐♥t❧♥✭✈❛❧✮❀
⑥

✸✳✷✳✸ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❛❞❘❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✭✮

❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❛❞❘❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✭✮ é ✉♠❛ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦ ❉✉❡✳ ❉❡✜♥❡ ♦

t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ✭❡♠ ❜✐ts✮ ❞♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❛❞✭✮✳ ❙❡✉ ♣❛❞rã♦ é ✶✵ ❜✐ts ✭❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛
✈❛❧♦r❡s ❡♥tr❡ ✵✲✶✵✷✸✮ ♣❛r❛ ✈❡rsõ❡s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ❝♦♠ ♣❧❛❝❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❆❱❘✳ ❖ ❉✉❡ t❡♠ ✶✷✲❜✐t
❆❉❈ ❞❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛❝❡ss❛❞❛ ♠✉❞❛♥❞♦ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✶✷✳ ■ss♦ ✈❛✐ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r
✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❛ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❛❞✭✮ ❡♥tr❡ ✵ ❡ ✹✵✾✺✳

❙✐♥t❛①❡

❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❛❞❘❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✭❜✐ts✮

P❛râ♠❡tr♦s

❜✐ts✿ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✭❡♠ ❜✐ts✮ ❞♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛

❢✉♥çã♦ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❛❞✭✮✳ ➱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ✐ss♦ ❞❡ ✶ à ✸✷✳ P♦❞❡✲s❡
❞❡❢✐♥✐r r❡s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♠❛✐s ❛❧t❛s q✉❡ ✶✷✱ ♠❛s ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s
♣♦r ❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❛❞✭✮ ✈ã♦ s♦❢r❡r ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çõ❡s✳ ❱❡❥❛ ❛ ♥♦t❛ ❛❜❛✐①♦ ♣❛r❛
❞❡t❛❧❤❡s✳

◆♦t❛
❙❡ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❛❞❘❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✭✮ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❢♦r ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ♠❛✐♦r ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐✲
❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♣❧❛❝❛✱ ♦ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✈❛✐ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛r✱ ♥❛ s✉❛ ♠❛✐♦r r❡s♦❧✉çã♦✱ ♦s ❜✐ts ❡①tr❛s ❝♦♠ ③❡r♦s✳
P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✿ ❛♦ ✉s❛r ♦ ❉✉❡ ❝♦♠ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❛❞❘❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✭✶✻✮ s❡ ♦❜té♠ ✉♠❛ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦ ❞❡
✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✶✻✲❜✐t ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ✶✷ ❜✐ts ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ r❡❛❧ ❆❉❈ ❡ ♦s ✹ ú❧t✐♠♦s ❝♦♥✲
t❡♥❞♦ ③❡r♦s✳ ❙❡ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❛❞❘❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✭✮ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❢♦r ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ♠❡♥♦r ❞♦ q✉❡
❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♣❧❛❝❛✱ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❡①tr❛s ❞❡ ❜✐ts s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t❡s ♥❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❆❉❈ s❡rã♦ ❞❡s❝❛rt❛❞♦s✳

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✺✺

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ✸✳✷✳ ❊♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ s❛í❞❛ ❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝❛

❉✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦
❯s❛r ✉♠❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✶✻✲❜✐t ✭♦✉ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♦✉tr❛ ♠❛✐♦r q✉❡ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❡♠
q✉❡stã♦✮ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❡s❝r❡✈❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s q✉❡ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛♠ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛
r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❆❉❈ ♠❛✐♦r✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡st❡s ❡st✐✈❡r❡♠ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ❡♠ ♣❧❛❝❛s ❢✉t✉r❛s✱ s❡♠ ♠✉❞❛r ❛ ❧✐♥❤❛
❞♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦
✈♦✐❞ s❡t✉♣✭✮ ④
❙❡r✐❛❧✳❜❡❣✐♥✭✾✻✵✵✮❀ ✴✴ ❛❜r❡ ❛ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ s❡r✐❛❧
⑥

✈♦✐❞ ❧♦♦♣✭✮ ④
❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❛❞❘❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✭✶✵✮❀
✴✴ ❧ê ❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❆✵ ♥❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛❞rã♦
✴✴✭✶✵ ❜✐ts✮ ❡ ❡♥✈✐❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ s❡r✐❛❧
❙❡r✐❛❧✳♣r✐♥t✭✧❆❉❈ ✶✵✲❜✐t ✭❞❡❢❛✉❧t✮ ✿ ✧✮❀
❙❡r✐❛❧✳♣r✐♥t✭❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❛❞✭❆✵✮✮❀

❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❛❞❘❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✭✶✷✮❀ ✴✴ ♠✉❞❛ ❛ r❡s✉❧❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✶✷ ❜✐ts ❡ ❧ê ❆✵

❙❡r✐❛❧✳♣r✐♥t✭✧✱ ✶✷✲❜✐t ✿ ✧✮❀
❙❡r✐❛❧✳♣r✐♥t✭❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❛❞✭❆✵✮✮❀

❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❛❞❘❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✭✶✻✮❀ ✴✴ ♠✉❞❛ ❛ r❡s✉❧❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✶✻ ❜✐ts ❡ ❧ê ❆✵

❙❡r✐❛❧✳♣r✐♥t✭✧✱ ✶✻✲❜✐t ✿ ✧✮❀
❙❡r✐❛❧✳♣r✐♥t✭❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❛❞✭❆✵✮✮❀

❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❛❞❘❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✭✽✮❀ ✴✴ ♠✉❞❛ ❛ r❡s✉❧❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✽ ❜✐ts ❡ ❧ê ❆✵

❙❡r✐❛❧✳♣r✐♥t✭✧✱ ✽✲❜✐t ✿ ✧✮❀
❙❡r✐❛❧✳♣r✐♥t❧♥✭❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❛❞✭❆✵✮✮❀

❞❡❧❛②✭✶✵✵✮❀ ✴✴ ✉♠❛ ♣❛✉s❛ ♣❛r❛ ♥ã♦ ❧♦t❛r ❛ s❡r✐❛❧ ♠♦♥✐t♦r

⑥

✸✳✷✳✹ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❲r✐t❡✭✮ ✲ P❲▼

❊s❝r❡✈❡ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝♦ ✭♦♥❞❛ P❲▼✮ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣✐♥♦✳ P♦❞❡ s❡r ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛❝❡♥❞❡r ✉♠ ▲❊❉
✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ s✉❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❧✉♠✐♥♦s❛ ♦✉ ❛❝✐♦♥❛r ✉♠ ♠♦t♦r ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ❉❡♣♦✐s
❞❡ ❝❤❛♠❛r ❛♥❛❧♦❣❲r✐t❡✭✮✱ ♦ ♣✐♥♦ ✈❛✐ ❣❡r❛r ✉♠❛ ♦♥❞❛ q✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ tr❛✲
❜❛❧❤♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❛té ❛ ♣ró①✐♠❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❲r✐t❡✭✮ ✭♦✉ ✉♠❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧❘❡❛❞✭✮
♦✉ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧❲r✐t❡✭✮ ♥♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣✐♥♦✮✳ ❆ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ s✐♥❛❧ P❲▼ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ♣✐♥♦s é
❛♣r♦①✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✹✾✵ ❍③✳ ◆♦ ❯♥♦ ❡ ♣❧❛❝❛s s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s✱ ♦s ♣✐♥♦s ✺ ❡ ✻ tê♠ ✉♠❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r♦✲
①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✾✽✵ ❍③✳ ◆❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❆r❞✉✐♥♦s ✭❝♦♠ ❆❚♠❡❣❛✶✻✽ ♦✉ ❆❚♠❡❣❛✸✷✽✮✱ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦
❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ ♥♦s ♣✐♥♦s ✸✱ ✺✱ ✻✱ ✾✱ ✶✵✱ ❛♥❞ ✶✶✳ ◆♦ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦ ▼❡❣❛✱ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ ♥♦s ♣✐♥♦s ✷ ✲ ✶✸ ❡ ✹✹
✲ ✹✻✳ ❊♠ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦s ♠❛✐s ❛♥t✐❣♦s ❝♦♠ ❆❚♠❡❣❛✽ só ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❲r✐t❡✭✮ ♥♦s ♣✐♥♦s ✾✱ ✶✵✱ ❡ ✶✶✳

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✺✻

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ✸✳✷✳ ❊♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ s❛í❞❛ ❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝❛

◆♦ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦ ❉✉❡ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❲r✐t❡✭✮ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ ♥♦s ♣✐♥♦s ✷ ❛té ✶✸✱ s♦♠❛❞♦s ❛♦s ♣✐♥♦s ❉❆❈✵ ❡
❉❆❈✶✳ ❆♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦ ❞♦s ♣✐♥♦s P❲▼✱ ❉❆❈✵ ❡ ❉❆❈✶ sã♦ ❝♦♥✈❡rs♦r❡s ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❆♥❛❧ó❣✐❝♦✱
❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r♦s ♣✐♥♦s ❞❡ s❛í❞❛ ❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝♦s✳ ◆ã♦ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❝❤❛♠❛r ♣✐♥▼♦❞❡✭✮
♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡ s❛í❞❛ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝❤❛♠❛r ❛♥❛❧♦❣❲r✐t❡✭✮✳
❆ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❲r✐t❡✭✮ ♥ã♦ t❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣✐♥♦s ❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝♦s ♦✉ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❛❞✭✮✳

❙✐♥t❛①❡
❛♥❛❧♦❣❲r✐t❡✭♣✐♥♦✱ ✈❛❧♦r✮

P❛râ♠❡tr♦s
♣✐♥♦✿ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦ ❛ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦✳
✈❛❧♦r✿ ♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✿ ❡♥tr❡ ✵ ✭s❡♠♣r❡ ❞❡s❧✐❣❛❞♦✮ ❡ ✷✺✺✳

◆♦t❛
❆s s❛í❞❛s P❲▼✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦s ♣✐♥♦s ✺ ❡ ✻✱ ✈ã♦ t❡r ❝✐❝❧♦s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♠❛✐♦r❡s q✉❡ ♦ ❡s♣❡✲
r❛❞♦✳ ■ss♦ ♣♦r ❝♦♥t❛ ❞❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ♠✐❧❧✐s✭✮ ❡ ❞❡❧❛②✭✮✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠ ❞♦
♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ ✐♥t❡r♥♦ ✉s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❛r ❡ss❛s s❛í❞❛s P❲▼✳ ■ss♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✲
♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✐❝❧♦s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❜❛✐①♦s ✭❡①✳✿ ✵ ✲ ✶✵✮ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ r❡s✉❧t❛r ❡♠ ✈❛❧♦r❡s
❞❡ ✵ s❡♠ ❞❡s❧✐❣❛r t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛s s❛í❞❛s ♥♦s ♣✐♥♦s ✺ ❡ ✻✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦
❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❛ s❛í❞❛ ❞♦ ▲❊❉ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❧✐❞♦ ♥♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐ô♠❡tr♦✳

✐♥t ❧❡❞P✐♥ ❂ ✾❀ ✴✴ ▲❊❉ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦ ❛♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ✾

✐♥t ❛♥❛❧♦❣P✐♥ ❂ ✸❀ ✴✴ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐ô♠❡tr♦ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦ ❛♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝♦ ✸
✐♥t ✈❛❧ ❂ ✵❀ ✴✴ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛r ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❧✐❞♦

✈♦✐❞ s❡t✉♣✭✮
④
♣✐♥▼♦❞❡✭❧❡❞P✐♥✱ ❖❯❚P❯❚✮❀ ✴✴ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡ s❛í❞❛
⑥

✈♦✐❞ ❧♦♦♣✭✮
④
✈❛❧ ❂ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❛❞✭❛♥❛❧♦❣P✐♥✮❀ ✴✴ ❧ê ♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛
❛♥❛❧♦❣❲r✐t❡✭❧❡❞P✐♥✱ ✈❛❧ ✴ ✹✮❀ ✴✴ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❛❞ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ✈ã♦ ❞❡ ✵ à ✶✵✷✸✱
✴✴❛♥❛❧♦❣❲r✐t❡ ✈ã♦ ❞❡ ✵ à ✷✺✺
⑥

✸✳✷✳✺ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❲r✐t❡❘❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✭✮
❛♥❛❧♦❣❲r✐t❡❘❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✭✮ é ❛ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ❞❛ ❆♥❛❧♦❣ ❆P■ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦ ❉✉❡✳
❛♥❛❧♦❣❲r✐t❡❘❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✭✮ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❲r✐t❡✭✮✳ ❖ ♣❛❞rã♦ s❡rá

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✺✼

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ✸✳✷✳ ❊♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ s❛í❞❛ ❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝❛

❞❡ ✽ ❜✐ts ✭✈❛❧♦r❡s ❡♥t❡ ✵✲✷✺✺✮ ♣❛r❛ ✈❡rsõ❡s ❝♦♠ ❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♣❧❛❝❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❆❱❘✳
❖ ❉✉❡ t❡♠ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✿
✶✷ ♣✐♥♦s q✉❡ t❡rã♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ P❲▼ ✽✲❜✐t✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ♣❧❛❝❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❆❱❘✳ ■st♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r
tr♦❝❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✶✷✲❜✐t✳
✷ ♣✐♥♦s ❝♦♠ ✶✷✲❜✐t ❉❆❈ ✭❈♦♥✈❡rs♦r ❉✐❣✐t❛❧✲❆♥❛❧ó❣✐❝♦✮✳
❆♦ ❞❡✜♥✐r ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✶✷✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ✉s❛r ❛♥❛❧♦❣❲r✐t❡✭✮ ❝♦♠ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❡♥tr❡ ✵ ❡ ✹✵✾✺ ♣❛r❛
❛♥❛❧✐s❛r t♦❞❛ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❉❆❈ ♦✉ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ♦ s✐♥❛❧ P❲▼✳

