Mothers of the Faithful:

HAZRAT KHADIJA:

- First wife of the Holy Prophet

- Tribe of Quraish
- Brought up on good morals and distinguished with strictness, reason and decency
- Title: At-Tahirah (the chaste woman)
- Father: Khuwaylid ibn Asad ibn Abd al-Uzza
- Father enjoyed leadership, honor and high rank among people
- Mother: Fatima bint Zaidah
- Khadija enjoyed an honorable descent, pure soul and good character
- 15 years old -> Abu Halah Hind proposed and married her…
- gave birth to Halah and Hind
- Abu Halah Hind lived up to the advent of Islam after which she married Atiq ibn Abid and gave
birth to a girl named Hind.. he also soon died leaving her a widow
- Khadija would possess more wealth than any other trader in Arabia… her trade consignment
equaled the total volume of trade of the Meccans
- Offered the Holy Prophet to run her trade in Syria accompanying her slave-boy, Maisarah
- Holy Prophet came back with a profit Khadija had never gained before, and Maysarah too spoke
of the good character of the Prophet
- Khadija sent her close friend Nafeesa bint Munabbih to the Holy prophet with a marriage
proposal, which after consultation from elders of both families, the marriage was solemnized
- Abu Talib recited the Nikkah (Prophet was 25 years old at that time and Khadijah, 40 y/o)
- Virtuous wife, kept a quiet and happy home
- Supported and eased the Prophet everywhere, esp at the beginning of his mission
- “Events of Cave of Hira”-> Khadija consoled him and took him to her cousin Warqa bin Naufil
- Gave birth to the only 2 sons of the Prophet, Qasim and Abdullah who both died in infancy
- Daughters; Hazrat Zainab, Umme-Kulsoom, Ruqayyah, Fatima
- First woman to embrace Islam
- Khadija donated large sums of her money to have the persecuted slaves freed
- Khadija stayed with her husband during the social boycott
- Died on the 10th of Ramadan, 10th year of Prophethood… age 65 years
- Buried in the sacred graveyard of Jannat-ul Muallah in Mecca

HAZRAT SAWDAH:

- Daughter of Zurn’ah ibn Qays ibn Abd Shams and Ash-Shamus bint Qays ibn Zayd
- Being one of the first to accept Islam she also went through a lot of persecutions so
consequently she and her husband, As-Sakran ibn Amr migrated to Abyssinia.. he died on return
- Khadija’s death had left a great gap in the Prophet’s life and Quraish hurt him very severely
- Khawlah bint Hakim, wife of Uthman ibn Mazoon, suggested the name of Sawdah
 - Prophet accepted the proposal as firstly he was not being able to give enough time to his
heavenly mission and secondly he took into consideration that an early convert to Islam may be
helped and honored
- Khawlah went to Zurnah and he was much pleased with the proposal… Sawdah’s approval was
also obtained
- Marriage solemnized… Nikkah Khutbah was read by Sawdah’s father himself and she was 55 at
that time
- Sawdah used to love Fatima and Umme Kulsoom very affectionately that no one would even
doubt that she wasn’t their real mother
- Sawdah only had a son from her first husband, Abdur-Rahman who died as martyr fighting the
battle of Jalula
- Hazrat Sawdah had surrendered her time with the Prophet in favor of Hazrat Ayesha, the young
wife of the Prophet
- Most abiding by the Prophet’s guidance and commands… Event of her promising to not ever
perform pilgrimage after the Farewell Pilgrimage
- Took part in striving for the cause of Allah
- After battle of Khaybar, she got a share of the spoils (80 wasaqs of date and 20 wasaqs of barley)
-> distributed it all to the poor b4 even reaching apartment
- Generous, hospitable, kind and affectionate… Event of Hazrat Umar sending her a purse full of
dirhams and her distributing it to the poor
- Distinguished in self sacrifice
- Died in 23 A.H at the age of 80 during last years of Hazrat Umar’s caliphate
- 5 authentic Ahadith are attributed to her
- Buried in Jannat ul Baqi

HAZRAT AYESHA:

- Mother: Umme Ruman Zainab bint Amir

- Father: Abdullah bin Abi Qahafa (Abu Bakr)
- Known by the titles of Humaira and Umm-e-Abdullah
- In youth she was already known for her striking beauty and formidable memory
- Born a Muslim
- Age of marriage is not historically transparently clear…. Some say she became his wife at 6 but
wedding was at 9 or 10
- Some say that she was married at 19 rather than 9… nonetheless all are at consensus that she
was married at a very young age
- Courageous and brave; Battle of Uhud-> carried water in leather bags to demolish thirst of
soldiers and in battle of trench-> went around inspecting the plan of defense of muslims
- Did not get permission by the Holy Prophet to participate in battles, but her fear for Allah was
always there and she kept herself busy in prayers
 - Ayahs of the Quran have been revealed because of Hazrat Ayesha for e.g. Verses 11-21 of Surah
Nur in her defense; she had gone to answer the call of nature and then missed the caravan since
she was looking for her necklace… the hypocrites accused her of going w a man
- Holy Prophet spent his last days of sickness in her apartment… when he passed away his head
was on her lap and she was brushing his teeth
- She not only became a scholar and stateswoman but also a major resource to muslims of today
too because of her vast knowledge of the Prophet’s Ahadith
- Used to solve and gave correct answers to the complicated problems of Fiqah jurisprudence
- Used to give Fatwa during the time of Hazrat Abu Bakr and Uthman
- Narrated 2210 traditions
- Her allowance was 12000 dirhams from Hazrat Umar
- Approximately 200 students including Hazrat Abu Musa Ashari, Hazrat Abu Hurairah, Hazrat
Abdullah bin Abbas, Hazrat Abdullah bin Zubair
- Remained politically inactive till the time of Hazrat Uthman’s caliphate… (Event of Ammar e bin
Yasir being brutally treated by guards)
- Fought Hazrat Ali in the Battle of Camel, but was treated with respect by him later
- After the battle she lived for 22 more years and died in the era of Muawiya
- Died on Tuesday night, 17th of Ramadan, 58 A.H.
- She was 67 years old
- Abu hurairah led the funeral prayer and she was buried in Jannat-ul-Baqi

HAZRAT HAFSA:

- Father: Umar ibn al-Khattab

- Mother: Zainab bint Maz’un
- Born in Mecca 5 years before Prophethood
- Among the early Muslims, she witnessed how Islam flourished around her and filled her father’s
house
- Upon reaching maturity, Khunays ibn Hudhafah ibn Qays as-Suhamy proposed to her, but it was
not long before he attained martyrdom in the Battle of Badr while his wife, Hafsa was just 18
years old
- Hazrat Umar went to Abu Bakr and Uthman (whose wife, Ruqayyah had just recently passed
away) to give Hafsa’s hand in marriage; Abu Bakr remained silent and Uthman rejected
- The Holy Prophet then took Hafsa as his own wife and gave Umm-e-Kulsoom in marriage to
Hazrat Uthman
- Very pious woman and would often fast during the day and spend nights in Salat
- The Holy Prophet was once displeased with Hazrat Hafsa and even pronounced his first divorce
to her, but Angel Jibrael came to him to say that Allah wants him to take her back
- On the Prophet’s death she was very sad yet still stayed in Madinah worshipping Allah devoutly,
praying and fasting
- Did not leave her house except for performing Hajj or Umrah
- Muslims used to seek her legal ruling concerning religious matter like Hazrat Umar too
 - Before his death, Hazrat Umar chose Hafsa to keep the copy of the Ever-Glorious Quran (the
reason why it is known as mashaf-ul-hafsa)
- Prevented attempts by the governor of Madinah, Marwan ibn Hakam to have them destroyed
- Before her death she gave it in custody of Abdullah ibn Umar, her brother
- She intended to set out for Basrah with Hazrat Ayesha after the death of Hazrat Uthman, but her
brother advised her not to do that
- Had offered Hajj with the Prophet and used to perform pilgrimage every year
- Was counted as one of those who used to recite the Quran masterly
- Died in Muawiya’s era in 41 A.H. at 60 years old
- Before her death she asked her brother Abdullah ibn Umar to re-distribute all her property to
the poor and needy
- Marwan ibn al-Hakam led her funeral prayer
- Buried at Jannat ul-Baqi

Hazrat Zainab bint Khuzaimah:

- Born 13 years before Prophethood

- Father: Khuzaymah ibn al-Harith
- Mother: Hind bint Hamatah
- she was previously married to Abdullah ibn Jahsh the Prophet’s cousin, who was martyred in
Battle of Uhud
- She waited patiently for Allah’s reward after Abdullah’s death, and after her waiting period had
ended, the Holy Prophet asked for her hand in marriage…
- He gave her 12 ounces of gold and 400 dirhams as dowry
- Prophet built a room for her next to his other 3 wives
- The Prophet married her to reward her for her commitment to Islam and fighting for the cause
of Allah
- She was distinguished with kindheartedness, generosity and sympathy for the poor, known as
“Mother of the Needy”
- Once she gave flour on the demand of a beggar that was her only meal
- Well-known for her benevolence, good morals, compassion, righteousness, mercy and patience
- Historians say she only lived for 9 months after marrying the Holy Prophet and died in Rabi-ul-
Akhir 4 A.H.
- Buried in Jannat-ul-Baqi
- Hazrat Zainab bint Khuzaymah and Hazrat Khadija are the only wives of the Holy Prophet who
died during his lifetime

HAZRAT UMME SALAMA:

- Real name was Hind

- Daughter of Hazrat Abu Umayyah
- Born 9 years before Prophethood
- First married to Hazrat bin Abdul Asad, also known as Abu Salama
 - Couple embraced Islam at its beginning and migrated to Abyssinia.. a son named Salamah was
born to them there
- After reaching Madinah she got another son Umar and two daughters Durrah and Zainab
- Abu Salama was the 11th man to embrace Islam and he had participated in the battles of Badr
and Uhud
- He got a wound in Uhud which didn’t heal for a long time… after returning from the expedition
to safar in 4 A.H. the old wound started giving him trouble again and he died on 8 th of Jamadil-
Akhir 4 A.H.
- She was pregnant at that time and had Zainab afterwards
- Hazrat Abu Bakr proposed to her but she declined
- The Prophet later offered to marry her and her son Hazrat Salama served as her guardian and
gave her in marriage at the end of Shawwal 4 A.H.
- Umme Salama was famous for her beauty
- Narrated 378 Ahadith
- (Event of her cooking a preparation for the Holy Prophet on the very first day of marriage)
- Last of the Prophet’s wives to die in 59 A.H.
- 84 at the time of her death

HAZRAT ZAINAB BINT JAHSH:

- Holy Prophet’s cousin

- First given in marriage to Zaid ibn Harith by the Prophet
- She became status-concious so When Zaid divorced her, the Holy Prophet married her by
command of Allah as mentioned in Surah Al-Ahzab
- Took place in 5 A.H. at the time when she was 35
- Born 17 years before Prophethood
- After she had completed her Iddat, the Prophet proposed to her but she first performed
Wuddhu and two rakaat Salat of guidance from Allah
- Allah then revealed a verse about the good news which made her prostrate before Allah in
thanksgiving
- Holy Prophet arranged a big feast of Walimah in which a goat was slaughtered and mutton curry
with bread was served to the guests
- She had a very large heart for spending in the way of Allah-> work by her hands and spend all
her earnings in charity
- When the Holy Prophet said that the wife with the longest hands will meet him first after his
death, all the wives started measuring their hands by a stick and it turned out to be Hazrat
Sawdah. But when Hazrat Zainab bint Jahsh died first, they understood the meaning behind the
Hadith
- She fasted often
- Died in 20 A.H. and Umar led the funeral service
- 50 y/o at the time of death
HAZRAT JAVAIRYA BINT HARITH:

- Daughter of the famous chieftain of Banu Mustaliq, Harith bin Abi Darrar
- First married to Musafi bin Safwan
- Possessed charm and beauty
- When captives were distributed among participants, Javairiya was given to Thabit bin Qais…
However she was not in a state to get freed by paying ransom
- She was very courageous so she approached the Prophet who accepted her proposal and
married her … hence ppl of Banu Mustaliq became the Prophet’s relatives
- Her original name was Barat which the Prophet changed to Javairiyah
- Used to spend her time in praying and had converted a corner of her house into a mosque
- (Event of her praying Nawafil)
- Very genius and had pleasing manners
- Harith also accepted Islam along with the others from Banu Mustaliq-> another blessing by
Javairiya
- After Holy Prophet’s death both Abu Bakr and Umar allotted a scholarship of 10,000 dirhams for
the wives of the Prophet… but Hazrat Javairya and Safiyah refused to accept this
- Died in 50 A.H. at the age of 65
- Buried in Jannat ul Baqi
- Prayer offered by Marwan ibn Al-Hakam

HAZRAT UMME HABIBA:

- Daughter of Abu Sufyan

- First married to Ubaidullah bin Jahsh.. Couple embraced Islam and migrated to Abyssinia
- One night she saw her husband in the ugliest and most obnoxious form… when she woke up she
found out he had converted to Christianity… she remained muslim but got separated from him
- Allah soon recompensed her loss-> The Holy Prophet sent an offer of marriage through the King
Negus who sent a woman named Abrahah to her with the message
- Umme Habiba was so happy that she made over all the jewellery she was wearing to Abrahah
- King Negus gave her 400 dirhams and many other things in dowry himself by representing the
Holy Prophet
- Marriage took place in 7 A.H.
- Most historians say she died in 44 A.H.

HAZRAT SAFFIYAH:

- Daughter of Hayi, who was a descendant of Harun (A.S.)

- First married to Salam bin Mishkam and then Kinallah bin Abi Huqaiq
- Kinallah was killed during the battle of Khyber and she, as a captive, was given to Dahya Kalbi
who requested for a maid
- The Sahabah approached the Prophet and told him how the Jewish tribes would feel offended
to see a jew working as a maid
 - So the Holy Prophet offered a reasonable amount of money to Dahya and asked Saffiyah
whether she wanted to go back to her tribe or become his wife
- Saffiyah had once seen in her dream a portion of the moon falling in her lap. When mentioned
to Kinallah, he smote her severely saying she seems to be wanting to become the wife of
Prophet
- Her father said the same when she had a dream of the sun lying on her breast
- The Holy Prophet asked everyone to bring whatever they had to eat. They brought their own
dates, cheese, butter etc and shared it among themselves
- Died in Ramadan 50 A.H. when she was 60 y/o

HAZRAT MAIMOONAH:

- Daughter of Harith bin Hazan

- Original name was Barrah but then changed by Prophet
- First married to Abu Rahim bin Abdul Uzza
- Had been widowed lately when the Prophet married her at Saraf, a place lying on his journey to
Mecca for Umrah
- Had intended to start living with her in Mecca after Umrah but since Quraish did not let him in
he called her over at the same place on the return journey
- Many years later she died and was buried at the same place in 51 A.H., age 81
- Last woman married by the Prophet

HAZRAT MARIA:

- Was an Egyptian sent with her sister Sirin by Muqawqis (Christian governor of Alexandria) as
gifts to the Prophet
- After treaty of hudaibiya the Prophet wrote letters to many foreign countries and sent Hateb bin
Abi Balteh to Muqawqis
- Although he didn’t accept Islam, he sent a polite reply with some gifts including Maria Qibtiya
whom the Prophet later married
- In 8 A.H. she gave birth to Ibrahim but he soon died in 10 A.H.
- Became very sad due to this disaster and kept on mourning his death

DESCENDANTS:

HAZRAT ZAINAB:

- Eldest daughter of the Holy Prophet (born after Qasim)

- Married before the Holy Prophet had started receiving revelations
- Grew in a household of righteousness, wisdom and love
- Mother had started training her in household responsibilities and she was a great educator and
caring sister for Fatima
 - Married to Abul-Aas bin Rabi who was very close to Hazrat Khadija and the Holy Prophet too
was very pleased by his good character and pleasant nature
- They had 2 children; a boy named Ali and girl named Umamah
- Abul-Aas used to go on trade journeys a lot which used to worry Hazrat Zainab… while he was
on one of his journeys the Holy Prophet was confirmed to Prophethood and his family had
embraced Islam
- Although Abul-Aas had no problem with their religion, they still had to be separated so her life
had been replaced with anxiety, sorrow and caution now
- She had witnessed the persecutions of the Quraish and remained quite distressed during this
time
- Firm in her belief
- After battle of Badr, Abul-Aas was captured as prisoner of war and taken aside
- Since Hazrat Zainab wanted him to be freed, she took out from her jewellery box a necklace
given to her by her mother on her wedding day… gave this to her husband’s brother Amr bin
Rabee to present as ransom for her husband
- The Holy Prophet, upon recognizing the necklace felt extreme compassion and had him freed
- Abul-Aas swore to send Zainab back to the Prophet and bid farewell to Zainab
- On her way back, the Quraish ambushed her and since she was pregnant she started bleeding
leading to a miscarriage
- Abul-Aas gave her protection in his house till she regained health and then sent her back with
his brother
- In the later years he accepted Islam, migrated to Madinah and requested the Holy Prophet to
remarry Hazrat Zainab, which he granted and the happy reunion took place
- Hazrat Zainab died in the beginning of 5 A.H. due to the complications she had been suffering
from since her migration

