ELECTION AS CALIPH:

- While the Prophets burial was being prepared, the problem of new leader arose
- Delay might mean disorder and undoing of whatever the Prophet had done
- Muhajirin and Ansar were about to fight on this matter
- Hazrat Abu Bakr, Umar and Abu Ubaidah reached the hall Saqeefa-bani Saad
- The decision to appoint Said bin Ubadah was almost made
- Abu Bakr pointed out how the new caliph should be from the Quraish otherwise every tribe in
Arabia would claim their right to Prophethood which might create a rift among Muslims
- The option of one leader from Muhajirin and Ansar each was also refused by Abu Ubaidah
- Abu Bakr’s speech then turned tables
- “O Ansar, none can deny the superiority of your position in religion or the greatness of your
eminence in Islam. You were chosen by Allah as the helpers of His religion and His Apostle. To
you the Prophet was sent on his emigration from Mecca and from you come the majority of His
companions and wives. Indeed, in position you are next only to the earliest companions.
Therefore it would be fair if we take the Caliphate and you accept the ministry. You should not
obstinate in your stand. We assure you that we will do nothing without consulting you.”
- He then put forward names of Hazrat Umar and Abu Ubaidah
- Hazrat Umar rejected and pledged allegiance to Hazrat Abu Bakr: “O Abu Bakr, how can I or Abu
Ubaidah be preferred to you? You are undoubtedly the most excellent of the Muslims. You were
the Second of the Two in the Cave. You were appointed as Amir-ul-Hajj. During his illness the
Prophet appointed you as Imam to lead the prayers. Of all the companions you were the closest
and dearest to the Holy Prophet. As such you are dear to us. Stretch out your hand so that we
may offer allegiance to you.”
- Hazrat Abu Ubaidah was the next person to pledge allegiance to him
- Sa’id bin Ubadah was the only one who didn’t
- Hazrat Abu Bakr hence became caliph on the very day of the death of the Prophet
- Hazrat Abu Bakr took the general oath of loyalty: “O people! I have been selected as your
Trustee although I am no better than anyone of you. If I am right, obey me. If I am misguided,
set me right. The weakest amongst you is powerful in my eyes, until I do not get him his due.
The most powerful among you is the weakest in my eyes, until I do not make him pay due rights
to others. I ask you to obey me as long as I obey Allah and His Messenger. When I disobey Allah
and His Messenger, you are free to disobey me.”

EXPEDITION TO SYRIA:

- Some weeks before his demise, the Prophet had appointed Usama to lead the expedition to
Syria
- The Syrians were persuading Bedouin tribes to attack on Muslims on the borders
- Usama was to avenge Battle of Mautah in which his father was killed
- The Holy Prophet’s illness and death held up the expedition for some weeks
- After ascension of Abu Bakr to caliphate the first thing he thought of was to send the expedition
 - Many asked him not to do so as there were many apostate tribes surrounding Madinah but Abu
Bakr was determined:
- “Who am I to withhold the army that the Prophet has ordered to proceed? Come what may,
Madinah stand or fall, the Khilafat live or perish. The command of the Prophet shall be carried
out.
- He even refused to change the leader, Usama, who had been appointed by the Prophet
- Expedition took place 3 weeks after Prophet’s death
- Umar who was part of the expedition was asked to stay back as an advisor for Hazrat Abu Bakr
- Hazrat Abu Bakr instructed them about warfare:
- “Do not kill children, women or old men. Do not cut down any trees wherein there is food for
men and beasts. Do not molest the monks in the churches.”
- After 10 days march Muslim army attacked border tribes. Byzantines avoided this confrontation
as they were of no match
- They were defeated so they offered allegiance and the army returned successful after 40 days

REFUSAL TO PAY ZAKAT:

- After the conquest of Mecca, the border tribes like Banu Asad, Banu Ghatafan, Banu Abbas, and
Banu Murrah accepted and offered allegiance to Islam
- It was based on diplomacy rather than conviction of heart which seemed to end with the death
of the Prophet
- Wanted to make a fresh agreement with Abu Bakr and stated if they were exempted from Zakat,
then they would remain on friendly terms with Madinah
- Abu Bakr strictly rejected this
- “If with reference to Zakat, you withhold as much as even a string to tie a camel, as the Khalifa
of the Holy Prophet it shall be my duty to fight for it, whatever the consequences.”
- He also sent Ali, Talha, Zubair and Abdullah bin Masood along with their troops for the defense
of Madinah
- One night in 632 A.D., Taking advantage of the muslim army gone for expedition they attacked
but were faced by a crushing defeat at Zulqisa.. many were killed and others fled away
- Many tribes agreed to pay Zakat and those who still refused were expelled from their areas

FALSE PROPHETS:

- “All we have to do is claim to be prophets and get the followers”

AL-ASWAD AL-ANSI:

- Leader of the Ansi tribe in Yemen

- Dark complexion->> nicknamed al-Aswad
- He kept himself veiled
- First false prophet to have claimed to receive divine guidance
- Invaded Najran and most of Yemen
- Firuz-al-Dhalaymi was sent against him who killed al-aswad
 - Al-Aswad’s followers revolted under a man Qais ibn Abd Yaghus who was also defeated so they
all surrendered

TULAYHA IBN KHUWALID:

- Leader of Bani Asad and Bani Ghatafan tribes

- Initially opposed muslims but converted to Islam in 630 A.D.
- Shortly after he rebelled and claimed himself a Prophet
- Many people sided with him so Khalid bin Waleed was sent against him with 4000 men in battle
of Buzakha
- Tulayha escaped to Syria but later when it was conquered he accepted Islam again and
participated in battles of Jalula, Qadissiya and Nihawand against Persians