❙✐♥t❛①❡

❛♥❛❧♦❣❲r✐t❡❘❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✭❜✐ts✮

P❛râ♠❡tr♦s

❜✐ts✿ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♠ ✭❡♠ ❜✐ts✮ ❞♦ ✈❛❧♦r ✉s❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❢✉♥çã♦

❛♥❛❧♦❣❲r✐t❡✭✮✳ ❖ ✈❛❧♦r ♣♦❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛r ❞❡ ✶ à ✸✷✳ ❙❡ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦
❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞❛ ❢♦r ♠❛✐♦r ♦✉ ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❤❛r❞✇❛r ❞❛ ♣❧❛❝❛✱
♦ ✈❛❧♦r ✉s❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❲r✐t❡✭✮ ✈❛✐ s❡r ❝♦rt❛❞♦ s❡ ❢♦r ♠✉✐t♦ ❛❧t♦
♦✉ s✉❜st✐t✉í❞♦ ♣♦r ③❡r♦s s❡ ❢♦r ♠✉✐t♦ ❜❛✐①♦✳ ❱❡❥❛ ❛ ♥♦t❛ ❛❜❛✐①♦
♣❛r❛ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s✳

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✺✽

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ✸✳✷✳ ❊♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ s❛í❞❛ ❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝❛

◆♦t❛
❙❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥♦✉✲s❡ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❛♥❛❧♦❣❲r✐t❡❘❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✭✮ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ♠❛✐s ❛❧t♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❝❛✲
♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♣❧❛❝❛✱ ♦ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦ ✈❛✐ ❞✐s❝❛rt❛r ♦s ❜✐ts ❡①tr❛s✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✿ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❉✉❡ ❝♦♠
❛♥❛❧♦❣❲r✐t❡❘❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✭✶✻✮ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣✐♥♦ ✶✷✲❜✐t ❉❆❈✱ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ✶✷ ❜✐ts ❞♦s ✈❛✲
❧♦r❡s ♣❛ss❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❲r✐t❡✭✮ ✈ã♦ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦s ❡ ♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ✹ ❜✐ts ✈ã♦ s❡r ❞❡s❝❛rt❛❞♦s✳ ❙❡
❞❡t❡r♠✐♥♦✉✲s❡ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❛♥❛❧♦❣❲r✐t❡❘❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✭✮ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ♠❛✐s ❜❛✐①♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❞❛ ♣❧❛❝❛✱ ♦s ❜✐ts q✉❡ ❢❛❧t❛♠ ✈ã♦ s❡r s✉❜st✐t✉í❞♦s ♣♦r ③❡r♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡❡♥❝❤❡r ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ r❡q✉✐r✐❞♦
♣❡❧♦ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✿ ❛♦ ✉s❛r ♦ ❉✉❡ ❝♦♠ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❲r✐t❡❘❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✭✽✮ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣✐♥♦
✶✷✲❜✐t ❉❆❈✱ ♦ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦ ✈❛✐ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛r ✹ ③❡r♦ ❜✐ts ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✽✲❜✐t ✉s❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❲r✐t❡✭✮
♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ♦s ✶✷ ❜✐ts r❡q✉❡r✐❞♦s✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦
✈♦✐❞ s❡t✉♣✭✮④
✴✴ ❛❜r❡ ❛ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ s❡r✐❛❧
❙❡r✐❛❧✳❜❡❣✐♥✭✾✻✵✵✮❀
✴✴ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ♦s ♣✐♥♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡ s❛í❞❛
♣✐♥▼♦❞❡✭✶✶✱ ❖❯❚P❯❚✮❀
♣✐♥▼♦❞❡✭✶✷✱ ❖❯❚P❯❚✮❀
♣✐♥▼♦❞❡✭✶✸✱ ❖❯❚P❯❚✮❀
⑥

✈♦✐❞ ❧♦♦♣✭✮④
✴✴ ❧ê ❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❆✵ ❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ♦ ♣✐♥♦ P❲▼
✴✴ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ▲❊❉ ❧✐❣❛❞♦
✐♥t s❡♥s♦r❱❛❧ ❂ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❛❞✭❆✵✮❀
❙❡r✐❛❧✳♣r✐♥t✭✧❆♥❛❧♦❣ ❘❡❛❞✮ ✿ ✧✮❀
❙❡r✐❛❧✳♣r✐♥t✭s❡♥s♦r❱❛❧✮❀

✴✴ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ P❲▼

❛♥❛❧♦❣❲r✐t❡❘❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✭✽✮❀
❛♥❛❧♦❣❲r✐t❡✭✶✶✱ ♠❛♣✭s❡♥s♦r❱❛❧✱ ✵✱ ✶✵✷✸✱ ✵ ✱✷✺✺✮✮❀
❙❡r✐❛❧✳♣r✐♥t✭✧ ✱ ✽✲❜✐t P❲▼ ✈❛❧✉❡ ✿ ✧✮❀
❙❡r✐❛❧✳♣r✐♥t✭♠❛♣✭s❡♥s♦r❱❛❧✱ ✵✱ ✶✵✷✸✱ ✵ ✱✷✺✺✮✮❀

✴✴ ♠✉❞❛ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ P❲▼ ♣❛r❛ ✶✷ ❜✐ts

✴✴ ❆ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✶✷ ❜✐ts ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ só é s✉♣♦rt❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❉✉❡♠✐❧❛♥♦✈❡
❛♥❛❧♦❣❲r✐t❡❘❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✭✶✷✮❀
❛♥❛❧♦❣❲r✐t❡✭✶✷✱ ♠❛♣✭s❡♥s♦r❱❛❧✱ ✵✱ ✶✵✷✸✱ ✵✱ ✹✵✾✺✮✮❀
❙❡r✐❛❧✳♣r✐♥t✭✧ ✱ ✶✷✲❜✐t P❲▼ ✈❛❧✉❡ ✿ ✧✮❀
❙❡r✐❛❧✳♣r✐♥t✭♠❛♣✭s❡♥s♦r❱❛❧✱ ✵✱ ✶✵✷✸✱ ✵✱ ✹✵✾✺✮✮❀

✴✴ ♠✉❞❛ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ P❲▼ ♣❛r❛ ✹ ❜✐ts

❛♥❛❧♦❣❲r✐t❡❘❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✭✹✮❀
❛♥❛❧♦❣❲r✐t❡✭✶✸✱ ♠❛♣✭s❡♥s♦r❱❛❧✱ ✵✱ ✶✵✷✸✱ ✵✱ ✶✷✼✮✮❀
❙❡r✐❛❧✳♣r✐♥t✭✧✱ ✹✲❜✐t P❲▼ ✈❛❧✉❡ ✿ ✧✮❀
❙❡r✐❛❧✳♣r✐♥t❧♥✭♠❛♣✭s❡♥s♦r❱❛❧✱ ✵✱ ✶✵✷✸✱ ✵✱ ✶✷✼✮✮❀

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✺✾

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ✸✳✸✳ ❊♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ s❛í❞❛ ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞❛

❞❡❧❛②✭✺✮❀
⑥

✸✳✸ ❊♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ s❛í❞❛ ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞❛

✸✳✸✳✶ ❚♦♥❡✭✮
●❡r❛ ✉♠❛ ♦♥❞❛ q✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ✭❡ ✺✵✪ ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✮ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣✐♥♦✳
❆ ❞✉r❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛✱ ♣♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛ ❛té ❝❤❛♠❛r ♥♦❚♦♥❡✭✮✳ ❖ ♣✐♥♦
♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦ à ✉♠ ♣✐❡③♦ ❜✉③③❡r ♦✉ à ♦✉tr♦s s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r♦❞✉③✐r s♦♥s✳ ❙♦♠❡♥t❡
✉♠ s♦♠ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❣❡r❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ t❡♠♣♦✳ ❙❡ ♦ s♦♠ ❥á ❡stá t♦❝❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣✐♥♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡✱ ❝❤❛♠❛r
t♦♥❡✭✮ ♥ã♦ t❡rá ❡❢❡✐t♦✳ ❙❡ ♦ s♦♠ ❡stá t♦❝❛♥❞♦ ♥♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣✐♥♦✱ ❝❤❛♠❛r t♦♥❡✭✮ ✈❛✐ ♠✉❞❛r ❛
❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✳
❯s❛r ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ t♦♥❡✭✮ ✈❛✐ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r✐r ❝♦♠ ❛ s❛í❞❛ P❲▼ ♥♦s ♣✐♥♦s ✸ ❡ ✶✶ ✭❡♠ ♣❧❛❝❛s q✉❡ ♥ã♦
s❡❥❛♠ ❛ ▼❡❣❛✮✳ ◆ã♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❣❡r❛r s♦♥s ♠❛✐s ❜❛✐①♦s q✉❡ ✸✶ ❍③✳

◆♦t❛
❙❡ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❢♦r t♦❝❛r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t♦♥s ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣✐♥♦s✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❝❤❛♠❛r ♥♦❚♦♥❡✭✮ ❡♠
✉♠ ♣✐♥♦ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝❤❛♠❛r t♦♥❡✭✮ ♥♦ ♣ró①✐♠♦ ♣✐♥♦✳

❙✐♥t❛①❡
t♦♥❡✭♣✐♥♦✱ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✮
t♦♥❡✭♣✐♥♦✱ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❞✉r❛çã♦✮
P❛râ♠❡tr♦s
♣✐♥♦✿ ♦ ♣✐♥♦ q✉❡ ❣❡r❛ ♦ s♦♠✳
❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✿ ❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ s♦♠ ❡♠ ❤❡rt③✳
❞✉r❛çã♦✿ ❛ ❞✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ s♦♠ ❡♠ ♠✐❧✐s❡❣✉♥❞♦s ✭♦♣❝✐♦♥❛❧✮✳

✸✳✸✳✷ ♥♦❚♦♥❡✭✮
P❛r❛ ❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♦♥❞❛ q✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ❣❡r❛❞❛ ♣♦r t♦♥❡✭✮✳ ◆ã♦ t❡♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦ s❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ s♦♠ ❡stá
s❡♥❞♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦✳

◆♦t❛
❙❡ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❢♦r t♦❝❛r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t♦♥s ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣✐♥♦s✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❝❤❛♠❛r ♥♦❚♦♥❡✭✮ ❡♠
✉♠ ♣✐♥♦ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝❤❛♠❛r t♦♥❡✭✮ ♥♦ ♣ró①✐♠♦ ♣✐♥♦✳

❙✐♥t❛①❡
♥♦❚♦♥❡✭♣✐♥♦✮
P❛râ♠❡tr♦s
♣✐♥♦✿ ♦ ♣✐♥♦ q✉❡ ✈❛✐ ♣❛r❛r ❞❡ ❣❡r❛r s♦♠✳

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✻✵

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ✸✳✸✳ ❊♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ s❛í❞❛ ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞❛

✸✳✸✳✸ s❤✐❢t❖✉t✭✮

❉❡s❧♦❝❛ ✉♠ ❜✐t ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❜②t❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✳ ❈♦♠❡ç❛ ❞♦ ♠❛✐♦r ✭❡①✳✿ ♠❛✐s ❛ ❡sq✉❡r❞❛✮ ♦✉
♠❡♥♦r ✭❡①✳✿ ♠❛✐s ❛ ❞✐r❡✐t❛✮ ❜✐t s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦✳ ❈❛❞❛ ❜✐t é ❡s❝r✐t♦ ♣♦r t✉r♥♦ ❛ ✉♠ ♣✐♥♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱
❛♣ós ♦ ♣✐♥♦✭❝❧♦❝❦P✐♥✮ r❡❝❡❜❡r ✉♠ ♣✉❧s♦ ✭♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❍■●❍✱ ❞❡♣♦✐s ▲❖❲✮ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r q✉❡ ♦ ❜✐t é
✈á❧✐❞♦✳ ❙❡ ❤á ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ q✉❡ é ❛t✐✈❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❡①tr❡♠✐❞❛❞❡s✱
é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ t❡r ❝❡rt❡③❛ q✉❡ ♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❡stá ❞❡s❛t✐✈❛❞♦ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝❤❛♠❛r s❤✐❢t❖✉t✭✮✱ ❡①✳✿ ❝♦♠ ❛
❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧❲r✐t❡✭❝❧♦❝❦P✐♥✱ ▲❖❲✮✳

◆♦t❛

■ss♦ é ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❀ ✈❡❥❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❙P■✱ q✉❡ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛ ✉♠❛
✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ q✉❡ é ♠❛✐s rá♣✐❞❛ ♠❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ♣✐♥♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s✳

