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Amrit Kaur

Mr. Foley

AP Biology

23 March 2023

Other Mechanisms of Evolution

Gene Flow - Analysis Questions

1) The colors represent different species in a population

2) It keeps their gene pools similar.

3) Allopatric speciation occurs, therein disabling same species to exchange genetic material.

4) Gene flow refers to the transfer of genetic material into or out of a particular population, which

can occur as a result of either the migration of individual organisms or the transfer of their

reproductive cells.
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5) Gene flow can't occur at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium conditions, allowing evolution to continue.

As genetic material is exchanged, it will also make allele frequency’s waver based on which

genetic variation is most advantageous to an organism’s fitness.

Genetic Drift – Analysis Questions

1) They decreased

2) Yes

3) Yes, this activity does demonstrate natural selection and evolution, because both scenarios

display a change in the frequency of traits in a population based on fitness.

4) A genetic drift is the change in the frequency of a preexisting genetic variation in a

population of species caused by random chance.

5) Genetic drift causes changes in allele frequency over time, and thereby allow evolution to

occur by contradicting the Hardy-Weinberg conditions for equilibrium. These allele

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frequency changes affect the dominant and recessive homozygous allele frequency and

heterozygous allele frequency values, and in turn connect with the Hardy-Weinberg equation.

Bottleneck Effect – Analysis Questions

1) The colors of the beads represent different genetic variations

2) Most of the trials have no green bead percentage, and all trials have a substantial percentage

of white beads. Differences and fluctuation occurred in the percentage of the red and black

beads amongst the different trials. Trial one still has a lot of white beads compared to the

original, but lacks diversity in variation. Trial 2 repeats the pattern of most white, and also

lacks diversity in variation. Trial 2 and 3 produced the same results. Trial 4 was closest to the

original as it showed the most variation in bead color, whilst Trial 5 repeated the pattern of

condensed frequency in two bead groups, straying away from the variation displayed in the

original Trial.

3) The bottleneck effect is a type of genetic drift that takes place when a population experiences

a significant decrease in size due to a particular event. The bottleneck effect can reduce

genetic diversity in a population. When a population undergoes a severe reduction in size,

many alleles are lost. This loss of alleles can lead to reduced genetic variation.

4) The bottleneck effect is a type of genetic drift. Both genetic drift and the bottleneck effect

lead to changes in the genetic variation of a population over time, which in turn affects the

evolutionary trajectory of the population.

5) The frequency of alleles in the new population would be different from that of the original

population due to the random impacts of genetic drift. Some alleles may become more or less

common in the population, through random selection. As the population would grow, the

effects of the genetic drift would fade.

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6) The population could be more vulnerable to disease, environmental stressors, and other

threats. The decrease in genetic diversity could also limit the ability of the population to adapt

to changing conditions or evolve in response to selection pressures.

Founder Effect – Analysis Questions

1) The different colors represent different alleles.

2) The founder effect is a type of genetic drift, and happens when a small group of organisms

establish a new population that is geographically or reproductively isolated from the original

population. When a new population is created by a small number of individuals, the genetic

diversity of the population would decrease compared to the original population. This reduction in

genetic diversity happens because the founders carry only a small portion of the genetic variation

that is there in the original population. The effects of this limited genetic variation can be

exacerbated over time if the new population remains small and isolated.

3) The founder effect is a type of genetic drift.

4) The lack of variety in alleles would become less pronounced as the population grew, depending

on various environmental factors and the original genetic variation that the founders had amongst

themselves.

5) Because Amish people usually marry within their community, heterozygous carriers of the EVC

mutation are more likely to marry and have children with other carriers, increasing the likelihood

of producing a homozygous offspring with the disease. This is why EVC is more common in

Amish communities than in most populations.