Ics 91.080. MS 820:2010 | First edition MALAWI STANDARD Code of practice for design loadings for buildings Published by MALAWI STANDARDS BOARDICS 91.080 MS 820:2010 First edition Code of practice for design loadings for buildings Obtainable trom the Malawi Bureau of Standards POBoxo4e BLANTYRE Tel: #285 1870 498 Fax: #285 1870 756 E-mati: mps@mbemw.org Website: wanbsmw.org Price based on 48 pages ‘© CopyrightreservedTABLE OF CONTENTS Contents Page Foreword i Scope. sea 1 Definitions. 4 Design requirement. e . 2 Design loads, . 2 Nominal loads 4 Temperature effects... 5 Wind loading, 10 Earthquake loeding... 35 Weights of materials. 45 References. 40 FOREWORD This Malawi Standard has been prepared at the request of the National Construction Industry Council. It was developed to provide guicelines for Icads to be considered when designing buildings. The Code of practice for loadings for buildings is based on a South African National Standard SANS 40180: 1889 — Code of practice ior the general procedures and loadings to be adoptad in the design of buildings. Acknowledgement is made for the Use of the above standard, TECHNICAL COMMITTEE This Malawi Standard was developed by the Technical Committee MBSITC 7 National Building Reguiations and the following companies and organisalions were represented: National Gonsiruction industry Council Malawi Institution of Engineers; StarTech Design Studio, WIM Ghia & Associates; ‘Malawi Industrial Research and Technology Development Centre; Wily & Partners Engineering Services; Department of Geo ogicai Survey; Department of Metexrogical Sevvices and Climate Change: Malawi Bureau of Standards. NOTICE ‘This Malawi Standard shell De revise: every Tlve years or earlier whienevs’ necessary in order to keep abreast of progress Comments are welcome and shall be considered when the standerd is being revised.MS 820:2010 DRAFT MALAWI STANDARD Code of practice for design loadings for buildings 4 SCOPE The aim ot tnis code 18 10 provide general structural design procedures znd minimum design toads to be used in the design of buildings and their siructural ements. This cade does not cover dynamic loading due to plent and machinery nor Icads ircidental to coxstruction methods. 2 DEFINITIONS For the purposes of this code, the following definitions shall apply: 24 action any cause leading to internal forces, defermation or movement of a structure or its elements 22 deflection moversent of a defined point in @ particular direction 23° durability ability of structure or its elements to mairtain sat'stactory performance 24 limitstates states beyond which the structure ne longer setisfies design requirements |} serviceal ty limit stato limit etate relating to normal use ii) ultimate ti state limit state relating to maximum foad carrying capacity of a structure or its elemenis 2.5 loads any force acting on & building in any direction i) characteristic load load valve that has 2 95% statistical probability of not being exceeded ii) dead load Joad from self weight of structure including finishes end partitions. it) design load design value of load iv) imposed load load due to use or occupancy including rain, earth and hydrostatic pressure 1v) wind toad load due to effect of wind vi) earthquake load Joads due to effect of earthquakes, also known as paiamic load vii) ultimate load characteristic load multiplied by partal load faciors vil nominal load representative value fixed on non-statistical basis (@.9. on axpelienee OF pllysical constraints) 26 _ pattial safety facior ‘actors for materials or Icading reflecting unceriainty 3 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 34 General ‘The sinucture should be cesigned in such 2 way as to safely and effectively insist all loadings and