❙✐♥t❛①❡

s❤✐❢t❖✉t✭❞❛t❛P✐♥✱ ❝❧♦❝❦P✐♥✱ ❜✐t❖r❞❡r✱ ✈❛❧✉❡✮

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✻✶

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ✸✳✸✳ ❊♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ s❛í❞❛ ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞❛

P❛râ♠❡tr♦
❞❛t❛P✐♥✿ ♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❤❛✈❡rá ❛ s❛í❞❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❜✐t ✭✐♥t✮✳
❝❧♦❝❦P✐♥✿ ♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t❡r♥â♥❝✐❛ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦ ❞❛t❛P✐♥
❢♦✐ ❞❡❢✐♥✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❝♦rr❡t♦ ✭✐♥t✮✳
❜✐t❖r❞❡r✿ q✉❡ ✈❛✐ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛r ♦s ❜✐ts❀ t❛♥t♦ ▼❙❇❋■❘❙❚ ♦✉ ▲❙❇❋■❘❙❚
✭Pr✐♠❡✐r♦ ♦ ❜✐t ♠❛✐s s✐❣♥✐❝❛t✐✈♦✱ ♦✉✱ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♦ ❜✐t ♠❡♥♦s s✐❣♥✐❝❛t✐✈♦✮✳
✈❛❧✉❡✿ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛r✳ ✭❜②t❡✮✳

❉✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦
❖ ❞❛t❛P✐♥ ❡ ❝❧♦❝❦P✐♥ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r r❡❣✐str❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡ s❛í❞❛ ❛♦ ❝❤❛♠❛r ♣✐♥▼♦❞❡✭✮✳ s❤✐❢t❖✉t
é ❡s❝r✐t❛ ♥❛ s❛í❞❛ ✶ ❜②t❡ ✭✽ ❜✐ts✮✱ ❡♥tã♦ r❡q✉❡r ✉♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ♣❛r❛ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♠❛✐♦r❡s
q✉❡ ✷✺✺✳

✴✴ ❋❛ç❛ ✐ss♦ ♣❛r❛ ▼❙❇❋■❘❙❚ s❡r✐❛❧

✐♥t ❞❛t❛ ❂ ✺✵✵❀
✴✴ ❞❡s❧♦q✉❡ ❤✐❣❤❜②t❡
s❤✐❢t❖✉t✭❞❛t❛P✐♥✱ ❝❧♦❝❦✱ ▼❙❇❋■❘❙❚✱ ✭❞❛t❛ ❃❃ ✽✮✮❀
✴✴ ❞❡s❧♦q✉❡ ❧♦✇❜②t❡
s❤✐❢t❖✉t✭❞❛t❛P✐♥✱ ❝❧♦❝❦✱ ▼❙❇❋■❘❙❚✱ ❞❛t❛✮❀

✴✴ ❖✉ ❢❛ç❛ ✐ss♦ ♣❛r❛ ▲❙❇❋■❘❙❚ s❡r✐❛❧

❞❛t❛ ❂ ✺✵✵❀
✴✴ ❞❡s❧♦q✉❡ ❧♦✇❜②t❡
s❤✐❢t❖✉t✭❞❛t❛P✐♥✱ ❝❧♦❝❦✱ ▲❙❇❋■❘❙❚✱ ❞❛t❛✮❀
✴✴ ❞❡s❧♦q✉❡ ❤✐❣❤❜②t❡
s❤✐❢t❖✉t✭❞❛t❛P✐♥✱ ❝❧♦❝❦✱ ▲❙❇❋■❘❙❚✱ ✭❞❛t❛ ❃❃ ✽✮✮❀

❊①❡♠♣❧♦
P❛r❛ ♦ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦✱ ✈❡❥❛ ♦ t✉t♦r✐❛❧ s♦❜r❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ✉♠ r❡❣✐str♦ ❞❡ tr♦❝❛ ✼✹❍❈✺✾✺✳
✴✴✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✴✴
✴✴ ◆♦♠❡ ✿ s❤✐❢t❖✉t❈♦❞❡✱ ❍❡❧❧♦ ❲♦r❧❞ ✴✴
✴✴ ❆✉t♦r ✿ ❈❛r❧②♥ ▼❛✇✱❚♦♠ ■❣♦❡ ✴✴
✴✴ ❉❛t❛ ✿ ✷✺ ❖❝t✱ ✷✵✵✻ ✴✴
✴✴ ❱❡rsã♦ ✿ ✶✳✵ ✴✴
✴✴ ◆♦t❛s ✿ ❈ó❞✐❣♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉s❛r ✉♠ r❡❣✐str♦ ❞❡ tr♦❝❛ ✼✹❍❈✺✾✺ ✴✴
✴✴ ✿ ♣❛r❛ t❡r ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ✵ à ✷✺✺ ✴✴
✴✴✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯

✴✴P✐♥♦ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❙❚❴❈P ❞♦ ✼✹❍❈✺✾✺

✐♥t ❧❛t❝❤P✐♥ ❂ ✽❀
✴✴P✐♥♦ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❙❍❴❈P ❞♦ ✼✹❍❈✺✾✺
✐♥t ❝❧♦❝❦P✐♥ ❂ ✶✷❀
✴✴P✐♥♦ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❉❙ ❞♦ ✼✹❍❈✺✾✺
✐♥t ❞❛t❛P✐♥ ❂ ✶✶❀

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✻✷

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ✸✳✸✳ ❊♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ s❛í❞❛ ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞❛

✈♦✐❞ s❡t✉♣✭✮ ④
✴✴❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ♦s ♣✐♥♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡ s❛í❞❛
♣✐♥▼♦❞❡✭❧❛t❝❤P✐♥✱ ❖❯❚P❯❚✮❀
♣✐♥▼♦❞❡✭❝❧♦❝❦P✐♥✱ ❖❯❚P❯❚✮❀
♣✐♥▼♦❞❡✭❞❛t❛P✐♥✱ ❖❯❚P❯❚✮❀
⑥

✈♦✐❞ ❧♦♦♣✭✮ ④
✴✴s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛❣❡♠
❢♦r ✭✐♥t ❥ ❂ ✵❀ ❥ ❁ ✷✺✻❀ ❥✰✰✮ ④
✴✴❞❡s❧✐q✉❡ ♦ ❧❛t❝❤P✐♥ ❡ ♠❛♥t❡♥❤❛ ❛ss✐♠ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦
✴✴❡st✐✈❡r ❤❛✈❡♥❞♦ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦
❞✐❣✐t❛❧❲r✐t❡✭❧❛t❝❤P✐♥✱ ▲❖❲✮❀
s❤✐❢t❖✉t✭❞❛t❛P✐♥✱ ❝❧♦❝❦P✐♥✱ ▲❙❇❋■❘❙❚✱ ❥✮❀
✴✴❧✐❣✉❡ ♦ ❧❛t❝❤P✐♥ ♣❛r❛ s✐♥✐❧✐③❛r ❛♦ ❝❤✐♣ q✉❡ ❡❧❡
✴✴♥ã♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ♠❛✐s r❡❝❡❜❡r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s
❞✐❣✐t❛❧❲r✐t❡✭❧❛t❝❤P✐♥✱ ❍■●❍✮❀
❞❡❧❛②✭✶✵✵✵✮❀
⑥
⑥

✸✳✸✳✹ s❤✐❢t❧♥

▼✉❞❛ ✉♠ ❜✐t ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❜②t❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❈♦♠❡ç❛ ❞♦ ♠❛✐♦r ✭❡①✳✿ ♠❛✐s ❛ ❡sq✉❡r❞❛✮
♦✉ ♠❡♥♦r✭❡①✳✿ ♠❛✐s ❛ ❞✐r❡✐t❛✮ ❜✐t s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦✳ P❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❜✐t✱ ♦ ♣✐♥♦✭❝❧♦❝❦P✐♥✮ é ❛t✐✈❛❞♦
✭❍■●❍✮✱ ♦ ♣ró①✐♠♦ ❜✐t é ❧✐❞♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❡ ❡♥tã♦ ♦ ♣✐♥♦ é ❞❡s❛t✐✈❛❞♦✭▲❖❲✮✳ ❙❡ ❤á
✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ q✉❡ é ❛t✐✈❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❡①tr❡♠✐❞❛❞❡s✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssá✲
r✐♦ t❡r ❝❡rt❡③❛ q✉❡ ♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❡stá ❞❡s❛t✐✈❛❞♦ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝❤❛♠❛r s❤✐❢t❖✉t✭✮✱ ❡①✳✿ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛
❞✐❣✐t❛❧❲r✐t❡✭❝❧♦❝❦P✐♥✱ ▲❖❲✮✳

◆♦t❛
■ss♦ é ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❀ ♦ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡ ❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❙P■✱ q✉❡ ✉s❛
✉♠❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ q✉❡ é ♠❛✐s rá♣✐❞❛ ♠❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ♣✐♥♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s✳

❙✐♥t❛①❡
s❤✐❢❧♥✭❞❛t❛P✐♥✱ ❝❧♦❝❦P✐♥✱ ❜✐t❖r❞❡r✮
P❛râ♠❡tr♦
❞❛t❛P✐♥✿ ♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❤❛✈❡rá ❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❜✐t ✭✐♥t✮✳
❝❧♦❝❦P✐♥✿ ♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t❡r♥â♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ s✐♥❛❧ ❛ s❡r ❧✐❞♦ ❞♦ ❞❛t❛P✐♥ ✭✐♥t✮✳
❜✐t❖r❞❡r✿ q✉❡ ✈❛✐ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛r ♦s ❜✐ts❀ t❛♥t♦ ▼❙❇❋■❘❙❚ ♦✉ ▲❙❇❋■❘❙❚
✭Pr✐♠❡✐r♦ ♦ ❜✐t ♠❛✐s s✐❣♥✐❝❛t✐✈♦✱ ♦✉✱ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♦ ❜✐t ♠❡♥♦s s✐❣♥✐❝❛t✐✈♦✮✳
❘❡t♦r♥❛
❖ ✈❛❧♦r ❧✐❞♦ ✭❜②t❡✮✳

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✻✸

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ✸✳✸✳ ❊♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ s❛í❞❛ ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞❛

✸✳✸✳✺ ♣✉❧s❡❧♥

▲ê ✉♠ ♣✉❧s♦ ✭t❛♥t♦ ❍■●❍ ♦✉ ▲❖❲✮ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣✐♥♦✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ s❡ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r é ❍■●❍✱ ♣✉❧s❡■♥✭✮
❡s♣❡r❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♣✐♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ❧✐❣❛r✱ ✐♥✐❝✐❛ ❛ ❝♦♥t❛❣❡♠✱ ❡♥tã♦ ❡s♣❡r❛ ♦ ♣✐♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❧✐❣❛r ❡ ♣❛r❛r ❛
❝♦♥t❛❣❡♠✳ ❘❡t♦r♥❛ ❛ ❞✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣✉❧s♦ ❡♠ ♠✐❝r♦s❡❣✉♥❞♦s✳ ❉❡s✐st❡ ❡ r❡t♦r♥❛ ✵ s❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ♣✉❧s♦
❝♦♠❡ç❛ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞♦✳ ❆ ❝♦♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ss❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❢♦✐ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛
❡♠♣ír✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡ ♣r♦✈❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ✈❛✐ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❡rr♦s ❡♠ ❧♦♥❣♦s ♣✉❧s♦s✳ ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ ❡♠ ♣✉❧s♦s ❞❡
✶✵ ♠✐❝r♦s❡❣✉♥❞♦s à ✸ ♠✐♥✉t♦s ❞❡ ❞✉r❛çã♦✳

❙✐♥t❛①❡

♣✉❧s❡■♥✭♣✐♥♦✱ ✈❛❧♦r✮
♣✉❧s❡■♥✭♣✐♥♦✱ ✈❛❧♦r✱ t✐♠❡♦✉t✮

P❛râ♠❡tr♦

♣✐♥♦✿ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❧ê✲s❡ ♦ ♣✉❧s♦✳ ✭✐♥t✮

✈❛❧♦r✿ t✐♣♦ ❞♦ ♣✉❧s♦ ❛ s❡r ❧✐❞♦✿ t❛♥t♦ ❍■●❍ ♦✉ ▲❖❲✳ ✭✐♥t✮
t✐♠❡♦✉t ✭♦♣❝✐♦♥❛❧✮✿ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♠✐❝r♦s❡❣✉♥❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡s♣❡r❛r
♦ ♣✉❧s♦ ❝♦♠❡ç❛r❀ ♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ é ✉♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦✳ ✭✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ❧♦♥❣✮

❘❡t♦r♥❛

❆ ❞✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣✉❧s♦ ✭❡♠ ♠✐❝r♦s❡❣✉♥❞♦s✮ ♦✉ ✵ s❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ♣✉❧s♦ ❝♦♠❡ç❛r ❛♥t❡s ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦

❧✐♠✐t❡ ✭✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ❧♦♥❣✮✳

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✻✹

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ✸✳✹✳ ❚❡♠♣♦r✐③❛çã♦

❊①❡♠♣❧♦
✐♥t ♣✐♥ ❂ ✼❀
✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ❧♦♥❣ ❞✉r❛t✐♦♥❀

