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SOLENOID ENGINE

Research · April 2021

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.32973.56803

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 1

SOLENOID POWERED ENGINE

Brahadeesh Suresh

B.Tech Mechanical Engineering

National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli

Tiruchirappalli , India 620015

brahadeesh3601@gmail.com


Abstract— This paper aims to con-
ceive an engine using solenoid propulsion.
The merits of electromagnets are used in
tandem with mechanical parts of an IC en-
gine to improve efficacy.The power source
for the engine is supplied by a lead acid
battery that is recharged by an alterna-
tor.This study presents, the details of the
development of an electromagnet engine,
design procedures and the power output of
the engine.The entire engine has been cus-
Since then, continuous research has
been going on to implement this concept on a
large scale. In this research, we aspire to de-
velop an electromagnetic mover as a de-
rivative of the electric motor and IC engine.
This propulsion system is designed based on
the principle of electromagnetism and uses a
solenoid and Internal Combustion Engine
(ICE) working mechanism and thus, this con-
cept is known as Solenoidal Powered Engine
(SPE)

tomized to meet the specifications men-

tioned. The aim is to design a Solenoid En-
gine which works on the principle of elec-
tro-magnetism. The camshaft assembly in
the conventional IC engine is replaced by
the solenoid and it converts electrical ener-
gy into mechanical energy. This energy
produced is used to power the wheels and
run the car. Electric energy is a clean
source of energy which replaces the con-
ventional fossil fuels usage and it strives
towards attaining increased range and re-
duced emissions.
1. INTRODUCTION
An American scientist Joseph Henry
(1797-1878) constructed a small electromag-
netic engine, with a reciprocating beam quot-
ed as a "philosophical toy", and there was cer-
tainly no intention of getting useful work out
of it. It was first described in the American
Journal of Science, 1831, Vol 20 p342. The
British journal Philosophical Magazine in
1838, F Watkins examined Henry's invention
in detail and described it as the first cyclic
electric motor, i.e. one that continued working
without manual switching or resetting.
2. STATE OF THE ART
The Indian govt's scraping policy im-
poses fitness testing on cars over 15 years of
age with pricey taxes and on road renewal
costs. In the course of 5 years, this cycle re-
peats but with the use of this solenoid conver-
sion and this type of system its a win-win for
both parties. The soul of IC engine is retained
with no adverse effects , if this phenomenon
is utilized to the fullest we can further boost
the efficiency. However this model shows
enormous promise for the future where to-
day's technological limitations are overcome
by new innovations.
A need for unique form engine was
required, to increase the travel at very cost
effective way. Therefore there was urgent re-
quirement to come up with a substitute form
of an engine which is completely eco-friendly
and easy to maintain. The electromagnetic
engine can substitute as an alternative engine.
It works completely on battery current, thus
controlling the pollution to very large extent.
It can be considered as a completely green
technology.