intuenoes tha: can be reasonably expected in the Ife time af the structure, The strusture shall be 80 arranged that loads are -ransmitted to the foundations in a direct manner 3.2 Stability ‘The structure is corsidered stable if it has adequate provision as a whole against overturning, uplift sliding, ‘oundation failure and stress reversal. Ensure lateral stability ‘n two orthogonal directions by the inlroducticn of braces or shear walls. In such a bracee structure the calumns wil not be subject to sway moments. Ir considering resistance to siding, take note that passive resistance of the sol to siding comes into pay afer the stricture 72s already moved. It'is therefore advisable not to regard the passive resistance of the soil as the principal resistance to sling 33 Integrity ‘The structure is considered to have tategrity iP it has the abilty to withstand local camage without it causing widespread damage Ensure tel the failure cf a column docs not lead to ccllapse of the ‘whole bullding by introducing altemative load paths. Alternative load paths can be achieved through redundancy oF irtroduction of ties that transfer laacs ‘0 other members. The members providing Biternaive toad paths sould themselves have a capacity to sustain such foad increases. 2.4 Robustnoss “The structure 1s cons'dered to be robus: if it is effectively fed logethor longitudinalyy, transversely and vertically 4 DESIGN LOADS 4a UI jate limit state Ensure that the strunture nes the strength io witnstand the ultimate imit slate without collapsing, qvertuming or sliding, Uimate design loads are obtained by muiltiolying the characteristic loads (or rominal loads) wiih appropriete partial factore for ultimate limit state 6 Design toad, F = Ay G+ Ay Qe Equation (1) Where G,= characteristic (or nominal) deat load G,= characteristic {or nominal) imposed load a ha = partial Factors for dead and imposed loads from table 1 2) For a load combination of dead plus imposed flocr toads Fe 14G,+ 1.60, Equation (2) b) For a load combination of dead plus wind loads F=0,8G, + 14x Ecuation (3) ¢) Fora load combination ef deed plus imposed floor loacs plus wind loads (Ws) Fe 1AG, + 1.60, + 1.24 d) For earthquake loading F=1.6E, ‘See Clause 8 for calculation of earthquake loses. Table 1- Partial load factors Equation (4) Equation (5) Ciher imposed loads not considered above 1 55 aa Retion “/ Ultimate: Serviceability Timi state | limit state | partial load | partial toad factors factor 2 ‘Dead load | i) Acting insolation 18 i) Acting in combinaton with Imposed load | 14 10 |i) Acting in combination with wind and imposed bad 12 4.0 iv) Acting in combination wth wind load only | 29 Wind load linn ) Wind load 14 i) Acting in combination wih deed losd 14 1 | ip acting in combination with ater imposed loads 12 1 | yj Wind load for towers, chimneys and elevated ranks 16 imposed load i) Leading on floors and roots | 18 1 {i) Loading on raots with wind load 12 1 ily Earthquakes (in isolation only) | 16 4 iv) Temperature and settlement [14 5 | Té 4The artangement of the loading should be such as to cause the m: [estes 19ST Severe stress on the structure 42 — Serviceability limit state The structure satisfies the serviceability limit state whe ice ite 1en the deflections are not exc St should not cause discomfort or alarm. Sevviceability design loads are obtained by muttipying the characteristic loads (er nominal joaes) with appropriate partiel tactors for ‘Serviceablity limit state, Design load, F = 1, G, + iq Oy Equation (6) Factors for load combinations are as shown in table 1. The resulting deflections should ‘Satisfy the following limits which are considered: reasonable: 1) Long term deflections including the effect of temperat. creer members should NOT exceed spani250. Hao area a 2) Short term deflecticns for horlzontal members should NOT exceed span/350, itis necessary to consider the effects of lateral deflections particularly on tal! stuctures, 4.3 Material factors The factors t fed to materiais wien assess 18 {a6t0rs to be appied to materiais wien assessing strength of structure or any part of i are as For concrete, du.