✈♦✐❞ s❡t✉♣✭✮
④
♣✐♥▼♦❞❡✭♣✐♥✱ ■◆P❯❚✮❀
⑥

✈♦✐❞ ❧♦♦♣✭✮
④
❞✉r❛t✐♦♥ ❂ ♣✉❧s❡■♥✭♣✐♥✱ ❍■●❍✮❀
⑥

✸✳✹ ❚❡♠♣♦r✐③❛çã♦

✸✳✹✳✶ ♠✐❧❧✐s✭✮
❘❡t♦r♥❛ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♠ ♠✐❧✐s❡❣✉♥❞♦s ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦ ❝♦♠❡ç♦✉ ❛ r♦❞❛r ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♠ q✉❡s✲
tã♦✳ ❊st❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✈❛✐ s♦❜r❡❝❛rr❡❣❛r ✭✈♦❧t❛r ♣❛r❛ ③❡r♦✮✱ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣ós ✺✵ ❞✐❛s✳

❘❡t♦r♥❛
◆ú♠❡r♦ ❡♠ ♠✐❧✐s❡❣✉♥❞♦s ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❝♦♠❡ç♦✉ ✭✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ❧♦♥❣✮✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦
✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ❧♦♥❣ t✐♠❡❀

✈♦✐❞ s❡t✉♣✭✮④
❙❡r✐❛❧✳❜❡❣✐♥✭✾✻✵✵✮❀
⑥

✈♦✐❞ ❧♦♦♣✭✮④
❙❡r✐❛❧✳♣r✐♥t✭✧❚✐♠❡✿ ✧✮❀
t✐♠❡ ❂ ♠✐❧❧✐s✭✮❀
✴✴♣r✐♥t❛ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❝♦♠❡ç♦✉
❙❡r✐❛❧✳♣r✐♥t❧♥✭t✐♠❡✮❀
✴✴❡s♣❡r❛ ✉♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♥ã♦ ❡♥✈✐❛r ❣r❛♥❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s
❞❡❧❛②✭✶✵✵✵✮❀
⑥

❉✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✿
❖ ♣❛r❛♠êtr♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠✐❧❧✐s é ✉♠✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ❧♦♥❣✱ ❡rr♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❣❡r❛❞♦s s❡ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛
✉s❛r ♦✉tr♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥t✳

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✻✺

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ✸✳✹✳ ❚❡♠♣♦r✐③❛çã♦

✸✳✹✳✷ ♠✐❝r♦s✭✮
❘❡t♦r♥❛ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♠ ♠✐❝r♦s❡❣✉♥❞♦s ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦ ❝♦♠❡ç♦✉ ❛ r♦❞❛r ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♠
q✉❡stã♦✳ ❖ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✈❛✐ s♦❜r❡❝❛rr❡❣❛r ✭✈♦❧t❛r ❛ ③❡r♦✮✱ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣ós ✼✵ ♠✐♥✉t♦s✳ ❊♠
✶✻ ▼❍③ ♣❧❛❝❛s ❞❡ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦ ✭❡①✳✿ ❉✉❡♠✐❧❛♥♦✈❡ ❡ ◆❛♥♦✮✱ ❡ss❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ t❡♠ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❛tr♦
♠✐❝r♦s❡❣✉♥❞♦s ✭♦ ✈❛❧♦r r❡t♦r♥❛❞♦ é s❡♠♣r❡ ✉♠ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦ ❞❡ q✉❛tr♦✮✳ ❊♠ ✽ ▼❍③ ♣❧❛❝❛s ❞❡
❆r❞✉✐♥♦ ✭❡①✳✿ ♦ ▲✐❧②P❛❞✮✱ ❡st❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ t❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♦✐t♦ ♠✐❝r♦s❡❣✉♥❞♦s✳

◆♦t❛
❍á ✶✳✵✵✵ ♠✐❝r♦s❡❣✉♥❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠✐❧✐s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡ ✶✳✵✵✵✳✵✵✵ ♠✐❝r♦s❡❣✉♥❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦✳

❘❡t♦r♥❛
◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♠✐❝r♦s❡❣✉♥❞♦s ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❝♦♠❡ç♦✉ ✭✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ❧♦♥❣✮✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦
✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ❧♦♥❣ t✐♠❡❀

✈♦✐❞ s❡t✉♣✭✮④
❙❡r✐❛❧✳❜❡❣✐♥✭✾✻✵✵✮❀
⑥

✈♦✐❞ ❧♦♦♣✭✮④
❙❡r✐❛❧✳♣r✐♥t✭✧❚✐♠❡✿ ✧✮❀
t✐♠❡ ❂ ♠✐❝r♦s✭✮❀
✴✴♣r✐♥t❛ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❝♦♠❡ç♦✉
❙❡r✐❛❧✳♣r✐♥t❧♥✭t✐♠❡✮❀
✴✴❡s♣❡r❛ ✉♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♥ã♦ ❡♥✈✐❛r ❣r❛♥❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s
❞❡❧❛②✭✶✵✵✵✮❀
⑥

✸✳✹✳✸ ❞❡❧❛②✭✮
P❛✉s❛ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♥❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ✭❡♠ ♠✐❧✐s❡❣✉♥❞♦s✮ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦✳
✭❍á ✶✵✵✵ ♠✐❧✐s❡❣✉♥❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦✮✳

❙✐♥t❛①❡
❞❡❧❛②✭♠s✮

P❛râ♠❡tr♦
♠s✿ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♠ ♠✐❧✐s❡❣✉♥❞♦s ❞❛ ♣❛✉s❛ ✭✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ❧♦♥❣✮

❊①❡♠♣❧♦
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✻✻
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ✸✳✹✳ ❚❡♠♣♦r✐③❛çã♦

✐♥t ❧❡❞P✐♥ ❂ ✶✸❀ ✴✴ ▲❊❉ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦ ❛♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ✶✸

✈♦✐❞ s❡t✉♣✭✮
④
♣✐♥▼♦❞❡✭❧❡❞P✐♥✱ ❖❯❚P❯❚✮❀ ✴✴ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡ s❛í❞❛
⑥

✈♦✐❞ ❧♦♦♣✭✮
④
❞✐❣✐t❛❧❲r✐t❡✭❧❡❞P✐♥✱ ❍■●❍✮❀ ✴✴ ❛❝❡♥❞❡ ♦ ▲❊❉
❞❡❧❛②✭✶✵✵✵✮❀ ✴✴ ❡s♣❡r❛ ✉♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦
❞✐❣✐t❛❧❲r✐t❡✭❧❡❞P✐♥✱ ▲❖❲✮❀ ✴✴ ❛♣❛❣❛ ♦ ▲❊❉
❞❡❧❛②✭✶✵✵✵✮❀ ✴✴ ❡s♣❡r❛ ✉♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦
⑥

◆♦t❛
❊♥q✉❛♥t♦ é ❢á❝✐❧ ❢❛③❡r ✉♠ ▲❊❉ ♣✐s❝❛r ❝♦♠ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡❧❛②✭✮✱ ❡ ♠✉✐t♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ✉s❛♠
♣❡q✉❡♥♦s ❞❡❧❛②s ♣❛r❛ t❛r❡❢❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡❜♦✉♥❝✐♥❣✱ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ❞❡❧❛②✭✮ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ t❡♠ ❞❡s✈❛♥t❛✲
❣❡♥s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛s✳ ▲❡✐t✉r❛ ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s✱ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s✱ ♦✉ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣✐♥♦s ♣♦❞❡♠
❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛r ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡❧❛②✱ ❡♥tã♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦✱ ✐ss♦ tr❛③ ♠❛✐s ♦✉tr❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ❢❛③❡r
✉♠❛ ♣❛✉s❛✳ P❛r❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ❡①✐st❡✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦
♠✐❧❧✐s✭✮✳ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s ♠❛✐s ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥t❡ ♣r♦❝✉r❛♠ ❡✈✐t❛r ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ❞❡❧❛②✭✮ ♣❛r❛ ❛ t❡♠♣♦✲
r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✶✵ ♠✐❧✐s❡❣✉♥❞♦s✱ ♠❡♥♦s ♥♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞♦ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦ q✉❡ é ♠✉✐t♦
s✐♠♣❧❡s✳
◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❝❡rt❛s ❝♦✐s❛s ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡❧❛②✭✮ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛ ♦ ❆t♠❡❣❛ ❝❤✐♣✱ ♣♦r✲
q✉❡ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡❧❛②✰ ♥ã♦ ❞❡s❛❜✐❧✐t❛ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çõ❡s✳ ❆ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❙❡r✐❛❧ q✉❡ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡ ♥♦ ♣✐♥♦
❘❳ é ❣r❛✈❛❞❛✱ ✈❛❧♦r❡s P❲▼ ✭❛♥❛❧♦❣❲r✐t❡✮ ❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♣✐♥♦s sã♦ ♠❛♥t✐❞♦s✱ ❡ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çõ❡s
✈ã♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡✈❡r✐❛♠✳

✸✳✹✳✹ ❞❡❧❛②▼✐❝r♦s❡❝♦♥❞s✭✮
P❛✉s❛ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♥❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ✭❡♠ ♠✐❝r♦s❡❣✉♥❞♦s✮ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦✳
❍á ♠✐❧ ♠✐❝r♦s❡❣✉♥❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠✐❧✐s❡❣✉♥❞♦✱ ❡ ✉♠ ♠✐❧❤ã♦ ❞❡ ♠✐❝r♦s❡❣✉♥❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦✳
❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ♠❛✐♦r ✈❛❧♦r q✉❡ ✈❛✐ ♣r♦❞✉③✐r ✉♠❛ ♣❛✉s❛ ❡①❛t❛ é ✶✻✸✽✸✳ ■ss♦ ♣♦❞❡ ♠✉❞❛r ❡♠
❢✉t✉r♦s ❧❛♥ç❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦✳ P❛r❛ ♣❛✉s❛s ♠❛✐♦r❡s q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♠✐❧❤❛r❡s ❞❡ s❡❣✉♥❞♦s✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡
✉s❛r ❞❡❧❛②✭✮✳

❙✐♥t❛①❡
❞❡❧❛②▼✐❝r♦s❡❝♦♥❞s✭✉s✮

P❛rê♠❡tr♦
✉s✿ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♠ ♠✐❝r♦s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❞❛ ♣❛✉s❛ ✭✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ✐♥t✮

❊①❡♠♣❧♦
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✻✼
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ✸✳✺✳ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s

✐♥t ♦✉tP✐♥ ❂ ✽❀ ✴✴ ♣✐♥♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ✽

✈♦✐❞ s❡t✉♣✭✮
④
♣✐♥▼♦❞❡✭♦✉tP✐♥✱ ❖❯❚P❯❚✮❀ ✴✴ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡ s❛í❞❛
⑥

✈♦✐❞ ❧♦♦♣✭✮
④
❞✐❣✐t❛❧❲r✐t❡✭♦✉tP✐♥✱ ❍■●❍✮❀ ✴✴ ❛t✐✈❛ ♦ ♣✐♥♦
❞❡❧❛②▼✐❝r♦s❡❝♦♥❞s✭✺✵✮❀ ✴✴ ♣❛✉s❛ ❞❡ ✺✵ ♠✐❝r♦s❡❣✉♥❞♦s
❞✐❣✐t❛❧❲r✐t❡✭♦✉tP✐♥✱ ▲❖❲✮❀ ✴✴ ❞❡s❛t✐✈❛ ♦ ♣✐♥♦
❞❡❧❛②▼✐❝r♦s❡❝♦♥❞s✭✺✵✮❀ ✴✴ ♣❛✉s❛ ❞❡ ✺✵ ♠✐❝r♦s❡❣✉♥❞♦s
⑥

❈♦♥❢✐❣✉r❛ ♦ ♣✐♥♦ ✽ ♣❛r❛ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♣✐♥♦ ❞❡ s❛✐❞❛✳

▼❛♥❞❛ ♣✉❧s♦s ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✶✵✵ ♠✐❝r♦s❡❣✉♥❞♦s✳
◆♦t❛
❊ss❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛ ❝♦♠ ♠✉✐t❛ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ♥❛ ❢❛✐①❛ ❞❡ ✸ ♠✐❝r♦s❡❣✉♥❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝✐♠❛✳ ◆ã♦ é

♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛ss❡❣✉r❛r q✉❡ ❞❡❧❛②▼✐❝r♦s❡❝♦♥❞s ✈❛✐ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛r ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♣❛✉s❛s ♠❡♥♦r❡s ❞❡
t❡♠♣♦✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦ ✵✵✶✽✱ ❞❡❧❛②▼✐❝r♦s❡❝♦♥❞s✭✮ ♥ã♦ ❞❡s❛t✐✈❛ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çõ❡s✳

✸✳✺ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s

✸✳✺✳✶ ♠✐♥✭✮
❈❛❧❝✉❧❛ ♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ♥ú♠❡r♦s✳

