CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction and Background

Ink originated around 4500 years ago and was invented by both Egyptians

and Chinese around the same time. Ink is made up of two crucial factors; the

pigment and the carrier. The ink is the dye itself and is what is being delivered by

the carrier to the paper or printing medium. Inks are usually colored but the very

first inks used charcoal or soot from fire as the ink’s main pigment which is why

most of the early written works that were found are written in black ink. Charcoal

was also inexpensive and easy-to-find component for pigment, unlike other

colors that were quite rare and difficult to find. The carrier is what the pigment is

blended with in order to transfer it to the medium. While this solution has to be

some sort of liquid, oil-based carriers work better for binding the pigment to the

medium. As technology developed, different pigments began to be used, as well

as petroleum or chemical-based carriers. (noissue.co??????) – add more to your

introduction

Significance of the Study

The result of the study on the effectiveness of concentrated coffee as

natural whiteboard marker will only not benefit the schools, teachers and

students but also???? The study aims to contribute significantly to the following

concerned units: (how will your research benefit the following concerned units

you mentioned?)
School. The researchers will be needing teachers and students using

the help of school.????????

Students. Can be used by class officers and students.????????

Teachers. The relevance of the teachers is in case of discussing the lessons and

explaining and teaching.?????????

Market. In case of investing, selling our product.????????

Statement of the Problem

The purpose of the study is to determine the effectiveness of concentrated

coffee in making a natural whiteboard marker. Specifically, this study sought to

answer the following questions:

1. What is the level of effectiveness of concentrated coffee as natural

whiteboard marker in terms of:

1.1 Pigment

1.2 Smell or Odor

2. Is the natural-made whiteboard marker better than the commercial brand

marker in terms of:

2.1 Pigment

2.2 Smell or Odor

Hypothesis

The hypothesis of the study are as follows

 1. H0: There is no significant difference in the level of effectiveness of the

natural-made whiteboard marker from the commercial brand whiteboard

marker in terms of pigment and smell or odor.

H1: There is a significant difference in the level of effectiveness of the

natural-made whiteboard marker from the commercial brand whiteboard

marker in terms of pigment and smell or odor.

2. H0: The coffee-made whiteboard marker is better than the commercial

brand whiteboard marker in terms of pigment and smell or odor.

H1: The coffee-made whiteboard marker is not better than the commercial

brand whiteboard marker in terms of pigment and smell or odor.

Operation Definition of Variables

a. Concentrated Coffee - The ink of the whiteboard marker is the main product

of the researchers that represents as the ink for writing. (fix this)

b. Whiteboard marker - This is where the concentrated coffee ink is put in or

the present product of the researchers; the one that will be used for

experimenting with the conditions or changes of the concentrated coffee ink.

(fix this)

c. Ink - The concentrated coffee itself is the ink of the pen or marker. The ink

represents as the battery??? to make the pen or marker work to write a black

viscous ink to make the ink be pasted on an object.

d. Pen - Serves as the whiteboard marker. This is where the coffee will be put

together representing a pen that can write and not harm. ????????
e. Isoproply Alchohol –

f. Warm Water –

g. Coconut Oil –

h. Blender –

i. Oven –

j. Red Cabbage =

k. Yellow Ginger / Turmeric –

l. Stockpot -

Scope and Delimitations

The researchers will experiment with how long the ink can last

without a cap and test it on what object is it good to write on????. The

experiment will be conducted at Valenzuela National High School. The

respondents will be all STEP Science teachers from grades 7-10. Other than

that, the researchers will also test if it stains on a whiteboard. The researchers

will also test if the smell can be harmful to the nostrils or humans as well and if its

ink will be dangerous or harmful to humans (skin) that can cause irritation or

allergies.?????

The researchers will be using: (add these to your operational definition of

variables)

Concentrated Coffee - Base of the whiteboard marker.

Isopropyl Alcohol - For making the ink to be erased.

Blender- To mix the ingredients or pigments with coffee.

Apple Skin - To color the whiteboard marker.

Purple potato peel - Represents as the violet pigment.

Orange peel - Represents as color orange pigment or a fragrant scent.

Coconut Oil - For making the ink to be erased.

Warm Water - To melt the ingredient (coffee)

Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The following are this studies related literature and studies from different

sources, made by different researchers supporting this study. The purpose of

chapter II is to conclude different studies into one abstract.

Foreign Literature

Tannins naturally occur in the roots, wood, bark, leaves, and fruit of many

plants.The primary uses of tannins are in the tanning of leather, fabric dyeing, ink

production, and numerous medical procedures.In addition to their main uses in

the production of leather and dyeing, tannins also contribute to the astringency,

color, and some of the flavor of black and green tea.

The presence of tannins in drinks like tea, coffee, wine, and beer is crucial for

flavor and scent, and the concentration of tannins in different fruits has an impact

on the quality of the fruit.Tannins are also employed in the production of ink, the

removal of boiler scale, and the reduction of drill mud viscosity during the drilling

of deep oil wells.

Natural colors can be produced from plants, minerals, fungi, lichen, wood bark,

roots, food waste, and a wide variety of other materials. Tannins are organic

compounds found in trees and plants that can be utilized as a natural mordant or

a color darkener when combined with iron.

BIBLIOGRAPHY