HAZRAT RUQAYYAH:

- Born after her sister Zaynab

- Umme Kulthum was born soon afterwards so they both grew up like twins
- Almost all history books agree that Ruqayyah and Umme Kulsoom had almost everything in
common
- Ruqayya and Umme Kulsoom were married to the sons of Abu Lahab.. Hazrat Khadija knew the
wife of Abu Lahab, Umme Jameel was brutal, arrogant and hard-hearted but remained silent
- When Holy Prophet was commissioned to Prophethood, Abu Lahab forced his sons to divorce
their wives
- Girls witnessed their house becoming a target of persecution, torment and mocking, but they
endured It all and patiently kept on worshipping Allah
- Hazrat Ruqayyah then got married to Uthman ibn Affan, one of the most gracious of the Quraish
youth in terms of status and wealth
- When permission was given to migrate to Abyssinia, Hazrat Ruqayyah accompanied her husband
on the journey
 - The migrants longed to go back to their homeland, so when they heard that Hazrat Umar and
Hamza had accepted Islam many returned in hope that the Quraish’s persecution may have
lessened; Hazrat Uthman and Ruqayyah were among those who returned but the persecution
had unfortunately increased
- Ruqayyah got to know about the death of her mother which was saddest upon her
- Ruqayyah gave birth to the only child for Hazrat Uthman, Abdullah, who is said to have gotten a
severe eye infection at 3 years old and became the cause of his death
- Ruqayyah was struck with extreme sadness that she fell into a high fever and Hazrat Uthman
nursed her
- During battle of badr when the announcer called the emigrants and helpers to come out and
take part, Uthman was going to go, when Holy Prophet told him to take care of his wife
- Eventually Ruqayyah passed away. The Holy Prophet performed the funeral prayer and walked
along with the funeral procession to the Baqee until she was buried

HAZRAT UMME KULSOOM:

- Born 6 years before Prophethood

- First married to Abu Lahab’s son Utaiba but after the Holy Prophet’s confirmation to
Prophethood, Abu Lahab forced his sons to divorce the daughters of the Prophet
- Become a victim of the torments of the Quraish
- Had to bear 3 years of social boycott in Shib e Abi Talib
- The peace and tranquility after being released from the boycott wasn’t for long as soon her
mother Hazrat Khadija passed away
- After the death of Hazrat Ruqayyah she was betrothed to Hazrat Uthman in the month of Rabi ul
Awwal 3 A.H.
- The matrimony relationship between Hazrat Umme Kulsoom and Uthman were very pleasant
- However, Allah did not give any offspring to Hazrat Uthman through Hazrat Umme Kulsoom
- Died in 9 A.H. month of Shaban
- Buried in Jannat ul Baqee
- At the time of death she was only 22 years old

HAZRAT FATIMA:

- Born on Friday the 20th Jamadi us-sani, Five years before Prophethood
- While she grew up she was looked after by the love and care of the Holy Prophet and Hazrat
Khadija
- Witnessed persections;
- One day the Holy Prophet came home with clothes all dusty and feet bleeding (someone had
thrown rubbish at him and put thorns in his way).. she washed his feet and cleaned his clothes
- Entered the Holy Kaabah while her father was praying and saw that someone had poured camel
placenta on his back.. She started to cry and cleaned his back while praying to Allah
- She also, with her family, was forced to live under social boycott
 - The death of Hazrat Khadija was a terrible moment for Hazrat Fatima to bear, along with her
father being distressed on both his wife’s and uncle’s death
- When Holy Prophet migrated to Madinah he asked Hazrat Fatima to remain in mecca and that
Ali would bring her along with him
- Hazrat Fatima was later married to Hazrat Ali and the Nikkah was read by the Prophet himself
- They had their first born Hasan in 3 A.H.
- 4 A.H. in the month of Rajab they had their second son Hussain
- 3rd child Zainab was born in 4 A.H.
- 2 years after Umme Kulsoom was born to them
- Fatima was the most similar to her father, in walking and talking style
- Holy Prophet always welcomed her by kissing her and sitting together with her

SCRIBES:

ABDULLAH BIN MASOOD:

- Full name: Abdullah bin Masood bin Ghafil Al-Hudzali

- His father died during the age of ignorance but mother lived upto the advent of islam and
embraced it
- Was one of the earliest group who embraced islam, and emigrated twice, first to Abyssinia then
Madinah
- Joined the battle of Badr and killed Abu Jahl
- Most learned companions of the Holy Quran
- Always served the Holy Prophet; prepared his sandal, water for ablution and pillow
- (Abu Musa Ashari’s ref regarding Abdullah bin Masood)
- During Umar’s caliphate he was delegated to Kufa to teach ppl about Islam, while Ammar e bin
Yasir was appointed as its governor (Umar’s saying regarding this)
- Later Abdullah bin Masood left Kufa for Madinah and died in the year 32 A.H. at the age of 70
- Buried in Jannat ul Baqee in Madinah

ZAID BIN THABIT:

- Belonged to the Khazrij tribe of Madinah

- Considered to be the most learned companion and whose opinion in religious matters carried
much weight
- Was only 11 years old when Holy Prophet migrated to Madinah which is why he didn’t get the
permission to participate in early battles
- Lost his father when he was 6… When Holy Prophet arrived in Madinah, ppl brought their
children to him to receive his blessing and Zaid was brought for the same purpose
- He had memorized seventeen chapters of the Quran and the Holy Prophet tested him on those
- Holy Prophet used to use the local services of Jews while writing to Jews out of Madinah, but did
not trust them properly with what they wrote or read out to him
 - Asked Zaid to learn Hebrew and he mastered it in 15 days
- Became one of the prominent scribes among all and was the first Ansar to pledge allegiance to
Hazrat Abu Bakr
- after the battle of yamamah was appointed by Hazrat Abu Bakr to compile the Quran into book
form
- It was kept in custody of Hazrat Abu Bakr, then Hazrat Umar and then his daughter Hazrat Hafsa
which is why it came to be known as Mashaf-ul-Hafsa
- During Umar’s caliphate he was the Qazi of Madinah
- During Hazrat Uthamn’s caliphate, on the advice of Anas bin Malik, the unofficial and
unauthentic copies were to be burnt and new ones were to be written from mashaf-ul-hafsa…
For this task too Hazrat Zaid was appointed
- Died in 45 A.H.

Ameer Muawiya:

- Born 8 years before Prophethood

- Son of Abu sufyan and brother of Hanzalah
- First caliph of Ummayyad dynasty
- His sister Umme Habiba was married to the Holy Prophet which made Muawiya his brother in
law
- Muawiya worked as a scribe for him after the conquest of mecca… Abu Sufyan asked the
Prophet for this
- One of at least 29 scribes … he had little to write tho as most of the Quran had been revealed
prior to his conversion to Islam
- Appointed as the Governor of Syria after his brother Yazid died
- He convinced Talha and Zubayr to revolt against Hazrat Ali which led to Battle of Camel
- He fought Hazrat Ali in the Battle of Siffin
- After Hazrat Ali’s death, Muawiya approached his son Hasan who, in order to avoid bloodshed
signed a peace treaty with him
- Muawiya ended up breaking all the requirements of the peace treaty
- Developed a navy to confront the Byzantine Empire… captured many territories
- Died in 60 A.H. and against the treaty signed with Hasan he appointed his son Yazid as his
successor

UBBAY BIN KAAB:

- Born into the tribe of Khazraj

- One of the 1st to accept islam and pledge allegiance to the Prophet at Aqabah.. He participated
in Badr and most of the other battles fought during Prophet’s lifetime
- Expert in the recitation of the holy quran
- One of the few educated Arabs so the prophet used to read out the revealed Quran to him and
he’d act as a scribe of divine revelation
- Also held responsible for writing letters for him
 - One of the few who put Quran into writing and had a Mushaf of his own
- One of the 25 people who knew Quran by heart
- (Event of him being mentioned by Allah to the Prophet by name)
- Part of the consultative group to whom Hazrat Abu Bakr referred many problems-> included
Umar, Uthman, Ali, Abdur- rahman bin Awf, Muaz bin Jabal, Ubbay bin Kaab and Zaid bin Thabit
- During Umar’s caliphate too he was part of the consultative body
- Hazrat Umar always respected his opinion in the matters of religion and Shariah
- One of Ubbay’s major fears was that one day the muslim ummah may come to a civil strife
- Pray fervently to God for guidance and ask for clemency and forgiveness
- Died in 29 A.H. during Uthman’s Caliphate

