@NUN
LG[RMG
XB[GC NCMACBUNG MGFG@ XB[MG@GNGC
MRCNG

GM[NGC GTNTN
_NN NXG 5 /8;
 

MGJ]G[ XB@KGOGUGC

-87-
FG]G[ -8;-
XB[GC
KBFGIGCL NCMACBUNG
Gfgsgc mnkgfni gmgcyg `nsn Xbrgcgc ygcl mnfgiuigc
lgrumg Ncmacbsng mgfg` arlgcnsgsn
a rlgcnsgsn

78 @NUN
-85-
IAC]NCLBC
@nsn `nsn ygcl mnfgiuigc afbo
ncmacbsng
 

FG]G[ 
KBFGIG
CL
UBKGK UB@RG NCN MGXG] ]B[DGMN
 

KGFGU KRMN
@nsn Lgrumg tbrkbctui mgrn gmgcyg Rcntbm Cgtnacs Xbgebibbpncl Apbrgtnacs (@nsn Xb`bfnogrggc
Xbrmg`gngc XKK/ @XX XKK). @XX XKK `bcdgmn gfgt uctui `b`bfnogrg pbrmg`gngc mgc ibg`gcgc
nctbrcgsnacgf

Xb`kbctuigc Xgsuigc Lgrumg mngwgfn mgrn ib`uceufgc iacjfni mn ]n`ur ]bclgo pgmg ;: Dufn 7>2:.
Uggt ntu, tnlg cblgrg ygcl tbrmnrn mgrn Ncllrns, Xrgcens, mgc Nsrgbf `bfgcegrigc sbrgclgc lgkuclgc
tbrogmgp @bsnr. Ncmacbsng `brgsg ogrus `b`kgfgs kumn pgmg cblgrg cblgrg mn fnlg grgk tbrutg`g pgmg
`bsnr ygcl pbrtg`g igfn `bclgiun ib`brmbiggc Ncmacbsng sbegrg Mb durb mgc lnlno `bcmuiucl
ncmacbsng sggt kbrsbclibtg mbclgc kbfgcmg

Gionrcyg, Iactnclbc Lgrumg N mninrn`igc ib @bsnr pgmg ? Dgcugrn 7>:<. Ntufgo ygcl `bcdgmn gwgf
`ufg Ncmacbsng `bcdgmn gcllatg pbctncl mgfg` pgsuigc pbcdglg pbrmg`gngc XKK.
Ubfgcdutcyg, Ncmacbsng tgi kbrobctn `bclnrn`igc iactnclbc Lgrumg mgfg` `nsn Lgrumg ib kbrkglgn
cblgrg mn mucng mn kgwgo cguclgc XKK.
 

 Kfub Obf`bt ns ]ob

]ob Uy`kaf aj Oapb

 ” Lgrumg
Lgrumg RCNJNF
 

-8;-
XB[GC
NCMACBU
NG
 

XB[GC UB[]G MGFG@

IBMG@GNGC MRCNG
7. @bclnrn` iactnclbc Lgrumg Ncmacbsng

@bclnrn` iactnclbc Lgrumg.

;. kbrsg`g cblgrg @bsnr, Ncmng, ^ulasfgvng, mgc Logcg, `bcdgmn

 pbfapar kbrmnrncyg Lbrgigc
Lbrgigc Cac Kfai (LCK)
(LCK)

5. Niut sbegrg gitnj `b`kgctu `bcybfbsgnigc iacjfni mn Ig`kadg

mbclgc `bcspacsarn pbcybfbcllgrggc Dgigrtg Ncjar`gf @bbtncl
(DN@ N) kufgc Dufn 7>??
 

-5-
IAC]NCLBC
LG[RMG
Grbg `bmgc pbrtb`purgc
 CBLG[G
CBLG[ G G[BG XBCLN[N@GC
XBCLN[N@GC
 

XGURIGC @BUN[ 
IACLA
IACLA NN
ZNB]CG@
ZNB]CG@ NN
]N@R[ ]BCLGO
ZNB]CG@ NNN
XB[GCL
^A@ INXXR[ \G[ 
N[GW MGC N[GC
 CG@NKNG
 

[ 
Iactnclbc Lgrumg N mninrn` pgmg ? Dgcugrn 7>2< ib
@bsnr.. Iactnclbc ncn `bclgionrn tulgscyg pgmg tgcllgf
@bsnr
;> Ubptb`kbr 7>2<. Iactnclbc Lgrumg N kbribtbtgpgc
22> pgsuigc.
 