P❛râ♠❡tr♦
①✿ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦✱ q✉❛❧q✉❡r t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦
②✿ ♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦✱ q✉❛❧q✉❡r t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦
❘❡t♦r♥♦
❖ ♠❡♥♦r ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ♥ú♠❡r♦s✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦s
s❡♥s❱❛❧ ❂ ♠✐♥✭s❡♥s❱❛❧✱ ✶✵✵✮❀
✴✴ ❛tr✐❜✉✐ s❡♥s❱❛❧ ❛♦ ♠❡♥♦r ❡♥tr❡ s❡♥s❱❛❧ ♦✉ ✶✵✵
✴✴ ❛ss❡❣✉r❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ♥✉♥❝❛ ❢✐❝❛ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞❡ ✶✵✵✳
◆♦t❛
♠❛①✭✮ é ♠✉✐t♦ ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡str✐♥❣✐r ♦ ♠❡♥♦r t❡r♠♦ ❞♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦

♠✐♥✭✮ é ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡str✐♥❣✐r ♦ ♠❛✐♦r t❡r♠♦ ❞♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦✳

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✻✽

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ✸✳✺✳ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s

❉✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦

P♦r ❝❛✉s❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♠✐♥✭✮ é ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❡✈✐t❛r ✉s❛r ♦✉tr❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s
❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦s ❝♦❧❝❤❡t❡s✱ ✐ss♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❧❡✈❛r ❛ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✐♥❝♦rr❡t♦s✳

♠✐♥✭❛✰✰✱ ✶✵✵✮❀ ✴✴ ❡✈✐t❛r ✐st♦ ✲ ♣r♦❞✉③ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✐♥❝♦rr❡t♦s

❛✰✰❀
♠✐♥✭❛✱ ✶✵✵✮❀ ✴✴ ✉s❛r ✐st♦ ✲ ♠❛♥t❡r ♦✉tr❛s ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❢♦r❛ ❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦

✸✳✺✳✷ ♠❛①✭✮

❈❛❧❝✉❧❛ ♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❞♦✐s ♥ú♠❡r♦s✳

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✻✾

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ✸✳✺✳ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s

P❛râ♠❡tr♦
①✿ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦✱ q✉❛❧q✉❡r t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦
②✿ ♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦✱ q✉❛❧q✉❡r t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦
❘❡t♦r♥❛
❖ ♠❛✐♦r ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦s
s❡♥s❱❛❧ ❂ ♠❛①✭s❡♥❱❛❧✱ ✷✵✮❀
✴✴ ❛tr✐❜✉✐ s❡♥s❱❛❧ ❛♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❡♥tr❡ s❡♥s❱❛❧ ♦✉ ✷✵
✴✴ ❛ss❡❣✉r❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ♥✉♥❝❛ ❢✐q✉❡ ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❞❡ ✷✵
◆♦t❛
♠❛①✭✮ é ♠✉✐t♦ ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡str✐♥❣✐r ♦ ♠❡♥♦r t❡r♠♦ ❞♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦

♠✐♥✭✮ é ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡str✐♥❣✐r ♦ ♠❛✐♦r t❡r♠♦ ❞♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦✳

❉✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦
P♦r ❝❛✉s❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♠❛①✭✮ é ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❡✈✐t❛r ✉s❛r ♦✉tr❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s
❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦s ❝♦❧❝❤❡t❡s✱ ✐ss♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❧❡✈❛r ❛ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✐♥❝♦rr❡t♦s✳

♠❛①✭❛✲✲✱ ✶✵✵✮❀ ✴✴ ❡✈✐t❛r ✐st♦ ✲ ♣r♦❞✉③ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✐♥❝♦rr❡t♦s

❛✲✲❀
♠❛①✭❛✱ ✶✵✵✮❀ ✴✴ ✉s❛r ✐st♦ ✲ ♠❛♥t❡r ♦✉tr❛s ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❢♦r❛ ❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦

✸✳✺✳✸ ❛❜s✭✮
❈♦♠♣✉t❛ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦✳

P❛râ♠❡tr♦
①✿ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦
❘❡t♦r♥❛
①✿ ❙❡ ① ❢♦r ♠❛✐♦r ♦✉ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ ✵✳

✲①✿ ❙❡ ① ❢♦r ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ✵✳

❉✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦
P♦r ❝❛✉s❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❛❜s✭✮ é ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❡✈✐t❛r ✉s❛r ♦✉tr❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s
❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦s ❝♦❧❝❤❡t❡s✱ ✐ss♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❧❡✈❛r ❛ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✐♥❝♦rr❡t♦s✳

❛❜s✭❛✰✰✮❀ ✴✴ ❡✈✐t❛r ✐st♦ ✲ ♣r♦❞✉③ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✐♥❝♦rr❡t♦s

❛✰✰❀
❛❜s✭❛✮❀ ✴✴ ✉s❛r ✐st♦ ✲ ♠❛♥t❡r ♦✉tr❛s ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❢♦r❛ ❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✼✵

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ✸✳✺✳ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s

✸✳✺✳✹ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥✭✮
❘❡str✐♥❣❡ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❛ ✜❝❛r ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦✳

P❛râ♠❡tr♦
①✿ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❛ r❡str✐♥❣❡r✱ t♦❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦
❛✿ ♦ ♠❡♥♦r t❡r♠♦ ❞♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦✱ t♦❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦
❜✿ ♦ ♠❛✐♦r t❡r♠♦ ❞♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦✱ t♦❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦

❘❡t♦r♥❛
①✿ ❙❡ ① ❡stá ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❡ ❜
❛✿ ❙❡ ① é ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ❛
❜✿ ❙❡ ① é ♠❛✐♦r q✉❡ ❜

❊①❡♠♣❧♦
s❡♥s❱❛❧ ❂ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥✭s❡♥s❱❛❧✱ ✶✵✱ ✶✺✵✮❀
✴✴ ❧✐♠✐t❡s ✈❛r✐❛♠ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s ❡♥tr❡ ✶✵ ❡ ✶✺✵

✸✳✺✳✺ ♠❛♣✭✮
❘❡♠❛♣❡✐❛ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr♦✳ ■st♦ é✱ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❢r♦♠▲♦✇ ✜❝❛r✐❛ ♠❛♣❡❛❞♦
♣❛r❛ t♦▲♦✇✱ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ❢r♦♠❍✐❣❤ ♣❛r❛ t♦❍✐❣❤✱ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ✐♥✲❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ♣❛r❛ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ✐♥✲❜❡t✇❡❡♥✱ ❡t❝✳
◆ã♦ r❡str✐♥❣❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❢♦r❛ ❞♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ sã♦✱ ♣♦r ✈❡③❡s✱
❞❡st✐♥❛❞♦s ❡ út❡✐s✳ ❆ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥✭✮ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉s❛❞❛ t❛♥t♦ ❛♥t❡s ♦✉ ❞❡♣♦✐s ❞❡st❛ ❢✉♥çã♦✱
s❡ ♦ t❡r♠♦ ❞♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❢♦r ❞❡s❡❥❛❞♦✳ ◆♦t❡ q✉❡ ♦ ✧❧✐♠✐t❡ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r✧❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r
♠❛✐♦r ♦✉ ♠❡♥♦s q✉❡ ♦ ✧❧✐♠✐t❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r✧✱ ❡♥tã♦✱ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♠❛♣✭✮ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥✈❡rt❡r
✉♠ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✿
② ❂ ♠❛♣✭①✱ ✶✱ ✺✵✱ ✺✵✱ ✶✮❀
❆ ❢✉♥çã♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❧✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s✱ ♣❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱ ❡st❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✿
② ❂ ♠❛♣✭①✱ ✶✱ ✺✵✱ ✺✵✱ ✲✶✵✵✮❀
■ss♦ t❛♠❜é♠ é ✈á❧✐❞♦ ❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ ❜❡♠✳ ❆ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♠❛♣✭✮ ✉s❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✐♥t❡✐r❛✱ ❡♥tã♦✱ ♥ã♦ ✈❛✐
❣❡r❛r ❢r❛çõ❡s✳ ❘❡st♦s ❢r❛❝✐♦♥❛r✐♦s sã♦ ❝♦rt❛❞♦s✱ ❡ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❛rr❡❞♦♥❞❛❞♦s✳

P❛râ♠❡tr♦
✈❛❧✉❡✿ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❛ ♠❛♣❡❛r
❢r♦♠▲♦✇✿ ♦ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r ❞♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❛t✉❛❧ ❞♦ ✈❛❧♦r✳
❢r♦♠❍✐❣❤✿ ♦ ❧✐♠✐t❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❞♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❛t✉❛❧ ❞♦ ✈❛❧♦r✳
t♦▲♦✇✿ ♦ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r ❞♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡s❡❥❛❞♦ ❞♦ ✈❛❧♦r✳
t♦❍✐❣❤✿ ♦ ❧✐♠✐t❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❞♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡s❡❥❛❞♦ ❞♦ ✈❛❧♦r✳

❘❡t♦r♥❛
❖ ✈❛❧♦r ♠❛♣❡❛❞♦✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✼✶
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ✸✳✺✳ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s

✴✯ ▼❛♣❡✐❛ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ✽ ❜✐ts ✭✵ t♦ ✷✺✺✮ ✯✴

✈♦✐❞ s❡t✉♣✭✮ ④⑥

✈♦✐❞ ❧♦♦♣✭✮
④
✐♥t ✈❛❧ ❂ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❛❞✭✵✮❀
✈❛❧ ❂ ♠❛♣✭✈❛❧✱ ✵✱ ✶✵✷✸✱ ✵✱ ✷✺✺✮❀
❛♥❛❧♦❣❲r✐t❡✭✾✱ ✈❛❧✮❀
⑥

◆♦t❛
▼❛t❡♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛q✉✐ ❡stá t♦❞❛ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦✿

❧♦♥❣ ♠❛♣✭❧♦♥❣ ①✱ ❧♦♥❣ ✐♥❴♠✐♥✱ ❧♦♥❣ ✐♥❴♠❛①✱ ❧♦♥❣ ♦✉t❴♠✐♥✱ ❧♦♥❣ ♦✉t❴♠❛①✮
④
r❡t✉r♥ ✭① ✲ ✐♥❴♠✐♥✮ ✯ ✭♦✉t❴♠❛① ✲ ♦✉t❴♠✐♥✮ ✴ ✭✐♥❴♠❛① ✲ ✐♥❴♠✐♥✮ ✰ ♦✉t❴♠✐♥❀
⑥

✸✳✺✳✻ ♣♦✇✭✮
❈❛❧❝✉❧❛ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦ ❛ ✉♠ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛✳ ♣♦✇✭✮ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧❡✈❛r ✉♠
♥ú♠❡r♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❢r❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛✳ ■st♦ ❡ út✐❧ ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❛r ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ✈❛❧♦r❡s
♦✉ ❝✉r✈❛s✳

P❛râ♠❡tr♦
❜❛s❡✿ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✭❢❧♦❛t✮
❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✿ ❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❜❛s❡ é ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛ ✭❢❧♦❛t✮

❘❡t♦r♥❛
❖ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛çã♦ ✭❞♦✉❜❧❡✮✳

✸✳✺✳✼ sqrt✭✮
❈❛❧❝✉❧❛ ❛ r❛✐③ q✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦✳

P❛râ♠❡tr♦
①✿ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦✱ q✉❛❧q✉❡r t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦

❘❡t♦r♥❛
❆ r❛ís q✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✭❞♦✉❜❧❡✮✳

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✼✷

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ✸✳✺✳ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s

✸✳✺✳✽ s✐♥✭✮
❈❛❧❝✉❧❛ ♦ s❡♥♦ ❞❡ ❡♠ â♥❣✉❧♦ ✭❡♠ r❛❞✐❛♥♦s✮✳ ❖ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✈❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ✲✶ à ✶✳

P❛râ♠❡tr♦
r❛❞✿ ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡♠ r❛❞✐❛♥♦s ✭❢❧♦❛t✮
❘❡t♦r♥❛
❖ s❡♥♦ ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ✭❞♦✉❜❧❡✮✳

✸✳✺✳✾ ❝♦s✭✮
❈❛❧❝✉❧❛ ♦ ❝♦ss❡♥♦ ❞❡ ❡♠ â♥❣✉❧♦ ✭❡♠ r❛❞✐❛♥♦s✮✳ ❖ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✈❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ✲✶ à ✶✳

P❛râ♠❡tr♦
r❛❞✿ ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡♠ r❛❞✐❛♥♦s ✭❢❧♦❛t✮
❘❡t♦r♥❛
❖ ❝♦ss❡♥♦ ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ✭❞♦✉❜❧❡✮✳

✸✳✺✳✶✵ t❛♥✭✮
❈❛❧❝✉❧❛ ❛ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❡♠ â♥❣✉❧♦ ✭❡♠ r❛❞✐❛♥♦s✮✳ ❖ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✈❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♥✜♥✐t♦ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦ à ✐♥✜♥✐t♦✳

P❛râ♠❡tr♦
r❛❞✿ ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡♠ r❛❞✐❛♥♦s ✭❢❧♦❛t✮
❘❡t♦r♥❛
❆ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ✭❞♦✉❜❧❡✮✳