Indian Government is trying to con- 3. NOVELTY AND INNOVATION

vert old vehicles into electric vehicles to curb
pollution through the NEMMP 2020
scheme.National Electric Mobility Mission
Plan (NEMMP 2020) targets to deploy 5 to 7
million EVs in India by 2020.Emphasizes im-
portance of government incentives and coor-
dination between industry and academia.Tar-
get of 400,000 passenger battery electric cars
(BEVs) by 2020 ~ avoiding 120 million bar-
rels of oil and 4 million tons of CO2 Lower-
ing of vehicular emissions by 1.3 percent by
2020
A startup company has launched a
technology of EV conversions in Delhi in
2017. BharatMobi, the startup, said EV retro-
fitting or conversions can be the best way to
counter pollution and climate change. This is
also likely to be one of the elementary ways
to contribute towards a pollution-free India.
The retrofitting kits goes perfectly with the
wide range of cars and will cost 5 lakh. The
kit uses 15KW motor and Lidepo4 battery
pack. Max speed 80kmph and max range
80kms per charge.
Today, Our World is doing immense
research to convert fuel vehicles into Electric
vehicles in an efficient manner.China is the
leader in deployment of EVs. At the end of
June 2019, almost half the electric cars and
99% of the electric buses in the world were in
China. It also dominates global markets for
low-speed electric vehicles and electric two-
wheelers. The average price of an EV in Chi-
na before subsidies and incentives is $27,000.
In US, A conventional vehicle can be
converted to electric vehicle . Currently, 1.9%
of the total vehicles in US are electric vehi-
cles. Many countries are now banning new
vehicles that run on fossil fuels like gasoline,
diesel or liquefied petroleum gas. Taiwan and
California will ban them in 2040 and Norway
in 2025.
This proposal deals with reducing the use of
major fossil fuels and switching to better en-
ergy saving for the future using a solenoid
engine.Though electric vehicles are booming,
they are more gimmicky with low load carry-
ing capacity and ingrate in the long run. To
tackle this problem a solenoid engine conver-
sion on an existing IC vehicle would make
more sense.In this engine, the friction of en-
gine parts is less over the IC engine. So the
life of an electromagnetic engine is more and
demands no fuel. Solenoid works as an elec-
tromagnet when the current is supplied to it.
As the name indicates, this has sole-
noids or pistons that power the engine just as
it is supposed to remove it in an electric con-
version. In a solenoid engine, electrical ener-
gy is converted into mechanical energy; coil
magnetism attracts the plunger. Spark distrib-
utor is used to actuate electromagnet accord-
ing to the position of pistons in cylinder rather
than sensors and microcontroller. Rest of the
process is exactly similar to the slider-crank
mechanism with negates combustion.
The development of an electromagnet-
ic engine is based on attracting and repelling
properties of an electromagnet. The electro-
magnet can be operated by using both AC and
DC supply, but DC supply provides steady
magnetic flux, so the same is used in this
work. The electromagnetic engine can substi-
tute as an alternative engine. It works com-
pletely on battery current, thus controlling the
pollution to a very large extent.Coil magnet-
ism is used to attract the plunger, spark dis-
tributor is used to actuate electromagnet ac-
cording to the position of the piston in cylin-
der rather than sensors and microcontroller.
So, The reciprocating motion can be convert-
ed into rotary motion and used for different
applications.

Comparison with IC engines- 4. THEORY

A. It does not require any fuel, so harmful
gases are not released and hence no pollu-
tion.
B. It is lighter than many IC Engines.
C. It operates smooth and less noisy.
D. It has a compact design and requires min-
imal maintenance.
Comparison with the Gas-powered vehi-
cles-
Gas powered vehicles are also in use
at many areas. Gases like LPG and CNG are
cheaper than present fuels and comparatively
easier to produce. But the total life of the en-
gine is about 3 to 4 years which is very low.
But a Solenoid Powered Engine stays for
much longer period. It does not have any fluid
contained, so there is need to worry about
leaks.
Installation Cost –
Replacement cost for a normal motor
Electric Vehicle is around 4 to 5 lakhs. But a
Solenoid powered Engine takes approximate-
ly 1.5 to 2 lacs depending on the vehicle. This
saves 60 percentage of the cost for normal EV
installation.
Future Scope –
According to a survey, India can save
64% of anticipated passenger road-based mo-
bility-related energy demand and 37% of car-
bon emissions in 2030 by pursuing a shared,
electric, and connected mobility future.
This would result in a reduction of 156
mega toe in diesel and petrol consumption for
that year. At USD 52/bbl of crude, this would
imply a net savings of roughly Rs 3.9 lakh
crore (approximately 60 billion USD) in
2030. These figures clearly indicate an urgent
requirement for replacement of conventional
vehicles with electric vehicles.
Assuming that the magnetic moment of the
magnetic piston material is m and a current i
is flowing through the electromagnetic coil so
as too produce an axial magnetic of intensity
B , which will be time variant. The force on
the magnetic piston now is:
F = ∇(m ⋅ B) where:- B = u.n.i
Since the magnetic moment of the piston is
always pointed towards the upward direction,
we can simplify the above expression as:
∂B(y, t)
F =m
∂y
The time and spatial variation of the current
in the solenoid will decide the transmitted
force. This is then converted to torque through
the crank shaft using the relevant dimensions.
5. WORKING
When current is supplied through the coil,
electromagnetism generates a magnetic field
around the coil. The rod inside gets repelled
or attracted based on the direction of the cur-
rent. To give movement from one plunger or
piston to another plunger, attraction can use a
simple distributor rather than an arduino and
micro controller. This functions similar to a
spark distributor on a combustion engine, ex-
cept it actually provides the power to actuate
the solenoids instead of providing just an igni-
tion spark. By applying variable supply to the
distributor, we can vary the speed of attraction
of each plunger while the rotation speed
varies. The spark distributor provides a jerk to
move the attraction of the coil from the first
coil to the third coil and vice versa so that it
rotates in a circular motion. The timing of the
spark decides the efficiency of the engine into
the spark distributor. The arrangement entirely
depends upon the configuration used in de-
signing the electromagnetic engine.