=1.5 for ultimate limit state and 1.0 i Zn r for Serviceaoi For steel 4n-=1.16 for ultimate init state and 1.0 for serviceability 5 NOMINAL LoaDs. 51 Imposed floor loads The intoncice imposed oo: toads species oor float ed in table 2 are minimum values The det ascertein loadings that would exceed the minimum. specified, semtetele Table 2- Imposed fioor loads i z a Floor zone Minimam | Minimum uniformly: concentrated distributed | imposed imposed floor load floor | load | (kN) f | (kine? Residences including their stair and balconies 18 | Bedrooms, wards, dormitories, private bathrooms and toilets in educational buildings, hospitels, hotels and other | Instrutionial occupancies ‘Access catwalks in bulleings 1) Ofices for general use . 25 30 il) Offices for data processing | 30 90 Cafes, restaurant, dining nals i 30 50 Dining rooms, dining halls, lounges, kitchens, communal bathrooms. and toilets in educational buidings, hotels and offices Places of worship i) Assembly hals, cassreoms, sporis complexes, cnemas, grandstands all with fxed seating 40 30 ii) Assembly halls, classrooms, sports coirplexes, cinemes, grandstands without fixed intividual seatirg, pubic and assemby areas. eS 50 30 Light laboratories and banking halls aaTE Ree 49 | 50 ‘Slorage or shelved spaces to offices, libra shopping centres. 50 50 ’) Fiat roof with access 20 2.0 Roof wihout access - mainteranes load _ 05 oe Balustrade and ralings - a force acting in any drecion between vertically downward end horizontally 40 NOTES: )Starcgses, condos anu iobies lake the seme imposed load intensity es the flor zane speciied but nor less than 3 kNin? for buikirys olter than residences {}Cantlever balconies and canopies take same imposed load irtensity és the focr zore they serve but not less than 4 ibutn# even if he Toots naccessiok- Iijeoncertrated ads ere to be applied over an area of U11r x 0.1m generally exceptin offives where theloads are to be appied over U./5m x 0.5m, 5.2 Integrity ‘At any flocr level, design the buiding to witnstand @ horizental force acting in any olan direction and of magnitude equal to the greater af a) The wind load acting above that level or b) 1.5% of the total nominal selfweight above that level 6 TEMPERATURE EFFECTS 81 General ‘Structures expand or contract as a result of increase or decrease in ambient temperature. Provision must be made for the stiuciure lo resist the stresses induced by temperature variations, Alternatively, Sexparsion joints should be introdiced at convenient locations \n the structure to limit the effects of thermal expansion. Figure 1 shows possible positions of expansion joints (a) () © Movement joint (o) () w ions of movement joints Fig 1 ~ Suggested po: £2 Expansion orcontraction Expansion of contraction, AL, of a member is calculated as follows: ALSO, x AT XL Equation (7) where Ce = ooetficient of finear thermal expansion (see table 3) AT = temperature increase or decrease in degrees Centigrade; L_ = length of member under consideration. ‘The maximum temperature increase is obtained oy suotracting the minimum from the maximum ambiont temperature for a particular iccality (coe temperature mapa). The expansion jeints should therefore cater for the calculated expansion, 62 Thermal forces tan expansion joint Is not providad, the structure shauld be designed for a force, F in KN, that would arise as a result of the expansion or