✸✳✺✳✶✶ r❛♥❞♦♠❙❡❡❞✭✮
r❛♥❞♦♠❙❡❡❞✭✮ ✐♥✐❝✐❛ ♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♣s❡✉❞♦✲❛❧❡❛tór✐♦✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❝♦♠❡❝❡ ❡♠ ✉♠
♣♦♥t♦ ❛r❜✐trár✐♦ ♥❛ s✉❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❛❧❡❛tór✐❛✳ ❊st❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ❧♦♥❣❛ ❡ ❛❧❡❛tór✐❛✱ é
s❡♠♣r❡ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛✳ ❙❡ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r r❛♥❞♦♠✭✮ ❞✐❢❡r✐r✱
❡♠ ❡①❡❝✉çõ❡s s✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✱ ✉s❡ r❛♥❞♦♠❙❡❡❞✭✮ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛r ♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡✲
r♦s ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦s ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❛❧❡❛tór✐❛✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❛❞✭✮ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣✐♥♦
❞❡s❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ✐ss♦ ♣♦❞❡✱ ♦❝❛s✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ s❡r út✐❧ ♣❛r❛ ✉s❛r s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ♣s❡✉❞♦✲
❛❧❡❛tór✐❛s q✉❡ r❡♣✐t❛♠ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❡①❛t❛✳ ■ss♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝❤❛♠❛♥❞♦ r❛♥❞♦♠❙❡❡❞✭✮ ❝♦♠
✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✜①♦✱ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠❡ç❛r ❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❛❧❡❛tór✐❛✳

P❛râ♠❡tr♦
❧♦♥❣✱ ✐♥t ✲ tr❛♥s♠✐t❡ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❛r í♥✐❝✐♦✳

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✼✸

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ✸✳✺✳ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s

❊①❡♠♣❧♦
❧♦♥❣ r❛♥❞◆✉♠❜❡r❀

✈♦✐❞ s❡t✉♣✭✮④
❙❡r✐❛❧✳❜❡❣✐♥✭✾✻✵✵✮❀
r❛♥❞♦♠❙❡❡❞✭❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❛❞✭✵✮✮❀
⑥

✈♦✐❞ ❧♦♦♣✭✮④
r❛♥❞◆✉♠❜❡r ❂ r❛♥❞♦♠✭✸✵✵✮❀
❙❡r✐❛❧✳♣r✐♥t❧♥✭r❛♥❞◆✉♠❜❡r✮❀

❞❡❧❛②✭✺✵✮❀
⑥

✸✳✺✳✶✷ r❛♥❞♦♠✭✮
❆ ❢✉♥çã♦ r❛♥❞♦♠✭✮ ❣❡r❛ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♣s❡✉❞♦✲❛❧❡❛tór✐♦s✳

❙✐♥t❛①❡
r❛♥❞♦♠✭♠❛①✮
r❛♥❞♦♠✭♠✐♥✱ ♠❛①✮

P❛râ♠❡tr♦
♠✐♥ ✲ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r ❞♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ✭♦♣❝✐♦♥❛❧✮
♠❛① ✲ ❧✐♠✐t❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❞♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦✱ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈♦

❘❡t♦r♥♦
❯♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♠✐♥ ❡ ♠❛①✲✶ ✭❧♦♥❣✮✳

◆♦t❛
❙❡ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r r❛♥❞♦♠✭✮ ❞✐❢❡r✐r✱ ❡♠ ❡①❡❝✉çõ❡s
s✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✱ ✉s❡ r❛♥❞♦♠❙❡❡❞✭✮ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛r ♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦s
❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❛❧❡❛tór✐❛✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❛❞✭✮ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣✐♥♦ ❞❡s❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦✳
P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ✐ss♦ ♣♦❞❡✱ ♦❝❛s✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ s❡r út✐❧ ♣❛r❛ ✉s❛r s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ♣s❡✉❞♦✲❛❧❡❛tór✐❛s q✉❡
r❡♣✐t❛♠ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❡①❛t❛✳ ■ss♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝❤❛♠❛♥❞♦ r❛♥❞♦♠❙❡❡❞✭✮ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦
✜①♦✱ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠❡ç❛r ❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❛❧❡❛tór✐❛✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦
❧♦♥❣ r❛♥❞◆✉♠❜❡r❀

✈♦✐❞ s❡t✉♣✭✮④

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✼✹

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ✸✳✻✳ ❇✐ts ❡ ❜②t❡s

❙❡r✐❛❧✳❜❡❣✐♥✭✾✻✵✵✮❀

✴✴ s❡ ♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝♦ ✵ é ❞❡s❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦✱

✴✴ ♦ r❡t♦r♥♦ r❛♥❞♦♠ ❛♥❛❧♦❣ ✈❛✐ ❝❛✉s❛r ❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❛ r❛♥❞♦♠❙❡❡❞✭✮
✴✴ ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❛r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ r♦❞❛r✳
✴✴ r❛♥❞♦♠❙❡❡❞✭✮ ✈❛✐ ❡♠❜❛r❛❧❤❛r ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ r❛♥❞♦♠✳
r❛♥❞♦♠❙❡❡❞✭❛♥❛❧♦❣❘❡❛❞✭✵✮✮❀
⑥

✈♦✐❞ ❧♦♦♣✭✮ ④
✴✴ ♣r✐♥t❛ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ✵ à ✷✾✾✳
r❛♥❞◆✉♠❜❡r ❂ r❛♥❞♦♠✭✸✵✵✮❀
❙❡r✐❛❧✳♣r✐♥t❧♥✭r❛♥❞◆✉♠❜❡r✮❀

✴✴ ♣r✐♥t❛ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ✶✵ à ✶✾✳

r❛♥❞◆✉♠❜❡r ❂ r❛♥❞♦♠✭✶✵✱ ✷✵✮❀
❙❡r✐❛❧✳♣r✐♥t❧♥✭r❛♥❞◆✉♠❜❡r✮❀

❞❡❧❛②✭✺✵✮❀
⑥

✸✳✻ ❇✐ts ❡ ❜②t❡s

✸✳✻✳✶ ❧♦✇❇②t❡✭✮

❊①tr❛✐ ♦ ❜②t❡ ❞❡ ♠❡♥♦r ♦r❞❡♠ ✭♠❛✐s ❛ ❞✐r❡✐t❛✮ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ✭❡①✳✿ ✉♠❛ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛✮✳

❙✐♥t❛①❡

❧♦✇❇②t❡✭①✮

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✼✺

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ✸✳✻✳ ❇✐ts ❡ ❜②t❡s

P❛râ♠❡tr♦
①✿ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r t✐♣♦

❘❡t♦r♥❛
❜②t❡✳

✸✳✻✳✷ ❤✐❣❤❇②t❡✭✮
❊①tr❛✐ ♦ ❜②t❡ ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r ♦r❞❡♠ ✭♠❛✐s ❛ ❡sq✉❡r❞❛✮ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ ✭♦✉ ♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♠❡♥♦r ❜②t❡ ❞❡
✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦ ♠❛✐♦r✮✳

❙✐♥t❛①❡
❤✐❣❤❇②t❡✭①✮

P❛râ♠❡tr♦
①✿ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r t✐♣♦

❘❡t♦r♥❛
❇②t❡✳

✸✳✻✳✸ ❜✐t❘❡❛❞✭✮
▲ê ✉♠ ❜✐t ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦✳

❙✐♥t❛①❡
❜✐t❘❡❛❞✭①✱ ♥✮

P❛râ♠❡tr♦
①✿ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ q✉❛❧ é ❢❡✐t❛ ❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛✳
♥✿ ♦ ❜✐t ❛ s❡r ❧✐❞♦✱ ❝♦♠❡ç❛♥❞♦ ❞♦ ✵ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❜✐t
♠❡♥♦s s✐❣♥✐❢✐❝❛t✐✈♦ ✭♠❛✐s ❛ ❞✐r❡✐t❛✮✳

❘❡t♦r♥❛
❖ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✉♠ ❜✐t ✭✵ ♦✉ ✶✮✳

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✼✻

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ✸✳✻✳ ❇✐ts ❡ ❜②t❡s

✸✳✻✳✹ ❜✐t❲r✐t❡✭✮
❊s❝r❡✈❡ ✉♠ ❜✐t ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛✳

❙✐♥t❛①❡
❜✐t❲r✐t❡✭①✱ ♥✱ ❜✮
P❛râ♠❡tr♦
①✿ ❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛ ❛ s❡r ❡s❝r✐t❛✳
♥✿ ♦ ❜✐t ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❛ s❡r ❡s❝r✐t♦✱ ❝♦♠❡ç❛♥❞♦ ❞♦ ✵
♣❛r❛ ♦ ❜✐t ♠❡♥♦s s✐❣♥✐❢✐❝❛t✐✈♦ ✭♠❛✐s ❛ ❞✐r❡✐t❛✮✳
❜✿ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❛ s❡r ❡s❝r✐t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❜✐t ✭✵ ♦✉ ✶✮✳

✸✳✻✳✺ ❜✐t❙❡t✭✮
❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ✭❡s❝r❡✈❡ ✉♠ ✶ ♣❛r❛✮ ✉♠ ❜✐t ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛✳

❙✐♥t❛①❡
❜✐t❙❡t✭①✱ ♥✮
P❛râ♠❡tr♦
①✿ ❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛ ❝✉❥♦ ❜✐t s❡rá ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦✳
♥✿ ♦ ❜✐t ❛ s❡r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♠❡ç❛♥❞♦ ❞♦ ✵ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❜✐t ♠❡♥♦s s✐❣♥✐❢✐❝❛t✐✈♦✳

✸✳✻✳✻ ❜✐t❈❧❡❛r✭✮
❆♣❛❣❛ ✭❡s❝r❡✈❡ ✉♠ ✵ ♣❛r❛✮ ✉♠ ❜✐t ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r✐❝❛✳

❙✐♥t❛①❡
❜✐t❈❧❡❛r✭①✱ ♥✮
P❛râ♠❡tr♦
①✿ ❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛ ❝✉❥♦ ❜✐t s❡rá ❛♣❛❣❛❞♦✳
♥✿ ♦ ❜✐t ❛ s❡r ❛♣❛❣❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♠❡ç❛♥❞♦ ❞♦ ✵ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❜✐t ♠❡♥♦s s✐❣♥✐❢✐❝❛t✐✈♦✳

✸✳✻✳✼ ❜✐t✭✮
❈♦♠♣✉t❛ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✉♠ ❜✐t ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ✭❜✐t ✵ é ✶✱ ❜✐t ✶ é ✷✱ ❜✐t ✷ é ✹✱ ❡t❝✳✮✳

❙✐♥t❛①❡
❜✐t✭♥✮
P❛râ♠❡tr♦
♥✿ ♦ ❜✐t ❝✉❥♦ ✈❛❧♦r s❡rá ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦✳
❘❡t♦r♥❛
❖ ✈❛❧♦r ❞♦ ❜✐t✳

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✼✼

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ✸✳✼✳ ■♥t❡rr✉♣çõ❡s ❡①t❡r♥❛s

✸✳✼ ■♥t❡rr✉♣çõ❡s ❡①t❡r♥❛s

✸✳✼✳✶ ❛tt❛❝❤■♥t❡rr✉♣t✭✮
❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛ ✉♠❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ r♦t✐♥❛ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çã♦ ✭■❙❘✮ ♣❛r❛ ❝❤❛♠❛r q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦❝♦rr❡
✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çã♦✳ ❙✉❜st✐t✉✐ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❢✉♥çã♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❛♥❡①❛❞❛ à ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çã♦✳ ❆ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛
❞❛s ♣❧❛❝❛s ❞❡ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦ t❡♠ ❞✉❛s ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çõ❡s ❡①t❡r♥❛s✿ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✵ ✭♥♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ✷✮ ❡ ✶ ✭♥♦
♣✐♥♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ✸✮✳ ❆ t❛❜❡❧❛ ❛❜❛✐①♦ ♠♦str❛ ♦s ♣✐♥♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çã♦ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣❧❛❝❛s✳

P❧❛❝❛s ✐♥t✳✵ ✐♥t✳✶ ✐♥t✳✷ ✐♥t✳✸ ✐♥t✳✹ ✐♥t✳✺

❯♥♦✱ ❊t❤❡r♥❡t ✷ ✸
▼❡❣❛✷✺✻✵ ✷ ✸ ✷✶ ✷✵ ✶✾ ✶✽
▲❡♦♥❛r❞♦ ✸ ✷ ✵ ✶ ✼
❉✉❡ ✭✈❡❥❛ ❛❜❛✐①♦✮
❖ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦ ❉✉❡ t❡♠ ♣♦❞❡r♦s❛s ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çã♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❛♥❡①❛r ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦
❞❡ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çã♦ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣✐♥♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s✳ ➱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞♦
♣✐♥♦ ❡♠ ❛tt❛❝❤■♥t❡rr✉♣t✭✮✳

◆♦t❛

❉❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦✱ ❞❡❧❛②✭✮ ♥ã♦ ✐rá ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛r ❡ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r r❡t♦r♥❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♠✐❧❧✐s✭✮ ♥ã♦ s❡rá
❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦✳ ❉❛❞♦s ❙❡r✐❛✐s r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♣❡r❞✐❞♦s✳ ➱ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❞❡✲
❝❧❛r❛r ❝♦♠♦ ✈♦❧át❡✐s t♦❞❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦✳ ❱❡❥❛ ❛ s❡çã♦ s♦❜t❡
■❙❘s ❛❜❛✐①♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠❛✐s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✳