6. COMPONENTS AND MATERIALS spark distributer. Battery can charge with a

A. Crankshaft
B. Plunger
C. Flywheel
D. Gears
E. Plunger magnet
F. Solenoid and Holder
STAINLESS STEEL:
This medium carbon alloy provides
high tensile strength and hardness. It has high
resistance to bending and excellent weldabili-
ty. Thus, Crankshaft, L-Bracket, Nut and bolt
are made of SS.
MILD STEEL:
Due to low carbon content, mild steel
has high tensile and impact strength and thus
high resistance to breakage.Thus, flywheel
and is made of mild steel.
EN-8 STEEL:
Unalloyed medium carbon steel has
high strength compared to normal mild steel
due to thermo-mechanical rolling. It has good
Tensile Strength and is readily machinable.
Thus, Spur Gears are made using this grade of
steel because they undergo high levels of
Stress and also to reduce the chances of Fa-
tigue.
SOLID IRON:
It has high conductivity and it is mal-
leable, ductile and strong. Thus, it is used to
make the cylindrical solenoid.
COPPER:
It is ductile and a good conductor of
electricity. Thus, it is used to make the wires
which are wound around the iron conductor.
BATTERY
Battery is used to give electrical sup-
ply to induction coil and as main power
source. Also to get variable by supplying
Dynamo/ Alternator like an automobile.
SOLENOID COIL
Solenoid coil is consist of number of
turns of copper wire wound on iron or former
piece. Coil works as electromagnet when the
current is owing through it. The turns ratio
depends on applied voltage. the more current
coil becomes more strong electromagnet.
SWITCH
There is a switch between solenoid
coil and battery supply for connecting and
disconnecting supply and for control constant
current supply to coil.
RHEOSTAT
It is placed between the distributor
with number of studs. This will works as ac-
celerator. With the decreasing value of resis-
tance the more amount of current is owing
through distributor and speed of movement is
increases.
SPARK DISTRIBUTOR
The main function of distributor is to
provide speed variation. The distributor is
also used in automobile, but its function is
somewhat different in this engine. As the
spark is increased at the spark distributor the
value of movement is increases.
7. DESIGN
Piston Cylinder
The cylinder magnet fit is one of the
most important factors governing the success
of a home-built model engine. For electro-
magnetic engine it is better to avoid ferrous
materials so that electromagnet is free to at-
tract permanent magnet. Because of this rea-
son the iron cylinder is replaced by Alumini-
um cylinder.