contraction being prevented as follows: FEAKAKEXE Equation (8) Where 2. partial factor for temperature deformations (see table 1) A= cross sectional area cf structural element 1n mm*; train (1@. ALIL): ‘modulus of elasticity in kN/mm? F |s compressive when expansion is being prevented and it is tensile when contraction is being prevented 63 Material prope 3 ‘The coefficient of expansion af concrete varies from 7 to 12 x 10° per °C. A value of 10 x 10° par °C, which ic about that 07 mild steel, ie rocommended (table 9). For reinforced ccnorete elenents, the ‘expansion of concrete and reinforcement bars is assumed to be the same. ‘Table 3 Elasticity and thermal expansion characteris 2 a Material | Modulus of Elasticity (kN/mm') | Coefficient of th i _ thermal expansion ( per °C) Steel (grade SO0W) 206 I 114.7 x 10% Steinless steel 210 [ 28 6 ‘Aluminium 74 8A Temperature maps ‘The maps (Figures 2 and 3) are as prepared by the Meteorological Depariment of Melawi The values are maximums and minimums evar recorded up to the year 2008,OBSERVED MAXIMUM TEMPERATURES OVER MALAWI Fig 2 Maximum isotherms (1°C incromont) 8 OBSERVED MINIMUM TEMPERATURES OVER MALAWI 32 33 34 35 36 Fig 3— Minimum isotherms (1 °C increment)? WIND LOADING 74 Nature of wind Wind is air in motion generally horizontally. Motion of wind in a vertical of near vertical direction is called a current. In design of buildings we are concerned :xith the horizontal motion of wind, The velocity of wind can be considered as having two components, The first comacnent is the mean velocity, wrich increases in value with hoight up to gracient height. Gradient height is the height at which wind velocity ceases to increase. The velocity at that height is called gradient velocity. The variation of wind velocity with height s due to gradual retardation of mation of wind nearer the surface by ground surface ftiction. The second component of wird valecty is turbulent velocity fluctuation superinposed on the mean velocity. Rapid bursts of wind velocity are called gusts, Gusts may last for one second or more. Its the gust speed ‘ether than the mean wind saeed that is used for evaluating wind loads on w structure. MAXIMUM WINDSPEEDS(m/s) FOR MALAWI 4 32 33 aa as 33 iy 4—Mean maximum wind speeds (1 ms merement) 10 In Malawi, high wind speeds are prevalent on Leke Malewi shores, Shire Highlanes, Nyika Plateau and Chitipa (Figure 4). All buildings in Malawi shall be designed for a nominal wind speed not less than 40 mis (144 km/hr). That wind speed is reached in @ oyolone or gustiness of a thunderstorm 7.2 Calculation of wind force ‘The wind load cn a structure shall be calculated a) for the structure as a whole; b) for individual structural elements such as roof and wals; as well 2s c} for individual ctedding units and their fixings, 7.24 Pressure and suction Wind pressure, P., on the surface of a building at heigatz m is given by P.= Cpa Equation (9) Where q.= velocky pressure in Nim? atheight z m: p= pressure coefficient for surlace 7.24.4 Extomal and irtornal pressure coofficionts Use the extemal pressure coefficients C.. to calculate the pressure on the external surface of = space enclosing element such as wall or roof. Internal pressure coefficient Cy, should be used to determine the pressure on the intcrnal surface of the element Both Cy. and Cp can be ob:ainad from tables for appropriate shapes and surfaves in 7.2.4. P, and C; if positive, then pressure acts normal to and towards surface. If negative (ie suction), then pressure acts normal toand away from surface. Resultant pressure on the surface of a builling such as a réo* or exclosed wall is an algebraic combination of external and internal surface pressures given by Pas |Cpe~ Cy) te Equation (10) Where Gye“ external surface pressure coefficient; Gp = intemal surface pressure cosffciont 7.24.2 Localiced pressure coefficients In addition to average external pressure coefficients defining the pressures over a roof or wall surface as a whole, there are local external pressure coefficien's defining the higher localised pressures in certain regions such as at corners of wells as well as edges and ridges of roofs. These localised pressures should be used for the design of cladding ard their immediate suoporting memers and fixings. ‘The localised pressures should NOT te used in combination with averege pressures. Where interaction is possible, take local pressures as acting simultzneously with the appropriate levels of internal pressure. 7.2.1.3 Overall forces on clad buildings a) The resultant nominel wind force on a building as a whale is givan by iFaGaAe Equation (44) Where F = the resultant wind force in the direction of the wind C,=a force cpefficiert as given in followirg tables Ac = the total effect ve frontal area ( direction) of a building (projected area normal ta the wind Where it & necossayy to allow for the variation of gz over the hight of the building, Ay may be subeivided into neight zones and appropriate value of q, apaiied in Sach zone. The Valle ot Gr IS that for tne whole building b) For buildings for whick appropriate force coefficients are not available, calculate the overall Tesuitent force on the building by vectorial summation ct the forces resulting ftom the wind pressures on the various surfaces. 72.1.4 Frictional forces on clad buildings For clad buildings cf certain proportions, i is necessary to allow for wind forces arising from fricional dag on the roof and walls parallel to wind direction. These forces are in addition to the forces calculated in 7.2.1.1, 7.2.1.2 and 7.2.1.3. For rectangular buildings, this adgiton is necessary only where the ratio d/h» 4 or db > 4. Where h= the height of the building to eaves or parapet b= the breadth (normal to the wind direction) d= depth (parallel to the wind direction) ‘The total frictonal force F, in the direction of the wind is given by If b,F\= G44. (@=4b) + Gy q. 2h (d— 4b) Fquation (13) Where Gy = a frictional drag coefficient having one of the following values: i) 0.01 for smooth surfeces without corrugations or ribs across the wind drection; ii) 0.02 for surfaces with corrugations actoss the wind direction li) 0.04 for surfaces with ribs across the wind direction. “The firsi term on the right gives the frictional force on the roof and the secend term gives the frictional force on the walls. Different values of Cy and c; may be adopted for the root and the walls. 7.24.5 Overall forces on unclad buildings and frames Determine the resultant nominal wind forces on uncléd buildings, frames, lattice towers or individual stuctural members by means of procedures and force coefficients in 7.2.4 7.2.2 Velocity pressure Free stream velocity pressure, q,, at hzight zm above site ground level is given by a= hy VE Equation (14) 12 Where Va= wind velocity, m/s, at height zm above site ground leve! k¢= st altitude constant above sez level (table 4) Table 4 Site altitude constant | sitewide above | sez level (m) et 300 F000 “7500 — 20 i). Interpolation for intermediate values may be done. i) varies wih temperature and atmospterc pressure. The relevant temperature of 20°C for which thoso values sre appropriate may be taken to be applicasle generally over Malaviiin the col season when we have the h ghestwind speeds anyway. 