KHALID BIN WALEED:

- Born in 585 A.D. in Mecca to Waleed bin Mughaira of the Banu Makhzum tribe
- Being one of the 3 leading tribes they were too responsible for matters of war, so Khalid bin
Waleed’s upbringing was done under special conditions -> Sent with Bedouin women, the
people of his tribe were skilled with the use of spear, lance, bow, sword and he was among the
most skilled horsemen of Arabia
- Khalid bin Waleed was especially good with the lance and a champion wrestler of his time
- Was also the cousin of Umar bin Khattab so they shared a lot of resemblance
- Initially he was among the bitterest enemies of Muslims and gained fame as a ferocious warrior
after the Battle of Uhud (Explain events)
- After embracing Islam, he first took charge of Muslim army in the battle of Muta after the three
leaders appointed by Prophet were martyred… successfully commanded a protective
withdrawal… broke 9 swords during the combat… given the title of Saifullah (Sword of Allah)
- Acted as a scribe for the Prophet and participated in the farewell Hajj
- When the Holy Prophet shaved his head Khalid took some of his hairs
- One of the most successful military commanders during the Prophets and Rightly Guided Caliphs
time
- Remained undefeated in over a 100 battles
- Khalid bin Waleed however died on his own bed -> (his last narration)
- Died in 642 A.D.

IMAMAT:

First Imam: Hazrat Ali

- Also called Commander of the Faithful

- Born 10 years before Prophethood
- When 6 years old he was brought directly under the care and custody of the Prophet
 - Ali was the first person to publicly declare his faith in the Divine Message
- Supporter and deputy of the prophet during hard times
- Ali slept in place of the prophet on the night of migration.. also gave back the ppl their trusts
and charges they had given to the Prophet
- Holy Prophet selected Ali as his brother when he was created bonds of Brotherhood in Madinah
- He gave his beloved daughter Fatima in marriage to Ali
- Ali participated in all battles except Expedition to Tabuk when he was told to stay in place of the
Holy Prophet in Medinah
- 33 years old when the Prophet died
- Spent next 25 years as an advisor to the 3 caliphs
- Became 4th caliph in 35 A.H. and his caliphate lasted for nearly 5 years
- His caliphate was riddled with civil strife
- Fought 3 battles during his caliph; Battle of Camel, battle of Siffin, and Battle of Nehrowan
- Fought the Khwarij in Siffin and Nehrowan
- Morning of 19th of Ramadan while he was praying the mosque of Kufa, he was wounded by one
of the Khwarij and died a martyr on the night of the 21 st
- Buried in Najaf, Iraq
- Perfect example of the prophet’s upbringing and training
- Equally learned in science and wisdom and his services to Islam were exemplary

HAZRAT HASAN:

- Also called Al-Mujtaba

- He and his brother Hussain were the 2 sons of Ali and Fatima
- Shared in the life of Prophet for somewhat 7 years
- Mother also died soon after
- After death of Ali, he became Imam and adopted function of Caliph for 6 months
- War had ensued with Muawiya but then Caliphate was given over to him to end civil strife and
bloodshed
- Spent rest of his life teaching and training scholars
- 50 A.H. ->his wife poisoned him and he was martyred
- Reminiscent of his father and an example of his grandfather

HAZRAT HUSSAIN:

- Also known as Sayyid al-Shuhada or chief of martyrs

- Was Imam for a period of 10 years
- Had to face a lot of persecution and suppression
- Firstly, religious laws had lost most of their weight and credit and the Ummayyad govt gained
authority
- Secondly, Muawiya wanted to strengthen the basis of the caliphate of his son, Yazid and
obliterate the name of Hazrat Ali and his family
 - In the middle of 60 A.H., Muawiya died and Yazid took his place, ordering the governor of
madinah to either force a pledge of allegiance from Hussain, or send his head to Damascus
- Hazrat hussain took some time to think and left overnight for mecca with his family
- Sought refuge in the sanctuary of God in the beginning of Shaban 60 A.H. and stayed there for 4
months
- Many people expressed sympathy for him and letters came from Kufa asking Hazrat Hussain to
accept leadership there
- In the season of pilgrimage, it was discovered that some followers of Yazid had entered mecca
with arms under their ihrams to kill the Imam during rites of Hajj
- Imam decided to leave with a short speech
- 70 km from Kufa at karbala, they were surrounded by the army of Yazid and stayed in the same
spot for 8 days as the circle of 30,000 soldiers grew narrower
- On 10th day of Muharram, Hazrat Hussain lined up with less than 90 persons; 40 were
companions and 30 members of the enemy that had joined them
- They fought from morning till their last breath and the Imam, young Hashemites and
companions were all martyred.
- (exp treatment with bodies)
- Prisoners: 22 y/o son of Imam Hussain, Hazrat Ali ibn Hussain and his 4 y/o son, Hazrat
Muhammad ibn Ali

TEN BLESSED COMPANIONS:

HAZRAT ABU BAKR:

- Born in Mecca, 573 A.D.

- Belonged to Bani Tamim tribe (highly respected tribe of Quraish)
- 2 years and 3 months younger than the Holy Prophet
- commonly known as Abu Bakr because of his great interest in raising camels… his real name was
Abu Kabah (Slave of Kabah) which the Holy Prophet later on changed to Abdullah (slave of Allah)
- Parents: Uthman and Salma (Abu Qahafa and Ummul Khair)
- Similar in his behavior with the Holy Prophet, having qualities of truthfulness and honesty
- Holy Prophet gave him the title of Siddique
- Took trade as his profession and showed integrity in dealings
- Soft hearted and felt others miseries.. Used to help the poor and the needy, the distressed etc
- Did not like most of the customs of the days of ignorance and never drank any liquor
- After embracing Islam he started calling others upon it; Uthman, Talha, Saad, Uthman bin
Maz’un, Abu Ubaidah, Abdur-Rahman bin Awf
- He was one of the highly respected men from Quraish but was ridiculed after he embraced
Islam
- The only companion of the Holy Prophet who accompanied him during immigration to Madinah
- His daughter, Ayesha, was one of the wives of the Holy Prophet
 - Nearly participated in all the battles fought during Prophet’s time
- Submitted everything in the way of Jihad during Tabuk Expedition
- Used his earnings to free newly entrants to Islam from slavery
- Immediately believed in the Prophet’s story of Miraaj
- The holy Prophet, in his lifetime, had ordered him to lead the prayers
- Saved Islam by crushing the rejecters of Zakat, the apostatizes, and the false prophets
- Defeated the Persians and Romans who were threatening Islam
- Compiled the Holy Quran
- Passed away in 13 A.H. at the age of 63… Buried right next to the grave of the Holy Prophet

HAZRAT UMAR:

- Born in 583 A.D., 13 years after the Prophet’s birth, 40 years before the migration to madinah,
belonged to tribe of Banu Adi
- Father was Khattab and mother Hantamah
- Family was known for extensive knowledge of geneology
- He was a famous wrestler and orator
- One of the few educated ppl, and his main occupation was business
- Umar first became the sworn enemy of Islam and did not hesitate to harm the muslims
- (Event of beating slave-girl for accepting Islam)
- Upset at the fact how Islam was breaking apart families
- 6th year of Prophethood->> Hazrat Umar volunteered himself to assassinate the Holy Prophet
- While he was on his way, Hazrat Saad stopped him and asked him about where he was heading,
and told him how his sister and brother in law had accepted Islam too
- Hazrat Umar changed his destination and headed towards his sisters house where they were
studying the Quran… became frightened upon hearing Umar’s voice and hid the portion of
Quran
- Upon finding out that they had accepted Islam he first fell upon his brother in law and when his
sister intervened he beat her very violently
- Upon seeing his sister bleeding he felt very ashamed and asked her to show the portion of
Quran that they were reciting. He was told to take a bath first and after washing his body he
read the leaves upon which was written the beginning of Surah Ta Ha
- Hazrat Umar accepted Islam after reading them and Khabbab who was hiding, came out and
exclaimed how the Prophet had last night prayed to Allah for the conversion to Islam of either
umar bin Khattab or Umar bin Hisham
- Umar went to the Prophets house and accepted Islam to which the Muslims were extremely
happy but was a great blow the morale of the Quraish
- After his conversion to Islam, Muslims performed prayer for the first time in Kabah.
- Given the title of Farooq by the Prophet, which means “Separator of Truth from Falsehood.”
- Hazrat Umar too after that had to face persecutions at the hands of Quraish
- His daughter Hafsah was one of the wives of the Holy Prophet
 - He participated in nearly all major battles, and gave half his wealth in the cause of Jihad during
tabuk expedition
- Was Abu Bakr’s closest assistant and advisor during his caliphate
- Upon Abu Bakr’s death everyone pledged allegiance to Umar
- Defeated and conquered the Persian and Roman Empire during his caliphate
- Vast expansion of Islam -> Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Palestine
- Made unique reforms during his caliphate;
- Insisted that Governors live simple lives with no guards outside their doors, gave his Govt an
administrative structure, Departments for treasury, army and public revenues were set up,
regular salaries set up for soldiers, population census held
- New roads were lain, canals dug, and way side hotels built… Provision was made for the support
of poor and needy from public funds… defined the rights and priveliges of non muslims
- Abu Lulu also known as Feroze martyred him