IACLAIaclg NN mninrn` ib Iacla

 pgmg 7>:8 mgc mnpn`pnc afbo
Fbtiaf Ncj Uafneonc LX. Iaclg
NN kbrgmg mn kgwgo `nsn
RCAE.IACLG NN kbrdu`fgo
7.8<= argcl mnpn`pnc Iaf.
Xrndgtcg (ib`umngc mngfnoigc

afbo Fbtiaf
 kbrtulgs Uafneonc
mn Iacla L.X)kbr
Ubptb`
Ubptb`kbr
7>:8 oncllg @bn 7>:7
 

IACLA NN
Iaclg NNN mninrn` ib Iacla
 pgmg 7>:;. Iaclg NNN kbrgmg mn
 kgwgo `nsn RCAE
RCAE mgc mnpn`pnc
afbo Krnldbc ]CN Ib`gf Nmrns
 mgc Iaf Ncj Uaknrnc
@aeotgr.IACLG NNN tbrmnrn gtgs
5.=2<argcl mnpn`pnc afbo
Krnldbc ]CN Ib`gf Nmrns,
 kbfgigcl Iaf. Ugknrnc @aeotgr 
@aeotgr 
 

ZNB]CG
Iaclg NZ mninrn` ib Znbtcg` pgmg 7><5.
Iaclg NZ kbrgmg mn kgwgo `nsn NEEU mgc

@
mnpn`pnc afbo Krnldbc ]CN \nyala
Gt`amgr`ncta.Xgmg tgcllgf ;5 Dgcugrn 
7><5  ]ulgs iactnclbc Lgrumg NZ ygntu

`bceblgo pbfgcllgrgc-pbfgcllgrgc, `bcdglg

stgtus qua, `bclgwgsn bvgiugsn pgsuigc mgc
gfgt-gfgt pbrgcl sbrtg `bclgwgfn pbrtuigrgc
tgwgcgc pbrgcl.
 

@ NN
Iaclg Z mninrn` ib Znbtcg`
pgmg 7><5. Iaclg Z kbrgmg
mn kgwgo `nsn NEEU mgc
mnpn`pnc afbo Krnldbc ]CN
Ogrsaya
 
 
]BCLGO
Iaclg ZN mninrn` ib ]n`ur  ]bclgo pgmg 7><5. Iaclg
]n`ur ]bclgo
ZN kbrgmg mn kgwgo `nsn RCBJ mgc mnpn`pnc afbo Iaf

Ncj
afbo[umncn. Iactnclbc Lgrumg
@bcogcig`/Xgclgk Ncmacbsng
Dbcmbrgf ZNXgclgkbgc
]CN @. mn rbs`nigc
.
]ulgs paiai Iactnclbc Lgrumg Ncmacbsng sbkglgn pbgeb
ibbpncl jareb gtgu
‖Xgsuigc Xb`bfnogrg Xbrmg`gng
Xbrmg`gngc‐
c‐
 

ZNB]CG@ NNN
Iaclg ZNN mninrn` ib Znbtcg` pgmg 7><=. Iaclg ZNN
kbrgmg mn kgwgo `nsn NEEU mgc mnpn`pnc afbo Krnldbc
]CN U. Uu`gctrn.
 
 
\G[ 
Iactnclbc Lgrumg ZNNN mninrn` mgfg` rgclig
`nsn pbrmg`gngc XKK mn ]n`ur ]bclgo pgsig
 ^a` Inppur sbfgcl @bsnr mgc Nsrgbf
Xbrgcl ^a`
Xbrgcl

 ygcl;:
mbclgc kbrfgcdut
Aitakbrmgrn tgcllgf
7><5, : `bcegpgn
mbclgc tbregpgncyg
lbcegtgc sbcdgtg mn infa`btbr 787 mgc mnsusuf
mbclgc ibfugrcyg rbsafusn XKK 5=8Y7P.
Iactnclbc Lgrumg ZNNN kbrtulgs mn mgbrgo
 pbcygcllg XKK mn Ub`bcgcducl
Ub`bcgcducl Uncgn
 Uncgn
 tbrsbkut mninrn` mgfg` > lbfa`kgcl ratgsn,
mgc sbtngp ratgsn kbrtulgs sbfg`g : kufgc.
 

N[GW MGC N[GC

Iaclg N_/; mninrn` ib Nrgc-Nrgi pgmg 7>?>. Iaclg
N_/; kbrgmg mn kgwgo `nsn RCNN@AL mgc mnpn`pnc
afbo Fbtiaf Ncj. Jgeoruf [gzn.
 

CG@NKNG
Iaclg _ mninrn` ib Cg`nkng pgmg
7>?>. Iaclg _ kbrgmg mn kgwgo
`nsn RC]GL mgc mnpn`pnc afbo
Iaf @gr G`nc U.
 

FNU]BCNCL
@^
X[BUBC]G]N
AC
Ma yau ogvb gcy qubstnacs1