7.2.3 Nominal wind speed .ed by multiplying basic wind speed V with factors that The nominal wind speed, V,, in m/s is obtain c a hness, neight ebove site ground level and class of take into account return period, topography oug) structure, Re‘erto table & Vee keke Equation (18) where v= besis wind velocity, mis, for area; Ve= nominal wind volocity, mis, at height 2 m above site greund level, k= risk factor far adjusting basic wind velocity ‘0 other return periods (table 7); factor for converting basic wine speed into nominal wind velocity allowing for variation of wind speed with height, acoading to terein category and class 0° size of building or element (Lable 6). Forheights less than graciert heighl. the nominal wind speed is given by: Vy 2 1.36 V (2 -20)fiza 22 Equation (15) = 136 For heights exceeding gradient height, V; Where \V= basic wind speed not less thar. 40 m/s: 2) height of reference plane in m; 2%, gradient height in m; 1h exponent for stort period gustsPeriad for gusts are s for Class A, 5s for Class B and 10s for Class C buildings. Values for zo, 2 and 2 are given in table 5 ‘At helgnts jess than Sir in terrain category 1 and 2, at height 7.5m in terrain category 3 and 20m in terran category 4, itis assumed that the wind will strongly be in‘uenced by local obstructions which may cause acceleration of the flew in their wake and no further reduction in wind speed is permitted below this level, Table 5 - Values of zy, 2oand a 7 @) | cs 4 % |Z. Glass B Glass (mm) Trusses, portale | Overall battens & | & overall forces | forces for Terrain category fixings | for buildings with height and | wider or taller lan dimensions | than 5am Rot exceeding _ som Category T Exposed sao eran suchas 2c | 0 0.07 0.073 0.079 grassland orlakeshore areas = al Category 2 | Open terrain with widely spaced otstrudions between 1.5 and 10m height such 23 farmlard, town 200 | 0 nod oes aod oulskirs or undevsloped areas z | _| Sateaory Terrain with numerous closely spaced sbstiuctions such ae wooded areas, tbs and fly developed areas as ana os a Category 4 i Torrain with numerous large, tall end closely spaced obstructions sucnas. =| gq | 49 gag o4a 021 Lott centres \ = Table 6 — Variation of characteristic wind spood with terrain, h of structure 1 = z = Height - Wind speed multiplier k,_ - z(m) “Terrain category |_| Terrain category 2 | Terrain catagory 3 _| Terrain category 4 A a [A Beso A B_ [Cc Ata le Upto5 | 4.03 1.02 od 1092 Toss | 067 [064 | 060 | 068 06? | Cor 70 [4.09 | 4.08 7.00 (098 [0.85 [074 [074 | 08 | 0.68 052 [O57 482 t 4.04 [4.02 [099 |o.81 [0.78 | 0.76 | 0.68 | 062 [oa7 20 S414 [4.13 1.07 [7.05 [7.02 |0.86 [583 | 081 0.68 1062 1057] Ea 7 Vie 14.15 14.13 |100 [0.98 [096 | 0.86 [084 0.80 4234.22 14.21 (4.11 [1.40 | 1,08 | 1.00 | 0.98 [0.95 28 [1.27 [4.26 | 118 | 4.17 | 4te 14.08 | 1.06 [1,04 431 [7.31 [1.30 | 1.23 4221.15 [413 T1411 4.34 17.34 |4.34 | 1.27 226120 [1.19 117, 136 | 1.36.(7.36 | 131 131) 4.24 14.231 4.23 7.36 [1.36 [436 | 1.34 134 [4.27 [4.27 [1.27 4,361.36 [1.36 | 7.36 436 [4.31 [4.311431 100 [4.28 "4.27 10 | 4.31_[ 1.34 200 | 4.34] 4.34 2011.36 [4.36 20 | 4.361138 436 11.36 171.36 [1.36 4.36_| 1.33 | 1.33 | 1.33] 1361.36 [136 | 1.36 136/136 | 1.38 [1.36 | 136 17.36 [1.36 [1.36 436 [1.36 | 1.36 | 1.36 4 Table 7 ~ Risk factor k, for various return periods and buildings et = awl a Ter Mean return | Risk factor k, a perlod (years) 7 | Albullaings other than those given below 30 4.00 2 | Buildings which have post clsaster functone eg 7100 1.04 hospitals, communications buildings _ 3 _ | Buidings representing a low cegree of hazards Iife and Property in the case of failure e.g. ssolated towers, farm 25 0.988 buildings ete; side cladding to industrial buildings; roof L ‘coverings to all bulidings | 4 For analysis of serviceability considerations 40 | __ 0.905 S| Buildings and lempcrary sirsciures used only during construction operetions e.g. formwork end false work, 5 0.857 I L Site office etc 1 NOTE:-The besio wind speed for