HAZRAT UTHMAN:

- Born in 573 A.D, Belonged to the noble “Ummayyah” family of Quraish which was well reputed
and an honored family
- Father was Affan and mothers name was Arwah
- One of the few educated ppl and had started business in cloth which made him very rich but he
spent his money in good ways, to free slaves, help poor and needy etc
- Soft natured and kindhearted
- Accepted Islam in its early days when Hazrat Abu bakr preached it to him, and the quraish
including his uncle Hakam became his enemies
- Privilege of marrying two daughters of the Prophet, Ruqayyah and Umme Kulsoom -> the reason
why he is known as Uthman Zulnorain (possessor of two divine lights)
- Also earned the title of Ghani
- Uthman and his wife migrated to Abyssinia.. stayed there for a couple of months and then came
back when wrongly informed that the Quraish had accepted Islam
- The Muhajirin in Madinah had difficulty in getting water so he bought a well name bi’r-i-Rumah
from a Jew for 20,000 dirhams -> first ever trust made in the history of Islam
- Participated in all battles fought against unbelievers except for Badr bcuz his wife was ill… the
Holy Prophet gave him the glad tidings that he’d still receive the reward equal to as if he had
participated in the battle
- At the time of Treaty of Hudaibiya in 6 A.H., he was sent to negotiate with the Quraish and this
became the reason for the Pledge of Rizwan taking place cuz of the rumor of Quraish killing
Uthman
- When the Holy Prophet’s mosque became too small to accommodate the increasing population
of Muslims, Uthman bought land for its extension
- During Expedition to Tabuk he bore expenses for 1/3 rd (10000 men) of the Muslim army and
gave 1000 camels, 50 horses and 1000 dinars to support the rest of the army
- Very pious companion and a man of high character
 - Beautiful handwriting because of which he was appointed as one of the scribes of divine
revelation
- Tears used to roll down his face due to Allah’s fear and whenever the consequences of the grave
were mentioned before him he used to weep so much that his beard would get soaked in tears
- By Uthman’s reign, the Muslim empire stretched from Morocco to Kabul
- Transcripted and circulated the Quran
- Introduced 2nd Azan for Friday prayer
- Constructed dams around Madinah to protect it
- Ruled for 12 years; first 6 years were marked by internal peace and tranquility but in the 2 nd half
the rebellion of Jews and hypocrites arose
- Uthman had wanted to stop the rebellion the moment it had arose but wanted to prevent
bloodshed.. he was demanded to abdicate the seat and even some companions advised him to
do so, which he would have if not for the saying of the Prophet.. (mention event)
- After a long siege the rebellions broke into his house and when the first assassins sword struck
him he was reciting the verse, “Verily Allah suffices you; He is All-Hearing, All-Knowing.”
- Breathed his last in 35 A.H.

HAZRAT ALI:

- Belonged to the family of Bani Hashim and was the son of Abu Talib and Fatimah bint Asad
- First cousin of the Prophet
- Born in the Holy Kaabah on Friday 13 th Rajab and his name was suggested by the Prophet
- He came under the care and custody of the Prophet
- His mother was also from the family of Banu Hashim and the Prophet respected her as his own
mother
- Learnt reading and writing as a boy
- Often accompanied the Prophet on his trade journeys to Syria
- The 1st among youth to accept Islam just at the age of 10
- Once saw Holy Prophet and Hazrat Khadija bowing and prostrating, and upon asking them the
meaning of their actions the Holy Prophet told him that they were praying to Allah and that Ali
too should accept Islam.
- Ali first wanted to consult his father but then after a sleepless night considering it he accepted
the religion
- (Event of him accepting Islam)
- Hazrat Ali never hesitated in declaring his love and loyalty towards his cousin and collaborating
with him
- Ali even in his childhood during the social boycott remained determined and firm as the Prophet
- Hazrat Ali slept on the Prophets bed when he was going to migrate to Madinah and put his own
life in danger while the Quraish were standing outside ready to kill anyone who came out of the
house
- Also handed over the possessions of the people in the morning who had kept them with the
Prophet
- Had a written record of whatever he heard from the Prophet
- Learnt the Holy Quran by heart
- While establishing brotherhood between the emigrants and helpers Ali was left but the Prophet
made him his own brother
- In 2 A.H. he was married to the daughter of the Prophet Hazrat Fatima
- Popularly known as Asadullah (the Lion of Allah) and Haidar-e-Karrar for his bravery
- During the battle of Khyber the Holy Prophet believed in Ali’s unmatched combating ability and
handed him the flag of Islam to capture the last fort even tho Ali looked pale and sick… Ali killed
mahrab in his first attack and conquered Khyber which is why he got the title Asadullah
- Also got the title of Abu Turab (Father of Dust)
- Killed the disbelievers Waleed and Shaiba in the battle of Badr
- In battle of Uhud he received 16 wounds
- Killed 2 very brave disbelievers, Amr ibn Abd Wud in Trench and Mahrab during Battle of Khyber
- Sent by the Prophet to preach Islam to the Madhhij tribe
- Sent to destroy the idol Falas of the Tai tribe
- Was also a great scholar -> incredible amount of command over the teachings of Islam (Title:
Gate of Knowledge)
- Great orator and poet
- His source of income was agriculture
- Fantastic abilities in public speeches and sermons, writing letters etc
- Master of Arabic and his writings were as effective as his speech
- Washed the Prophet’s body and entered his grave before laying it there
- 586 Ahadith have been narrated by him
- Hazrat Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthman used to consult him frequently during their Caliphates and
Umar often made him his vicegerent in Madinah while he was away
- During his Caliphate the demand to kill the assassins of Uthman were so high that he had to
fight some battles such as Camel, Siffin and Nehrowan, to stop lawlessness in the country,
especially against Muawiya, Ayesha, Talha and Zubair
- Martyred by Ibn Muljim who stabbed him with a poisoned sword while he was absorbed in
prayer

HAZRAT TALHA:

- Father was Obaidullah and mother was Sahbah

- Belonged to Bani Tamim
- One of the early reverts to Islam
- Wealthy businessman and used to travel a lot for trade and commerce
- During one of his trips to Syria a Christian monk told him of the coming of the last prophet in
Arabia which talha found very interesting. Upon his return he found out the Holy Prophet
claiming himself to Prophethood and Abu Bakr on his side
- He was very sure of the character and honesty of the Prophet so immediately accepted Islam
- Had to face a lot of persecution but the biggest resistance was from his mother himself who
went berserk upon hearing of his conversion
- Masud ibn Kharash witnessed an event while he was running between the hills of Safa and
Marwa, he found a crowd pushing and shoving a young man (Talha) and a woman (his mother)
lashing at him and hurling abuses at him -> this made him however more strong and resolute in
his faith-> however still had to migrate to Abyssinia
- Participated in all battles except Badr cuz he was outside Madinah with Saeed bin Zaid acting as
a spy for the caravan of Abu Sufyan as commanded by the Holy Prophet
- Fought valiantly in Uhud and came to the rescue of the Prophet to help him out of the pit he’d
fallen into and protect him when he was dangerously exposed .. Protected the Prophet with his
left hand and the sword in his right… took all the arrows shot by disbelievers and as a result lost
his fingers…earned 70 wounds and made him unconscious
- Abu Bakr was extremely pleased by the heroics presented by Talha in uhud
- Received thousands of dirhams from the area of Hadramaut which he distributed among the
Muhajirin and Ansar
- Recommended by Umar as a possible candidate for the next Caliph
- Extremely generous, looking for ways to please Allah -> given the title “Talha-tul-Fayyaz” and
“Talha-tul-Khair”
- Supported financially many friends and relatives, helped the poor and the needy,
disencumbered many with loans they couldn’t pay off and arranged for those who couldn’t find
the means of marriage… Wealth was a cause of distress for Talha
- (Event of him distributing his wealth before going to sleep)
- Stood against Ali for the Battle of Camel, but while he left the battlefield he was martyred by the
mischief makers in 36 A.H. at the age of 62