Electromagnet
For the electromagnetic engine there
are two different electromagnets, namely I bar
electromagnet and Air core electromagnet. An
electric current flowing in a wire creates a
magnetic field around the wire and to concen-
trate the magnetic field, in an electromagnet
the wire is wound into a coil with many turns
of wire lying side by side. The magnetic field
of all the turns of wire passes through the cen-
tre of the coil, creating a strong magnetic field
there.
8. POWER GENERATION
G. A solenoid holder is a conductor around
which copper wires are wound and when
it is supplied with current, it generates a
magnetic field.
H. When current is passed through the so-
lenoid wire, it produces magnetic flux,
which attracts any metal put inside the
hollow pipe towards it.

Plunger I. Spark distributor is used to actuate elec-

Plungers are designed with features
which perform specific functions during en-
gine operation. Plunger is made of cast alu-
minium because of its high heat transfer rate.
And for the electromagnetic engine it is very
important to select non-ferrous material.
Permanent Magnet and Wire
Neodymium magnets are the strongest
type of permanent magnet commercially
available. They have replaced other types of
magnet in the many applications in modern
products that require strong permanent mag-
nets.The wire is to be wound on the former
(core) of the electromagnet.
tromagnet according to position of piston
in cylinder rather than sensors and micro-
controllers.
J. Once the electrical supply is stopped, the
solenoid loses its magnetism and the met-
al falls in its original position and if the
supply is given again, the metal rises.
K. This TO and FRO motion of the metal is
used to produce the mechanical energy
required to run the engine.
L. It is like the conventional IC Engine in
which there is TO and FRO motion of the
piston inside the cylinder.

NOTE M. The reciprocating motion of the plunger is

The Power of Engine can be increased
by changing the number of turns, the magnet-
ic flux of the electromagnet will increase.
Higher the magnetic flux of electromagnet,
greater will be the repulsive and attractive
forces between electromagnet and permanent
magnet (piston). Due to this the crank will
rotate at higher speed and it leads to engine
with greater power. The power of engine can
be increased by increasing the current. The
torque depends on the radius of the crank.
Therefore, by increasing the radius of the
crank we can increase the power of the en-
gine.
converted into rotating motion of the
crankshaft.
9. ACCELERATION AND BRAKING:
A. Battery is used to give electrical supply to
induction coil and as main power source
and it can be charged with an alternator.
B. There is a switch between solenoid coil
and battery for connecting and discon-
necting the supply to the coil.
C. The main function of a spark distributor is
to provide speed variation. It actually

provides power to actuate the solenoids 2. Power: 33.56 kW/ 45 bhp @6000 rpm
and control the movement. 3. Torque: 62 N.m @3000rpm
4. Top speed: 148 kmph
D. A rheostat is placed between the distribu- 5. Tyre size: 145/70 R12 6.
tor with number of studs and it works as 6. Gear ratio: 1st-3.545 , 2nd-1.904,3rd-1.280,
an accelerator. 4th-0.914, 5th-0.757 & Reverse 3.272
Final Drive Ratio 4.388
E. When the value of resistance is decreased, 7. Bore - 68.5 mm
more amount of current runs through the 8. stroke - 72mm
distributor and speed of movement in- 9.Obtained power = 30.917 kW
creases. Thus, the rheostat acts as a vari- 10.Obtained Torque = 61.3 Nm @ 5702
able resistor which can be used to control rpm 11.Weight - 10% increase
the current supply to the spark distributor.
12. CONCLUSIONS
10. POWER CONTROL (Alternative)
"Change is the only constant in life!"
Speed control is obtained via pulse Change is a part of our daily life, and most of
wave modulation. Pulse width modulation - the time, humans work together for a positive
PWM, or pulse-duration modulation change that can benefit our society—talking
(PDM), reduces the average power delivered about the automotive industry, one of the most
by an electrical signal by chopping it into dis- significant transformations that we have expe-
crete parts. The average output voltage (or rienced in recent times. Around 20 million
current) fed to load is controlled by turning a domestic cars were sold in the year 2020.
switch at a fast rate between supply and load, Moreover, 85% of the customers are middle-
on and off . The longer period the switch is on class people. By using a Solenoid Powered
compared to the off periods, the higher the Engine, a lot of money is saved, and pollution
total power supplied to the load. Maximum can be decreased. The model shows excellent
power point tracking - MPPT is one of the promise for the future where ingenious inno-
primary methods of reducing the battery's vations overcome limitations.
output.PWM is particularly suited for running
inertial loads, which are not as easily affected 13. REFERENCES
by this discrete switching because their inertia
causes them to react slowly.The PWM switch- 1. V8 solenoid engine https://www.ijert.org/
ing frequency has to be high enough not to design-analysis-and-manufacturing-of-a-
affect the load, which means that the resultant v8-solenoid-engine
waveform perceived by the load must be as 2. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
smooth as possible.PWM is achieved timer 320263560_development_of_electromag-
IC555, operating in its astable mode.The fre- netic_engine_for_future_transport_appli-
quency can be varied using potentiometer and cations
capacitor value. 3. https://www.irjet.net/archives/V7/i7/IR-
JET-V7I7581.pdf
11. THEORETICAL RESULTS:

Maruti Suzuki 800:

1. Capacity:796 cc (3 cylinder water cooled)

14. CALCULATIONS:- • Length of the coil, L cm

• Number of turns, N
Calculations of Number of Turns of an
Electromagnet • Turn density = (n) = N/L = turns/m
• An Electromagnetic engine is designed for
power, P kW • Current,I A

• The Power is related to Torque as, P= • Mass of the piston, m = Volume (V) ×
(2πNT)/60 kW Density (ρ)
Thus, T=Torque= (P×60)/ (2πN) N-m, -5 3 Volume = Area of the piston × Length

• Force on the piston is calculated by using • Density of the piston, ρ =2700 kg/m3
torque as, • Mass of the piston, m
Crank efforts, Fr =T/r, where r=Crank ra-
dius • Weight of the piston, W =m × g N

• But Force on connecting rod, Fc= Fr/ Calculation of Forces

[sin(θ+Ø)] • • Force on the piston, Fp = (B2A) /
Fc =Fr/ (sin 60°) (2µ0) N

• Force on piston, Fp= Fc/cos (Ø) • Force When the Piston Moves Down-
Fp=Fc/cos (20°) wards
• But Force on Piston is also given by, Fp =
(B2A)/(2µ0) • When the piston is moving downwards,
force F1= Fp +W F1 N
• Thus Magnetic field required to move pis-
ton B= √(Fp×(2µ0)/A) Tesla • Force on connecting rod, Fc1= F1 ×
• cos(Ø) N
• And the Magnetic field produced by an
electromagnet is given by, B=µIn • Crank efforts Fr1= Fc1 × cos [90-
(θ+Ø)] Fr1= Fc1×sin (θ+Ø) N
• Turn density, n=B/µI turns/m
• Torque (T1) = Fr1 × r N-m, (where r =
• Hence, number of turns, N =n×L turns crank radius)

Calculation of Weight of Piston • Power (P1) = (2πNT1)/60 kW

• Force When Piston Moves Upwards

• Length of the piston, l m
• When the piston is moving upwards, force
• Diameter of piston, d m F2= Fp – W F2 N

• Cross sectional area of the piston, A =

• Force on connecting rod, Fc2= F2 ×cos (Ø)
πd2/4 m2
Fc2 N

























































 8

• Crank efforts Fr2 = Fc2 × cos [90 - (θ+Ø)]

N Fr2= Fc2 × sin (θ+Ø) N

• Torque (T2) =Fr2 × r N-m, (where r = crank

radius) N-m

• Power (P2) = (2πNT2) / 60 kW

• P2 =(2π×P1×T)/60 rpm

Calculation of Power :
• The power of engine when piston moving
downwards, P1 rpm.

• The power of engine when piston moving

upwards, P2 rpm.

• The average power produced by the engine

is,
P=(P1 +P2)/2 at rpm.

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