❯t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çõ❡s

■♥t❡r✉♣çõ❡s sã♦ út❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ❢❛③❡r ❝♦✐s❛s ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡r❡♠ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ♠✐✲
❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r ❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦r✐③❛çã♦✳ ❇♦❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ♣❛r❛ ✉s❛r
✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çã♦ sã♦ ❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r r♦t❛tór✐♦✱ ♦✉ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛r ❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✉s✉á✲
r✐♦✳
❙❡ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ é ❣❛r❛♥t✐r q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ s❡♠♣r❡ ❝♦♥t❡ ♦s ♣✉❧s♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r r♦t❛tór✐♦✱
♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ♥✉♥❝❛ ♣❡r❝❛ ✉♠ ♣✉❧s♦✱ ✐st♦ t♦r♥❛r✐❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❡s❝r❡✈❡r ✉♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛
♣❛r❛ ❢❛③❡r q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♦✉tr❛ ❝♦✐s❛✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✐r✐❛ ♣r❡❝✐s❛r ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛r ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛s
❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❛r ♦s ♣✉❧s♦s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡❧❡s ♦❝♦rr❡r❡♠✳ ❖✉tr♦s
s❡♥s♦r❡s t❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r t❛♠❜é♠✱ ❝♦♠♦ t❡♥t❛r ❧❡r ✉♠ s❡♥s♦r ❞❡ s♦♠
q✉❡ ❡stá t❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❝❛♣t✉r❛r ✉♠ r✉í❞♦✱ ♦✉ ✉♠ s❡♥s♦r ✐♥❢r❛✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦ ✭❢♦t♦✲✐♥t❡rr✉♣t♦r✮ t❡♥t❛♥❞♦
❝❛♣t✉r❛r ✉♠❛ ♠♦❡❞❛ ❝❛✐♥❞♦✳ ❊♠ t♦❞❛s ❡st❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✱ ✉s❛r ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❧✐❜❡r❛r ♦
♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛ ❝❛♣t✉r❛r ♦✉tr❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❡ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♥ã♦ ♣❡r❞❡ ❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛✳

❙♦❜r❡ r♦t✐♥❛s ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çã♦ ✭■♥t❡rr✉♣t ❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ❘♦✉t✐♥❡s✴■❙❘✮

■❙❘s sã♦ t✐♣♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛✐s ❞❡ ❢✉♥çõ❡s q✉❡ t❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ú♥✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s
♦✉tr❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ♥ã♦ t❡♠✳ ❯♠❛ ■❙❘ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ t❡r ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦✱ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❞❡✈❡ r❡t♦r♥❛r ♥❛❞❛✳
●❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ✉♠❛ ■❙❘ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ♦ ♠❛✐s ❝✉rt❛ ❡ rá♣✐❞❛ q✉❛♥t♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✳ ❙❡ ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ✉s❛ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s
■❙❘s✱ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ♣♦❞❡ r♦❞❛r ♣♦r ✈❡③✱ ♦✉tr❛s ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çõ❡s ✈ã♦ s❡r ✐❣♥♦r❛❞❛s ✭❞❡s❧✐❣❛❞❛s✮ ❛té
❛ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çã♦ ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦ t❡r♠✐♥❛r✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❞❡❧❛②✭✮ ❡ ♠✐❧❧✐s✭✮ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♠ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çõ❡s✱ ❡❧❛s

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✼✽

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ✸✳✼✳ ■♥t❡rr✉♣çõ❡s ❡①t❡r♥❛s

♥ã♦ ✈ã♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛r ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ✉♠❛ ■❙❘ ❡st✐✈❡r r♦❞❛♥❞♦✳

❞❡❧❛②▼✐❝r♦s❡❝♦♥❞s✭✮✱ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çõ❡s✱ ✈❛✐ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛r ❝♦♠♦ ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦✳ ◆♦r✲

♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❣❧♦❜❛✐s sã♦ ✉s❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♣❛ss❛r ❞❛❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ ✉♠❛ ■❙❘ ❡ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛

♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✳ P❛r❛ t❡r ❝❡rt❡③❛ q✉❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ✉s❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ■❙❘ sã♦ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦rr❡t❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛s

❞❡❝❧❛r❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✈♦❧át❡✐s✳

❙✐♥t❛①❡
❛tt❛❝❤■♥t❡rr✉♣t✭✐♥t❡rr✉♣t✱ ■❙❘✱ ♠♦❞❡✮
❛tt❛❝❤■♥t❡rr✉♣t✭♣✐♥✱ ■❙❘✱ ♠♦❞❡✮ ✭❆r❞✉✐♥♦ ❉✉❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡✮

P❛râ♠❡tr♦
✐♥t❡rr✉♣t✿ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çã♦ ✭✐♥t✮
♣✐♥✿ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞♦ ♣✐♥♦ ✭❆r❞✉✐♥♦ ❉✉❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡✮
■❙❘✿ ♦ ■❙❘ ❛ s❡r ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡❀
❡st❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♥ã♦ ❞❡✈❡ t❡r ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❡ ♥ã♦ ❞❡✈❡ r❡t♦r♥❛r ♥❛❞❛✳
❊ss❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ é✱ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ r❡❢❡r✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ r♦t✐♥❛ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çã♦✳
♠♦❞❡✿ ❞❡❢✐♥❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çã♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛✳ ◗✉❛tr♦
❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s sã♦ ♣ré✲❞❡❢✐♥✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ✈á❧✐❞♦s✳
▲❖❲ ♣❛r❛ ❛❝✐♦♥❛r ❛ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çã♦ s❡♠♣r❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❡stá ❞❡s❧✐❣❛❞♦✳
❈❍❆◆●❊ ♣❛r❛ ❛❝✐♦♥❛r ❛ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çã♦ s❡♠♣r❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♣✐♥♦ ♠✉❞❛ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r✳
❘■❙■◆● ♣❛r❛ ❛❝✐♦♥❛r q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣✐♥♦ ✈❛✐ ❞❡ ❞❡s❧✐❣❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❧✐❣❛❞♦✳
❋❆▲▲■◆● ♣❛r❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣✐♥♦ ✈❛✐ ❞❡ ❧✐❣❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❧✐❣❛❞♦✳
❆ ♣❧❛❝❛ ❉✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ t❛♠❜é♠✿
❍■●❍ ♣❛r❛ ❛❝✐♦♥❛r ❛ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çã♦ s❡♠♣r❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❡stá ❧✐❣❛❞♦✳
✭❆r❞✉✐♥♦ ❉✉❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡✮

❊①❡♠♣❧♦
✐♥t ♣✐♥ ❂ ✶✸❀
✈♦❧❛t✐❧❡ ✐♥t st❛t❡ ❂ ▲❖❲❀

✈♦✐❞ s❡t✉♣✭✮
④
♣✐♥▼♦❞❡✭♣✐♥✱ ❖❯❚P❯❚✮❀
❛tt❛❝❤■♥t❡rr✉♣t✭✵✱ ❜❧✐♥❦✱ ❈❍❆◆●❊✮❀
⑥

✈♦✐❞ ❧♦♦♣✭✮
④
❞✐❣✐t❛❧❲r✐t❡✭♣✐♥✱ st❛t❡✮❀
⑥

✈♦✐❞ ❜❧✐♥❦✭✮
④
st❛t❡ ❂ ✦st❛t❡❀
⑥

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✼✾

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ✸✳✽✳ ■♥t❡rr✉♣çõ❡s

✸✳✼✳✷ ❞❡t❛❝❤■♥t❡rr✉♣t✭✮
❉❡s❧✐❣❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çã♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛✳

❙✐♥t❛①❡
❞❡t❛❝❤■♥t❡rr✉♣t✭✐♥t❡rr✉♣t✮
❞❡t❛❝❤■♥t❡rr✉♣t✭♣✐♥✮ ✭❆r❞✉✐♥♦ ❉✉❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡✮

P❛râ♠❡tr♦
✐♥t❡rr✉♣t✿ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çã♦ ❛ s❡r ❞❡s❛t✐✈❛❞❛
✭✈❡❥❛ ❛tt❛❝❤■♥t❡rr✉♣t✭✮ ♣❛r❛ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s✮✳
♣✐♥✿ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çã♦ ❛ s❡r ❞❡s❛t✐✈❛❞❛ ✭❆r❞✉✐♥♦ ❉✉❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡✮

✸✳✽ ■♥t❡rr✉♣çõ❡s

✸✳✽✳✶ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣ts✭✮
❘❡❛❜✐❧✐t❛ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çõ❡s ✭❞❡♣♦✐s ❞❡❧❛s t❡r❡♠ ❞✐s♦ ❞❡s❛t✐✈❛s ♣♦r ♥♦■♥t❡rr✉♣ts✭✮✮✳ ■♥t❡rr✉♣çõ❡s
♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ q✉❡ ❝❡rt❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❛❝♦♥t❡ç❛♠ ❡♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❡ sã♦ ❛t✐✈❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♣❛✲
❞rã♦✳ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ♥ã♦ ✈ã♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛r ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çõ❡s sã♦ ❞❡s❛t✐✈❛❞❛s✱ ❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐✲
❝❛çõ❡s r❡❝❡❜✐❞❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✐❣♥♦r❛❞❛s✳ ■♥t❡rr✉♣çõ❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛tr❛♣❛❧❤❛r ✉♠ ♣♦✉❝♦ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞♦
❝ó❞✐❣♦ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞❡s❛t✐✈❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ s❡çõ❡s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ❝rít✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦
✈♦✐❞ s❡t✉♣✭✮ ④⑥

✈♦✐❞ ❧♦♦♣✭✮
④
♥♦■♥t❡rr✉♣ts✭✮❀
✴✴ ❝rít✐❝♦✱ t❡♠♣♦ s❡♥sí✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❛q✉✐✳
✐♥t❡rr✉♣ts✭✮❀
✴✴ ♦✉tr♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❛q✉✐✳
⑥

✸✳✽✳✷ ♥♦■♥t❡rr✉♣ts✭✮
❉❡s❛t✐✈❛ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çõ❡s ✭é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ r❡❛❜✐❧✐tá✲❧❛s ❝♦♠ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣ts✭✮✮✳ ■♥t❡rr✉♣çõ❡s ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ q✉❡
❝❡rt❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❛❝♦♥t❡ç❛♠ ❡♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❡ sã♦ ❛t✐✈❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♣❛❞rã♦✳ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s
❢✉♥çõ❡s ♥ã♦ ✈ã♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛r ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çõ❡s sã♦ ❞❡s❛t✐✈❛❞❛s✱ ❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s r❡❝❡❜✐❞❛s
♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✐❣♥♦r❛❞❛s✳ ■♥t❡rr✉♣çõ❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛tr❛♣❛❧❤❛r ✉♠ ♣♦✉❝♦ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱
❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞❡s❛t✐✈❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ s❡çõ❡s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ❝rít✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✳

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✽✵

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ✸✳✾✳ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦

❊①❡♠♣❧♦
✈♦✐❞ s❡t✉♣✭✮ ④⑥

✈♦✐❞ ❧♦♦♣✭✮
④
♥♦■♥t❡rr✉♣ts✭✮❀
✴✴ ❝rít✐❝♦✱ t❡♠♣♦ s❡♥sí✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❛q✉✐✳
✐♥t❡rr✉♣ts✭✮❀
✴✴ ♦✉tr♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❛q✉✐✳
⑥

✸✳✾ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦

✸✳✾✳✶ ❙❡r✐❛❧

❯s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ♣❧❛❝❛ ❞♦ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦ ❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ♦✉ ♦✉tr♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s✳