HAZRAT ZUBAIR:

- Nephew of Hazrat Khadija… Cousin of the Holy Prophet

- Son of Al-awwam and the Prophet’s AUNT, Hazrat Saffiyah bint Abdul Muttalib, and was the
husband of Asma bint Abi Bakr
- Az-Zubair bin Al-Awwam bin Khuwalid was among the first 5 to accept Islam
- Accepted Islam at the age of 15 or 16
- His father died in a battle and he was left an orphan with his mother who wanted him to learn
how to use a sword and spear and become a man of dignity
- He was aware of the corrupt conditions of Arabia and knew about the truthfulness of the Holy
Prophet which made him adopt Islam at an early age
- Had to bear a lot of persecutions for e.g. his uncle wrapped him in a mat with smoke but he still
did not give in.. wanted to become strong like the muslims around him
- Made both migrations; to Abyssinia and Madinah
- 1st man to draw a sword for the cause of Allah and love of Prophet
- Event: Before migration, someone spread a rumor that the Prophet had been arrested by the
disbelievers while the Prophet was sitting on a hillock.. Zubair asked him what the fact was and
judging this love of Zubair he gave him the benedictory of Paradise
- Participated in almost all the battles fought during Prophet’s time proving his bravery and vigor
- In battle of Uhud he killed one of the bitterest enemies of Islam Talha bin Abi Talha
- Spy in the battle of trench (to bring secrets of the enemies)… Holy Prophet declared Zubair as a
sincere friend upon the provision of information he brought
- Once told his son that not a single organ of his had remained safe from being wounded in the
way of Allah
- Led expeditions for Umar
- One of the six Candidates for Caliphate
- Extremely generous
- 7 Sahabah had appointed Zubair as the guardian of their children after they died.. he spent on
the heirs from his own wealth and protected their wealth
- He had Withdrawn from the battle of camel like Talha, but Ibn-e-Jarmooz martyred him while he
was offering his prayers at the valley of Saba.

HAZRAT ABU UBAIDAH:

- Real name was Amir ibn Abdullah ibn Al-Jarrah
- Known for his modesty, humbleness and noble character
- Already felt people were on the wrong way so when Abu bakr preached Islam to him he
embraced it without hesitation… 8th person to accept islam
- Unparalleled integrity and honesty-> Prophet named him “Amin-ul-Ummah” (The nation’s
trustworthy)
- First migrated to Abyssinia then Madinah
- Abu Ubaidah took part in battle of badr but tried to avoid facing his father… there came a point
when they faced each other but since Abu Ubaidah had to defend his life and faith, they
exchanged blows and his father fell dead at his son’s feet
- -> Allah lifted the heaviness from his heart by revealing a verse
- Battle of Uhud brought new challenges as the Quraish army was three times larger
- Many muslims had started to flee but Abu Ubaidah was among those who decided to fight till
the end
- In the battle of Uhud two of his teeth broke while pulling out the metal link of the helmet from
the cheek of the Prophet
- Successful and exceptionally loyal military commander
- Joined his forces with the Muslim army at Mutah in Jordan for battle against romans
- One of the commanders for conquest of mecca and led some of the muslim army
- Made judge for Banu Najran
- Abu bakr offered two candidates to rise as first caliph; Hazrat Umar and Hazrat Abu Ubaidah,
but both of them immediately pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr -> their sincere acts of self denial
solved the situation
 - Appointed as a commander for the Army in Syria for tactical reasons by Umar in place of Khalid
bin Waleed
- Conquered Damascus where he is said to be buried
- Recommended by Umar as a possible candidate for the next Caliphate
- Died in 639 A.D. and buried in Damascus… Muaz bin Jabal led the funeral prayer

HAZRAT SAAD BIN ABI WAQAAS:

- Fathers real name was Malik and mothers name was Hamnah
- Maternal Uncle of the Prophet
- Embraced Islam at the age of 13 (4th or 6th person)
- His conversion deeply saddened his mother who tried many ways to convert him back
- She even went on a hunger strike but he remained determined, and greatly impressed by his
determination and love for islam, ended the hunger strike
- Given the title Faras-ul-Islam (Rider of Islam)
- Muslims often went together in groups to the glens outside mecca to pray
- One day the Quraish came upon them and rudely interrupted them with ridicule
- Saad struck one of them with a jawbone of a camel and wounded him -> first bloodshed in the
conflict between Islam and infidels
- Played a distinguished role in many of the engagements during Prophet’s time and after
- Participated in all battles and expeditions
- Signs of excellence were seen in him by the Prophet
- Battle of badr- his brother Ummair was one of the 14 martyrs and had cried to be allowed to
participate
- Battle of Uhud- chosen as one of the archers since he was an expert in archery and defended the
Prophet till the end… shot some 1000 arrows at the enemy
- Commander of the army that defeated the King of Persia
- Governor of Iran during Caliphate of Abu Bakr
- Recommended by Umar as a possible candidate for next Caliph
- Governor of Kufa during Uthman’s caliphate
- Did not participate in the Battles of Camel and Siffin
- Narrated 215 Ahadith
- Lived till 80 years old
- Altho he was blessed with much wealth, at the time of his death in 54 A.H., he asked his son to
shroud him in a course woolen jubbah -> he led a simple life

ABDUR-RAHMAN BIN AWF:

- Fathers name was Awf and mother was Shifa… born during the “year of elephant” in the family
of Banu Zuhura clan
- While travelling to Yemen he met an old man who spoke to him about the rise of a man calling
the end to idolatory… Upon returning to Mecca he found Holy Prophet claiming himself to
Prophethood and Abu Bakr on his side
 - One of the 5 early people who accepted Islam on the preaching of Abu Bakr, only 2 days after
Abu Bakr had himself accepted Islam
- Holy Prophet changed his name from Abdu Amru (a name representative of idolatory) to Abdur
Rahman meaning slave of the Most Gracious
- Migrated to Abyssinia and Madinah… he was one of those who had returned from Abyssinia
hearing that the conditions of Mecca had improved
- When he came to Madinah he was made the brother of Saad bin Ar-rabi who was a wealthy and
successful businessman and offered to share half his business with him. Abdur Rahman thanked
and supplicated for him but did not accept
- Started a small scale business in Madinah and became one of the wealthiest merchants … he has
known to have said that if he picked up a rock it would not have surprised him to find gold or
silver beneath
- In Battle of Uhud he lost two teeth and got a severe injury on his foot
- Left a testament that 400 dinars should be given each to the participants of Badr who were yet
still alive, and the no. of participants was 100
- Left his will to distribute 50,000 dirhams among the poor and the indigent
- Left a testament of giving 1000 horses to the Muslim army in the way of Allah
- Donated 500 horses and 100 camels in the way of Allah
- During journey to tabuk he led the congregational prayer since the Prophet was late
- Gave all he had in the Tabuk Expedition
- After the death of the Prophet, he took upon the responsibility to look after the Mothers of the
Faithful, provide for their living expenses and finance their pilgrimages to Mecca
- Recommended by Umar as a possible candidate for the next caliphate
- Led expedition against Christian governor of Doma-tul-Jandal
- Appointed as Ameer-e-Hajj during time of 3 caliphs
- Died in Madinah in 33 A.H. at age 72 and is buried on a hill to the north east of Jordan

SAEED BIN ZAID:

- Fathers name was Zaid and mother was Fatimah

- He was a monotheist
- He was married to Umar’s sister Fatimah, and the same way Umar was married to Saeed’s sister
Aatikah
- Brother in law of Umar
- He and his wife accepted Islam together
- Became the reason for Umar’s conversion to Islam
- In early years he served as a secretary and scribe of divine revelation for Holy Prophet
- Migrated to Madinah
- He was with Talha before the battle of badr as a spy of the caravans headed by abu sufyan
- Well known for his piety
- Took part in the battle of Ajnadein against the Byzantine Empire
 - Commander of the Syrian army during the Battle of Damascus and consequently conquered
Damascus
- Was made the Governor of Damascus
- Commanded an infantry division during the Battle of Yarmuk
- He was in Kufa when the martyrdom of Hazrat Uthman took place, and was disgusted by the
events that followed, so he withdrew from active life and did not participate in either battles of
Camel or Siffin
- Passed away in Kufa in 50 A.H… Saad bin Abi Waqaas gave him the final bath and Abdullah bin
Umar led his Funeral Prayers.

IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES:

ABU TALIB:

- Born in 539 A.D.