SAJAH BINT-AL HARITH:

- Arab Christian from tribe of Taghlib

- Had the protection of Banu Hanifa tribe
- After Prophet’s death many of her tribe turned away from Islam so she claimed herself as a
prophetess: “Why should all prophets be men? In me Allah has now sent a woman prophetess”
- Collected a force of 4000 against Muslims but retreated after defeat of Tulayha
- Reached an agreement with Musailma to face Khalid bin Walid
- Later married Musailma and accepted his prophethood
- Sajjah’s forces were crushed by Khalid and after death of Musailma in battle of Yamamah she
accepted Islam

MUSAILMA (includes the Battle of Yamamah):

- Belonged to yemen
- Composed verses himself
- Reduced no. of daily prayers, excused fasting and zakat, and legalized adultery and wine
drinking
- Wrote to the Prophet in his illness telling him how Allah has asked him to share his Prophethood
- Holy Prophet gave him the title of Musailma the Liar
- Collected a large army but Sajjah seemed to be a serious rival so he had to deal with her first
- He started a love affair with sajjah who easily fell in his trap
- Musailma had a huge army of 40,000
- Ikramah bin Abu Jahl was to attack him but first wait for reinforcements from Shurhabil
- Wanting to take the credit for himself he proceeded anyways and was badly defeated
- Shurhabil however waited as per Abu Bakr’s instructions and then he and Khalid bin Waleed’s
combined battalions fell upon the imposter
- Due to the suddenness of the attack, around 7000 men including Musailma took refuge in a
fortified garden
- Muslims flung open the gates
 - Wahshi wanted to compensate his sin so he skillfully pierced the poisoned end of his javelin into
Musailma and Abu Dajjanah cut off his head
- Khalid bin Waleed had promised to spare the lives of the rest
- Around 1200 Muslims were martyred including 360 Huffaz
- This garden came to be known as the “Garden of Death”
- Consequently led to the compilation of the Holy Quran

BATTLES AGAINST PERSIANS:

- Chains
- Mazar
- Walija
- Ulleis
- Hira
- Anbar
- Ain-ut-Tamr
- Firad

BATTLE OF CHAINS:

 Muslim Commander: Khalid bin Waleed

 Persian commander: Hurmuz
 Muslim army: 18000
 Persian Army: 15000-20000
 Khalid bin Waleed first gave them 3 terms; accept Islam, or let them explain the religion to the
Persian people or pay jizya.. and if none of these were accepted then war
 War ensued; Persians tied one another in chain to stay united, but Muslim army crushed them
 They were defeated, Hurmuz was killed and thousands of Persians were taken as captives

BATTLE OF MAZAR:

 Muslim commander: Khalid bin Waleed

 Persian Commander: Qarin
 Persian army: 20000-22000
 Muslim army: 17000
 3000 persians were killed, many drowned in the river tigris, they accepted to pay Jizya

BATTLE OF WALIJA:

 Muslim Commander: Khalid bin Waleed

 Persian Commander: Enderz
 Persian Army: 25000-30000
 Muslim Army: 15000
 20000 Persians and 2000 Muslims lost their lives
BATTLE OF ULLEIS:

 Muslim Commander: Khalid bin Waleed

 Persian Commander: Jahan
 Persian Army: 70000
 Muslim Army 15000
 Muslims lost 2000 and entire Persian army finished

CONQUEST OF HIRA:

 Muslim Commander: Khalid bin Waleed

 Persian Commander: Son of Azazia
 Persians were defeated and agreed to pay 100000 Dirhams yearly

BATTLE OF ANBAR:

 Muslim Commander: Khalid bin Waleed

 Persian Leader: Shaherzad
 Khalid bin Waleed slaughtered old and weak camels to make a bridge to cross the moat and wall
 Persians were defeated

BATTLE OF AIN-UL-TAMR:

 Muslim Commander: Khalid bin Waleed

 Persian Commander: Mehram bin Behram
 Persians joined Arab tribes
 Persians were defeated and Arabs ran away

BATTLE OF FIRAD:

 Persians, Arabs and Romans launched a joint attack on Muslims

 100000 enemies were killed
 Whole of northern and southern Iraq was conquered
 Half of Muslim army under command of Khalid bin Waleed was sent to Syria
 The rest was appointed in Iraq under command of Muthanna bin Hartha

BATTLES AGAINST ROMANS:

- Basra
- Ajnadein
- Damascus (could not take place)
BATTLE OF BASRA:

- Muslim commander: Khalid bin Waleed

- Roman commander: Romanus
- Muslims were 13000 in number
- Romanus accepted Islam when it was offered to him but his army fortified themselves and were
defeated
- They agreed to pay jizya

BATTLE OF AJNADEIN:

- Muslim commander: Khalid bin Waleed with other Muslim commanders; Amr ibn al-Aas, Yazid
bin Abu Sufyan and Abu Obaidah ibn al-Jarrah
- Roman commander: Theodrus
- Muslim army: 20000
- Roman army: 90000-100000
- “The number of people does not matter. It is the final outcome which is important”
- Romans were defeated
- Muslims lost 3000 men
- Romans lost 70000

SEIGE OF DAMASCUS:

- Muslim commander: Khalid bin Waleed

- Roman commander: Thomas
- Roman army: 15,000
- Muslim army: 20,000
- No battle took place, as the Muslim army had to return due to the serious illness of Hazrat Abu
Bakr