❚♦❞❛s ❛s ♣❧❛❝❛s ❞❡ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦ t❡♠ ♥♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ✉♠❛ ♣♦rt❛ s❡r✐❛❧ ✭t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛
✭❯❆❘❚ ♦✉ ❯❙❆❘❚✮✿ ❙❡r✐❛❧✳ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛ ♥♦s ♣✐♥♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ✵ ✭❘❳✮ ❡ ✶ ✭❚❳✮ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♠ ♦
❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ✈✐❛ ❯❙❆✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ s❡ ✉s❛❞❛s ❡st❛s ❢✉♥çã♦✱ ♥ã♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✉s❛r t❛♠❜é♠ ♦s ♣✐♥♦s ✵ ❡
✶ ♣❛r❛ s❛í❞❛s ♦✉ ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s✳
➱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✉s❛r ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ s❡r✐❛❧ ♠♦♥✐t♦r ❞♦ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛r ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣❧❛❝❛ ❞♦ ❆r✲
❞✉✐♥♦✳ ❈❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ♥♦ ❜♦tã♦ s❡r✐❛❧ ♠♦♥✐t♦r ♥❛ ❜❛rr❛ ❞❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❡ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ t❛①❛
❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ✉s❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❜❡❣✐♥✭✮✳
❖ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦ ▼❡❣❛ t❡♠ três ♣♦rt❛s s❡r✐❛✐s ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s✿ ❙❡r✐❛❧✶ ♥♦s ♣✐♥♦s ✶✾ ✭❘❳✮ ❡ ✶✽ ✭❚❳✮✱ ❙❡r✐❛❧✷
♥♦s ♣✐♥♦s ✶✼ ✭❘❳✮ ❡ ✶✻ ✭❚❳✮✱ ❙❡r✐❛❧✸ ♥♦s ♣✐♥♦s ✶✺ ✭❘❳✮ ❡ ✶✹ ✭❚❳✮✳ P❛r❛ ✉s❛r ❡ss❡s ♣✐♥♦s ♣❛r❛
❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ♣❡ss♦❛❧✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ✉♠ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦r ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❯❙❇✲s❡r✐❛❧✱
❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❡s ♥ã♦ ❡stã♦ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦r ❯❙❇✲s❡r✐❛❧ ❞♦ ▼❡❣❛✳ P❛r❛ ✉sá✲❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐✲
❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ s❡r✐❛❧ ❡①t❡r♥♦ ❚❚▲✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛r ♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❚❳ ❛♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❘❳ ❞♦
❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦✱ ♦ ❘❳ ❛♦ ♣✐♥♦ ❚❳ ❞♦ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦✱ ❡ ♦ ❣r♦✉♥❞ ❞♦ ▼❡❣❛ ❛♦ ❣r♦✉♥❞ ❞♦ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦✳
✭◆ã♦ s❡ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛ ❡ss❡s ♣✐♥♦s ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ✉♠❛ ♣♦rt❛ s❡r✐❛❧ ❘❙✷✸✷❀ ❡❧❡s ♦♣❡r❛♠ ❡♠ ✰✴✲ ✶✷❱ ❡
♣♦❞❡♠ ❞❛♥✐✜❝❛r ❛ ♣❧❛❝❛ ❞♦ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦✳✮
❖ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦ ❉✉❡ t❡♠ três ♣♦rt❛s s❡r✐❛✐s ❚❚▲ ✸✳✸❱ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s✿ ❙❡r✐❛❧✶ ♥♦s ♣✐♥♦s ✶✾ ✭❘❳✮ ❡ ✶✽
✭❚❳✮❀ ❙❡r✐❛❧✷ ♥♦s ♣✐♥♦s ✶✼ ✭❘❳✮ ❡ ✶✻ ✭❚❳✮✱ ❙❡r✐❛❧✸ ♥♦s ♣✐♥♦s ✶✺ ✭❘❳✮ ❡ ✶✹ ✭❚❳✮✳ P✐♥♦s ✵ ❡ ✶
sã♦ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ❛♦ ♣✐♥♦s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ❆❚♠❡❣❛✶✻❯✷ ❯❙❇✲❚❚▲ ❙❡r✐❛❧ ❝❤✐♣✱ q✉❡
❡stá ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦ ❛ ♣♦rt❛ ❞❡ ❞❡♣✉r❛çã♦ ❯❙❇✳ ❙♦♠❛❞♦ ❛ ✐ss♦✱ ❤á ❛ ♣♦rt❛ ♥❛t✐✈❛ ❯❙❇✲s❡r✐❛❧ ♥♦
❙❆▼✸❳ ❝❤✐♣✱ ❙❡r✐❛❧❯❙❇✬✳
❆ ♣❧❛❝❛ ❞❡ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦ ▲❡♦♥❛r❞♦ ✉s❛ ❙❡r✐❛❧✶ ♣❛r❛ s❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛r ✈✐❛ ❚❚▲ ✭✺❱✮ s❡r✐❛❧ ♥♦s ♣✐♥♦s ✵
✭❘❳✮ ❡ ✶ ✭❚❳✮✳ ❙❡r✐❛❧ é r❡s❡r✈❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❯❙❇ ❈❉❈✳

❋✉♥çõ❡s
✐❢ ✭❙❡r✐❛❧✮
❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡✭✮
❜❡❣✐♥✭✮
❡♥❞✭✮
✜♥❞✭✮
✜♥❞❯♥t✐❧✭✮

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✽✶

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ✸✳✾✳ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦

✢✉s❤✭✮
♣❛rs❡❋❧♦❛t✭✮
♣❛rs❡■♥t✭✮
♣❡❡❦✭✮
♣r✐♥t✭✮
♣r✐♥t❧♥✭✮
r❡❛❞✭✮
r❡❛❞❇②t❡s✭✮
r❡❛❞❇②t❡s❯♥t✐❧✭✮
s❡t❚✐♠❡♦✉t✭✮
✇r✐t❡✭✮
s❡r✐❛❧❊✈❡♥t✭✮

✸✳✾✳✷ ❙tr❡❛♠

❙tr❡❛♠ é ❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s ❡ str❡❛♠s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡s ❜✐♥ár✐❛s✳ ❊❧❛ ♥ã♦ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛
❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♠❛s ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ s❡♠♣r❡ q✉❡ s❡ ✉s❛ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ q✉❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❛ ❞❡❧❛✳
❙tr❡❛♠ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ♥♦ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ✉s❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧
q✉❡ ✉s❛ r❡❛❞✭✮ ♦✉ ♠ét♦❞♦s s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ s❡❣✉r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ss✉♠✐r q✉❡ ✐ss♦ ❝❤❛♠❛ ✉♠❛ ❝❧❛ss❡
❙tr❡❛♠✳ P❛r❛ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♣r✐♥t✭✮✱ ❙tr❡❛♠ ❤❡r❞❛ ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ Pr✐♥t✳ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❛s ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s
q✉❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♠ ❞❛ ❙tr❡❛♠ sã♦✿

❙❡r✐❛❧
❲✐r❡
❊t❤❡r♥❡t ❈❧✐❡♥t
❊t❤❡r♥❡t ❙❡r✈❡r
❙❉

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✽✷

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ✸✳✶✵✳ ❯❙❇ ✭❛♣❡♥❛s ❆r❞✉✐♥♦s ▲❡♦♥❛r❞♦ ❡ ❉✉❡✮

❋✉♥çõ❡s
❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡✭✮
r❡❛❞✭✮
✢✉s❤✭✮
✜♥❞✭✮
✜♥❞❯♥t✐❧✭✮
♣❡❡❦✭✮
r❡❛❞❇②t❡s✭✮
r❡❛❞❇②t❡s❯♥t✐❧✭✮
r❡❛❞❙tr✐♥❣✭✮
r❡❛❞❙tr✐♥❣❯♥t✐❧✭✮
♣❛rs❡■♥t✭✮
♣❛rs❡✢♦❛t✭✮
s❡t❚✐♠❡♦✉t✭✮

✸✳✶✵ ❯❙❇ ✭❛♣❡♥❛s ❆r❞✉✐♥♦s ▲❡♦♥❛r❞♦ ❡ ❉✉❡✮

✸✳✶✵✳✶ ❚❡❝❧❛❞♦ ❡ ♠♦✉s❡

❊st❛s ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ q✉❡ ❛s ♣❧❛❝❛s ❞❡ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦ ▲❡♦♥❛r❞♦✱ ▼✐❝r♦✱ ♦✉ ❉✉❡ ❛♣❛✲
r❡ç❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ▼♦✉s❡ ❡✴♦✉ ❚❡❝❧❛❞♦ ♥❛t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦✳
❯♠ ❛✈✐s♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛s ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ▼♦✉s❡ ❡ ❑❡②❜♦❛r❞✿ s❡ ❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ▼♦✉s❡ ♦✉ ❑❡②❜♦❛r❞
❡stá r♦❞❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ✐ss♦ ✈❛✐ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛r ❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣❧❛❝❛✳ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ❝♦♠♦
▼♦✉s❡✳♠♦✈❡✭✮ ❡ ❑❡②❜♦❛r❞✳♣r✐♥t✭✮ ✈ã♦ ♠♦✈❡r ♦ ❝✉rs♦r ♦✉ ❡♥✈✐❛r t❡❝❧❛s ❞✐❣✐t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠
❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦ ❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s♦♠❡♥t❡ s❡r ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❡stá ♣r♦♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♥✉s❡á✲
❧❛s✳ ➱ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞♦ ✉s❛r ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛t✐✈❛r ❡st❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠
✐♥t❡rr✉♣t♦r ❢ís✐❝♦ ♦✉ s♦♠❡♥t❡ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛✳
◗✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ✉s❛ ❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ▼♦✉s❡ ♦✉ ❑❡②❜♦❛r❞✱ é ♠❡❧❤♦r t❡st❛r ❛ s❛í❞❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦
❙❡r✐❛❧✳♣r✐♥t✭✮✳ ❉❡ss❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ t❡r ❝❡rt❡③❛ q✉❡ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ s❡♥❞♦ ✐♥❢♦r✲
♠❛❞♦s sã♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s✳ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❡ ♦s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ▼♦✉s❡ ❡ ❑❡②❜♦❛r❞ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♠❛♥❡✐r❛s ❞❡
♠❛♥✉s❡á✲❧❛s✳

▼♦✉s❡
❆s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞♦ ♠♦✉s❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❛♦ ▲❡♦♥❛r❞♦✱ ▼✐❝r♦✱ ♦✉ ❉✉❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦
❝✉rs♦r ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦✳ ❆♦ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❝✉rs♦r✱ ❡❧❛ é s❡♠♣r❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❛
♣♦s✐çã♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✳
▼♦✉s❡✳❜❡❣✐♥✭✮
▼♦✉s❡✳❝❧✐❝❦✭✮
▼♦✉s❡✳❡♥❞✭✮
▼♦✉s❡✳♠♦✈❡✭✮
▼♦✉s❡✳♣r❡ss✭✮
▼♦✉s❡✳r❡❧❡❛s❡✭✮
▼♦✉s❡✳✐sPr❡ss❡❞✭✮

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✽✸

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ✸✳✶✵✳ ❯❙❇ ✭❛♣❡♥❛s ❆r❞✉✐♥♦s ▲❡♦♥❛r❞♦ ❡ ❉✉❡✮

❑❡②❜♦❛r❞
❆s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞♦ t❡❝❧❛❞♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❛♦ ▲❡♦♥❛r❞♦✱ ▼✐❝r♦✱ ♦✉ ❉✉❡ ♠❛♥❞❛r t❡❝❧❛s ❞✐❣✐t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛
✉♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❧✐❣❛❞♦✳

◆♦t❛
◆❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s ❆❙❈■■✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ♥ã♦✲✐♠♣r✐♠í✈❡✐s✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡♥✲
✈✐❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❑❡②❜♦❛r❞✳ ❆ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❛♣♦✐❛ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ t❡❝❧❛s ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r❛s✳ ❚❡❝❧❛s
♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r❛s ❛❧t❡r❛♠ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛ t❡❝❧❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♣r❡ss✐♦♥❛❞❛ s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡✳

❑❡②❜♦❛r❞✳❜❡❣✐♥✭✮
❑❡②❜♦❛r❞✳❡♥❞✭✮
❑❡②❜♦❛r❞✳♣r❡ss✭✮
❑❡②❜♦❛r❞✳♣r✐♥t✭✮
❑❡②❜♦❛r❞✳♣r✐♥t❧♥✭✮
❑❡②❜♦❛r❞✳r❡❧❡❛s❡✭✮
❑❡②❜♦❛r❞✳r❡❧❡❛s❡❆❧❧✭✮
❑❡②❜♦❛r❞✳✇r✐t❡✭✮

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✽✹

❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❆
❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡
❆✳✶ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❆❙❈■■

❋✐❣✉r❛ ❆✳✶✿ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❆❙❈■■ ✲ ♣❛rt❡ ✶✳

✽✺
❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❆✳ ❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❆✳✶✳ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❆❙❈■■

❋✐❣✉r❛ ❆✳✷✿ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❆❙❈■■ ✲ ♣❛rt❡ ✷✳

▼♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❡✿ ❧✐♥❦ ❆❙❈■■✶ ❡♠ ✶✷✴✵✷✴✷✵✶✹✳

✶ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳t❤❡❛s❝✐✐❝♦❞❡✳❝♦♠✳❛r✴❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥✲st❛♥❞❛r❞✲❝♦❞❡✲✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✲✐♥t❡r❝❤❛♥❣❡✴❛s❝✐✐✲❝♦❞❡s✲t❛❜❧❡✳❣✐❢

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✽✻

❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s
❬✶❪ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ✇❡❜s✐t❡ ♦✜❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❛r❞✉✐♥♦✳❝❝✴❡♥✴❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡✴❍♦♠❡P❛❣❡✳
❆❝❝❡ss❛❞♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✷✴✵✷✴✷✵✶✹✳
❬✷❪ ❲❛❧❞❡♠❛r ❈❡❧❡s ❋✐❧❤♦✱ ❘❡♥❛t♦ ❈❡rq✉❡✐r❛✱ ❛♥❞ ❏♦é ▲✉❝❛s ❘❛♥❣❡❧✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛s
❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✿ ❝♦♠ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✳ ❊❧s❡✈✐❡r✱ ✶✶ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥✱ ✷✵✵✹✳

❬✸❪ ◆❡❛❧ ❙✳ ❲✐❞♠❡r ❛♥❞ ❘♦♥❛❧❞ ❏✳ ❚♦❝❝✐✳ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❉✐❣✐t❛✐s ✲ Pr✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❡ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✳ Pr❡♥t✐❝❡
❍❛❧❧ ✲ ❇r✱ ✶✶ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥✱ ✷✵✶✶✳

✽✼