- Uncle of the Prophet and father of fourth caliph of islam, Ali
- The oldest of his uncles Al-Harith was not wealthy enough to take in Muhammad therefore Abu
Talib, despite his poverty, took care of him.
- Holy Prophet came under his care and custody at the age of 8
- Abu Talib is remembered as a gifted poet
- Abu Talib always kept the Prophet with him and when he went on a trade journey to Syria,
Muhammad clung to him and cried which is why he took Muhammad with him
- They met a Christian monk buhaira who told them that Muhammad was the Prophet of Allah
and upon asking how he knew he said that when they were coming down the mountain the tree
was bending towards him… he also told them how the Jews may try to harm him
- After this Abu Talib took great care of the Prophet, and after his confirmation to Prophethood
the Quraish tried many ways to get Muhammad from him but Abu Talib refused all offers
(mention the diff sayings of quraish and responses of Abu Talib)
- When Abu Talib was suffering financially during a severe drought the Holy Prophet took one of
his sons Ali under his custody and asked Al-Abbas to do so too who chose Jafar
- Abu talib stayed with him during the boycott for 3 years and used to stay awake at night so that
no one may harm the Prophet
- Since he was chief of Banu hashim no one could harm the prophet during his lifetime
- After he passed away Abu Lahab became the leader and restricted all Islamic movements and
Abu Talib’s death also threatened the security of Muhammad at Mecca and left him sad and
gloomy
- Abu Talib died at the age of 80 in 10 th year of Prophethood… his death consequently led to the
migration to madinah

HALEEMA SAADIA:

- Holy Prophet was entrusted to Haleema Saadia for feeding and bringing him up.
 - Her tribe was Banu Hawazin famous for its purity of tongue and eloquence
- The holy prophet’s first 4 years were spent away from mecca in a desert home
- Miracles started to take place; milk of goat and camel had increased, her trees bore more fruits,
and his heart was washed with Zam Zam by Angels to save him from evil.
- When the tribe of Hawazin was defeated and Haleema was captured along with others the Holy
Prophet paid great respect to her and forgave her along with her people
- Holy Prophet always called Haleema “my mother” … later after the conquest of mecca, Haleema
and her whole family embraced Islam

KHALID BIN WALEED:

- Belonged to quraish tribe and was one of the bitterest enemies of islam
- In battle of uhud he caused a great loss for muslims by attacking from a narrow pass on the
mountains
- Converted to islam after treaty of hudaibiya
- In battle of Mutah he saved the muslims from complete annihilation at the hands of romans
- Broke 9 swords in this battle which is why he was given the title “Sword of Allah”
- During conquest of Mecca, he led some of the muslim army and killed some men from banu
Bakr who attempted to attack the muslims
- After tabuk exp, he was sent by the Prophet to suppress some tribal leaders who used to
threaten muslims in their trade to Syria
- Outstanding performance in war of apostasy particularly in battle against Musailma
- During Abu Bakrs and Umars caliphate, he was successful in conquering major chunks of the
roman territories
- When he was relieved from command by Hazrat Umar, he told his successor Abu Ubaidah that it
made no difference as long as he was fighting for the sake of Allah
- Passed away in 21 A.H.

ABU SUFYAN:

- Real name was Sakhr and belonged to the tribe of Ummayyah

- Father was Harab and wife was Hinda bint Utba who took revenge for her fathers death by
chewing the liver of Hazrat Hamza
- 10 years younger than the Holy Prophet
- From the 40th to 60th year of the Prophets life, Abu Sufyan remained his sworn enemy,
particularly because his clan had replaced Abu Sufyans father and grandfather from leadership
of Mecca, and his daughter had married the Prophet after emigration from Abyssinia
- Responsible for almost all battles taking place during Prophet’s lifetime
- He was part of the influential Quraish who had planned the assassination attempt on Prophet
- In 2 A.H. he wrote a letter to quraish to protect him from the an expected attack on his caravan
from muslims and this had led to the battle of badr
 - Commanded meccan armies in the battles of uhud and Ditch, signed the Treaty of Hudaibiya
with muslims, acknowledged the piety and honesty of the Prophet in front of Hercules and
ultimately converted to Islam when mecca was capitulated before the onslaught of muslim army
- From that time he remained loyal and faithful… participated in Taif exp where he lost one eye
- During battle of Yarmouk he lost his second eye
- During Abu Bakrs caliphate he remained governor of najran and hijaz
- Died at the age of 88 in 31 A.H.

ABU AYUB ANSARI:

- Khalid ibn Zaid ibn Kulaib

- Belonged to Khazrij tribe of Ansar at madinah
- Embraced islam at the 2nd pledge of Aqabah
- Privilege of hosting the Prophet when he came to madinah after migration (Prophet stayed
there for 7 months)
- Distinguished military career
- Participated in all major campaigns fought during and after Prophets lifetime
- Witnessed the fall of Egypt at hands of Amr bin Aas under whose command he fought the battle
against romans
- During Ali’s caliphate he remained governor of madinah
- He took part in the expedition sent to capture Constantinople during Muawiya’s caliphate
- After suffering from several wounds in this battle he, on his death bed expressed his wish to be
buried near the walls of the seat of the roman empire.

ABU HURAIRAH:

- Real name was Abd-al-Shams, meaning “Servant of the Sun”, was renamed to Abd-al-Rahman by
the Prophet meaning “Servant of the Merciful” and was from the Banu Daws tribe
- Very poor and modest
- Once the Prophet saw him cradling a cat so gave him the nickname, Abu Birr (the father of the
owner of a cat)
- Mother was a non muslim so he asked the Prophet to pray for her conversion and it happened
before he even reached his home
- Memorized more than 5000 Ahadith and wrote down 5374 Ahadith
- He had prayed to Allah to give him knowledge that he wont forget and it was granted
- Used to fast 3 or 4 days successively because of poverty
- Patiently bore hardships but remained busy in collection of Ahadith
- More than 800 people narrated Ahadith from him
- During Umars caliphate he worked as Amil of Bahrain and during Muawiya’s caliphate, Governor
of Madinah
- He didn’t help either Muawiya nor Ali in the battle of siffin
- Died in 59 A.H. at the age of 78 and was buried in Al-Baqi
 HAZRAT BILAL:
- Born of an African slave of Abyssinian origin who belonged to the tribe of Banu Juma
- One of the earliest converts
- His master, Ummayyah bin Khalf did all sorts of torture on him and ordered his men to tie him
up in the desert with a heavy stone on his chest… Bilal’s response was always “Ahad Ahad”
which means Allah is One.
- Ummayyah finally sold him to Abu Bakr
- Bilal was the 1st person to be asked by the Prophet to say the Azan in Madinah
- While calling out the azan after the Prophet’s death he could not bear the absence of his master
and would burst into tears
- Therefore with Abu Bakr’s permission he moved and settled in Syria
- Bold, courageous and committed person
- Took part in almost all major encounters
- In battle of badr he killed his previous master, after conquest of mecca he was asked to call out
the Azan after the idols had been destroyed
- Participated in the campaign of Syria under Abu Ubaidah
- During Prophets lifetime he was the custodian of the public treasury which shows how much
trust the Prophet had in him
- Given the task of greeting the Prophet’s guests and doing his grocery
- When Umar the Caliph visited the land, he called out the last Azan in his life

HAZRAT HAMZA:

- The Prophet’s uncle, his foster brother and son of his maternal aunt; 4 years older than Prophet
- Expertise in the art of wrestling, hunting, archery and swordsmanship
- Event: Hamzah got to know that Abu Jahl had abused the Prophet so enraged, he went to the
Kaabah, pounced upon Abu Jahl and openly accepted Islam->led to open preaching of Islam
- Event: Hamza wanted to see the Angel Jibrael, so the Prophet told him to remain sitting when
Angel Jibrael descended before them and Hamza saw the feet like emeralds before falling
unconscious
- During Mawakhat he was made the brother of Zaid ibn Harithah
- Ramadan 1st Hijri-> deputed to lead a contingent of 30 Muhajirin to monitor the movement of
Meccan trade caravans; honor of being the 1 st to whom banner of Islam was entrusted
- Battle of Badr-> in the customary opening round he along with Ali and Obaidah killed Utbah bin
Rabia… singlehandedly killed many more pagans… helped Ali in killing Shayba
- In Badr he shared a camel with Zaid and his distinctive ostrich feather made him highly visible
- In Battle of Uhud, he was 59, standing in front of the Prophet fighting with 2 swords, when he
was martyred by Wahshi an Abyssinian slave deputed to kill him by Hinda.. to revenge for the
death of Utbah ibn Rabiah
- To avenge her father’s death she cut out his liver from his dead body and tried to chew it
- Made anklets, pendants and bracelets from his body to wear as a trophy of victory
 - Buried by the side of Uhud mountain, in the same grave as his nephew Abdullah ibn Jahsh, and
the Holy Prophet gave him the title, “Chief of martyrs”

AMR BIN AAS:

- From a rich, high class family and since his father owned a perfume trade, Amr had the
opportunity to travel a lot making friendly relations with many kings and emperors
- Sent by the Quraish to bring back the Muslims from Najashi.. Amr realized that his excellent
negotiation skills were useless
- Responsible for fighting many battles against muslims such as Badr, Uhud, and commander of
Quraish for Trench
- He knew Muslims would triumph over the enemies therefore before they could take over
Madinah he went to live under the protection of Najashi
- He had brought expensive gifts but upon seeing the Prophet’s ambassador he got angry and
asked the king to let him kill the man. Najashi not only rebuked him for his anger but also asked
him to obey the Prophet. Upon knowing that Najashi too wholeheartedly believed the Prophet
he became ready to accept Islam
- he left for Madinah to pledge allegiance to the Prophet
- Actively participated in the war of apostasy which erupted after the Prophet’s death
- Commander of the force which fought the tribes of Quddah and Al-Haarith in the battles of
Tabuk and Daumat-ul-Jandal
- Responsible for the defeat of romans in the Syrian region and liberation of Palestine from
Byzantines
- During Umar’s time Egypt too was liberated by Amr from the roman control
- During rift between Ali and Muawiya he sided with the latter
- Ruled as the governor of Eqypt till 43 A.H.
- Passed away in Egypt in 51 A.H.

JAFAR BIN ABU TALIB:

- Elder brother of Ali, 3rd son of Abu Talib

- Abbas took charge of Jafar when Abu Talib was suffering financially
- Married Asma bint Umays
- Had embraced Islam early and migrated to Abyssinia with his wife in 5 A.H.
- The one chosen among muslims to present their point of view before Negus; eloquently
described the teachings of Islam and refuted the machinations of Meccans by reciting verses
from Surah Al- Ankaboot, Surah Ar-Room, Surah Al-Kahf and Surah Maryam
- He and his wife lived in Abyssinia for 12 years and had 3 sons there; Abdullah, Muhammad, and
Awn… among the last muslim immigrants to join the muslims in Madinah
- When he reached Madinah he found out the Prophet was in Khyber so he immediately set out
for there and found out the Muslims had won.. Holy Prophet was extremely pleased
- When a force of 3000 Muslims were deputed to Mautah, after the martyrdom of the first
commanders he took command but was brutally killed too by losing both his hands
 - Earned 72 scars between his shoulders
- Holy Prophet mentioned how Jaffar was given 2 wings by Allah in Paradise
- Very pious, noble and generous person who cared a lot for the needy and distressed
- Among muslims he was commonly known as Abu Masakeen, Zul Janaheen and Tayyar

MUAZ BIN JABAL:

- Converted to Islam at the 2nd pledge of Aqabah

- Participated in all major battles
- Resembled Umar ibn Al-khattab in enlightment, courage and intelligence
- Was sent to Yemen by the Prophet as both its Governor and Judge
- Scholar of the Holy Quran, Sunnah and Islamic Jurisprudence
- Event of the Prophet’s interview with Muaz -> Ijma was established
- During Abu Bakr’s caliphate he returned from Yemen and participated in the expedition to Syria
under Usama bin Zaid
- Umar assigned Muaz to take over Abu Obaidah’s place after his death, as ruler of Syria, which
only lasted a few months
- In Syria he died of plague which killed around 25000 people along with many prominent
companions of the Prophet in 18 A.H

SALMAN FARSI:

- Original name was Ruzbeh

- Used to be a Zoroastrian and fire worshipper but after meeting some Christians he was deeply
impressed and travelled away from his hometown to find the truth about Christianity
- He met a Christian monk who told him about the coming of the Prophet and also about his signs
of not accepting charity but gift, and having a stamp on his back between shoulders
- Came to Arab to search for the Prophet when a Jew enslaved him in Yathrib
- When the Prophet claimed Prophethood Salman came to him with some dates to accept It as
charity but the Prophet refused. Salman came again after some days with dates and asked him
to accept it as a gift and the Prophet accepted
- The Prophet also showed him the stamp he had on his back, which made Salman accept Islam
- His master demanded 300 date trees and some gold to have Salman freed so 299 were planted
by the Prophet and one by Salman
- Salman suggested the digging of trench to save madinah from attack
- At the time of 2nd caliph he was assigned Governor of Al-madain
- Knitted baskets to provide money in order to cover the costs for living
- Passed away in 36 A.H. in al-Madain
- Final body ablution and funeral prayer was offered by Hazrat Ali

MUSAB BIN UMAIR:

- From the Bani hashim

- Persecuted after conversion
 - Migrated to habsha when he couldn’t bear the tortures
- After 1st pledge of aqabah he was sent by the Prophet to Yathrib to teach the people
- Within a year more than 100 people accepted islam
- Brought two enemies Aws and Khazraj together at one place through congregational prayers
- Looked like the Prophet and was martyred in the battle of Uhud

ABU JAHL:

- Real name was Amr ibn Hisham

- His clan called him Abu Hakm (father of wisdom) whereas the followers of Prophet replaced this
with Abu Jahl (father of ignorance)
- Belonged to the tribe of Makhzum and was a wealthy merchant’
- Displayed rudeness, arrogance and ruthlessness towards opponents
- Spoke on behalf of Quraish to negotiate with Abu Talib
- Bitter enemy of Muhammad and planned his assassination with other elites of Mecca
- Arranged for a complete boycott of Bani Hashim
- When the Prophet was deprived of any protection Abu Jahl was jubilant in finishing Muhammad
once and for all but the Holy Prophet received protection by Mutim bin Adi, chief of Nawafil
tribe
- Forced battle of badr on both muslims and quraish and consequently got killed in the battle

ABU LAHAB:

- Real name was Abul Uzza

- Wealthiest of the Prophet’s uncles
- He and his wife, Umme Jameel opposed the Prophet and always tried to make his life miserable
- Allah revealed divine condemnation in surah Al-Lahab about both Abu lahab and his wife
- Participated in all meetings that took place for torturing or assassinating the Prophet
- Did not side with banu hashim when the whole tribe was put to social boycott
- He did not extend any protection to the Prophet upon becoming the Chief of Banu Hashim
- Mutim bin Adi provided for the protection of Prophet on return from taif, which would not have
been possible because of Abu Lahab’s arrogant denial of support
- He didn’t participate in the battle of badr but could not stand the humiliation and insult of the
quraish at the hands of the Prophet, hence died thereafter out of sheer shock

USAMA BIN ZAID:

- Spent 20 years of his life with the Prophet

- Father was Zaid ibn Haritha who was the freed slave and loyal servant of Prophet
 - Mother Umme Aymen was the nanny of the children of the Prophet so Usama received special
protection, compassion and education from the Prophet
- Started to take part in battles while very young
- At 14 or 15 years he was appointed as the commander of the Sariyya of Harqa set up in 8 A.H.
- Took part in conquest of mecca and all battles after that
- Was sent as commander for expedition to Syria but news came that the Holy Prophet had
gotten very ill and soon passed away
- Usama returned and when Abu bakr became caliph, he, despite the opposition sent the
expedition to syria which met an ultimate success
- Died in 54 A.H at age of 60

ABDULLAH IBN UMAR:

- Son of hazrat Umar

- Became muslim as a child and migrated to Madinah
- Used to be consulted in legal rulings
- One of the most knowledgeable scholars
- Extremely charitable
- Brave and courageous-> the ruler Hajjaj was delivering a very long Friday sermon and delayed
the prayer to which Abdullah stood up and argued for
- Feeling embarrassed and insulted, Hajjaj appointed one of his henchmen to stab Abdullah with a
poisoned spear which was done during the circumambulation of the Sacred House
- 83 years old and buried in the outskirts of mecca
- Related 1630 Hadith

ABU ZARR:

- Jundab ibn Junadah

- 4th or 5th person converting to Islam
- Banu Ghifar tribe
- Serious young man, ascetic and monotheist before accepting Islam
- Preferred living a poor but honest life as shepherd
- Converted instantly upon knowing the Truth… Beaten for his religious belief
- Holy Prophet sent him back to his clan to preach Islam
- Participated in battle of Badr and others
- Son Umair al-Ghifari was killed and the Prophet launched 3 rd expedition of Dhu-Qarad in revenge
- Was left behind in the battle of tabuk since his camel was ill so he took his pack on his back and
walked with the army
- Early and observant muslim
- Honest and direct to a fault
- Strict piety
- Urged the equitable distribution of wealth during Uthman’s time
- Lived a simple life and died in 32 A.H.