erator period of SOyearé fas to Ba mulipied by the Taster k to abtainthe bavie wand Bpeae | 0 the omer retum periods, L = 1.2.4 Pressure coefficients Pressu’e coefficients for various surfaces and building shapes are tabulated in the following taoles. Wind forces can then be calculated taking into account partial safely factors in table 1‘Table 8 - External pressure coefficient C,, forthe walls of rectangular clad buildings (ere a a a suldirg | Bulcing | cieyation | Plan ‘Average Gra for surfs? | ceay haght ratio | plan ratio avec | pv | Ge iy, c | a at | | | qt ee | 0 |r) of} 05] 05 4, | «2 8 | | 90 05 | - 40.7 | 40.7 | j 018 work eT aie | ee whichever | 3 | slesser . j ro? NSdede | i o | 407 |-025| 06 | -26 Se a so | 08 | 08 | +07] +07) 7 wale ae mi ‘ 2.3 3 0 407 028 16 | 06 | a a | so | 08 |e | 197 | 107] - | | 12k 8 | | estes dete 2 wi? £ I fo | ai a |r| os} 07 |-07] 90 | 08 | 06 | +07 | 407 | T a 08 | 08 90 og | 08 | +08 408 | tA +07 | -04 | -07 05 | 40.8 “ Bo e NOTES: 8) is the neightto eaves or parepet, bis the greater horizontal dinension of a building, and wis theiesser horizontal monsoon of builia, b) Use the followrg vaues of a: For windward walls ge appleable at topo! wall 0: a8 a funcllonof height in accordance with wind speed variation. for leeward ard side walls q, applicabe at top of wal, Table 9 -Extemal pressure coefficient C,. for pitched roofs of rectangular clad buildings: his the helght b eaves or patupel aid w isthe lesser horizontal cimension ofa bulging 4 2 ie 5_| 6 410 Building Roof erage Cy, for surface height ratio | angle Wind angle degrees anoo | EF EG FH ° a5 sae BI Eaal 5 as os ba Hz | -t0 10 12 08 06 42 19 00 08 08 13 20 05 oF | 08 | 42 Ge 20 e3 a7 | 06 j “a t 40 3 or | 26 a4 2y 50 33 ar | 26 a4 ws a0 ar at | os aa 0 28 | a8 25 5 28 29 | 28 20 te 12 ‘os | a8 20 18 09 2s | 48 18 nia 7 2 2 3s | 26 a5 Ey ot 03 | 28 ae 42 03 | -o8 ee oa us | os ec | 4s 03 | _-08 : ° 08 “09/07 Zo a} 5 a8 03 | 08 20 45 tt a4 03 | 08 20 43 18 a os | os | 48 hiw=2 a a7 a3 | 08 | 45 30 03 03 | or | 45 a | oo os | or | a9 Ea 193 03 | 7 | | a | ts os | 07 7 i - ° OF a3 | a7 | 20 | 25 5 2a as | 08 | 20 45 te ae os | os | 20 15 1 28 os | os | 18 a5 hiw=3 20 “10 oa | 0 is a5 30 ae as | ar | 45 wo 34 oa | a7 | 40 20 3 os | a7 80 195 _3_| or i 0 aT “0a |_a7_[_a0 20 | ae 5 27 os | as | 20 20 | 45 | -10 6 a7 os | as | 20 20 | 4s | +12 6 28 oe | ae | as | 45 4sts6 | 2 28 os | a | as | as 30 10 ay | 45 40 232 os | a7 | a0 50 193 os | az 50 408 os | 07 NoTES “Ta%e the preseure caeficient an the undareide of any reef oxertaig asthal or the adjoining wall surface, Where no local Ghetficients are given, ne overall costicierzs spel) Usa the velue ef o, apalcable at ridge heiant ye hor 08% =| 7 whichever is tre 1 testert Cpe for symmetrical and asymmetrical pitched roofs of icient multi ~ span bulldings (all spans equal) Table 14 ~ External pressure coe! — 7 ake || IE axa por eee z ie ea fame 2giely = dé je Wapa) sees “e | gee : : wis | ‘352 weervrace§ ia ee Bee 99999995 | = LET gies 2 ol 7 Bal - 2|52 a. 4 LY ">| eS 2 ie NE: | (8s ie = =| 1 we Boy i “Ns ae: Ze N la] PRE 489 N > «4 fala a) ee a a] oe me 3 3 x TESS als Caeaas eee 8 oF BeeSgseerse 2° esseseesigs Fg [bese See a 3 2 : Inf PENN mete © | |B i |g i a ot 3 13 Be 5 S| e568 ef: 3 5 sl 7 POs 36 : aT UBieu a5pu w ajceayidde * Jo sanyen aup asp (a IP JO UEIsUeL ejUEz}OY J6yEEI3 Out 81g ‘apls 40M 18 Sanco > Burping &20 usisyouy oe [ees |soler[am] Jeep awe on se Jerfer|eo [so] of oz feclec|rolet|er| -o feo | co ot - ax|or-}eofro| s2 oz [wr ler-|eoler-| ai] zo for| oe om ae av-|os-]e0 fac | ce | oe |rrlerleofer|or-| eo for | ao 6 eofor|sofeo| oe farloelsr-loe o1| vo far! ve oo s¢-|oi-|oo|or| a Oz |si-foz)si-joe o-| cm | or] oo 80 sc}or|so for) os Sina wex area |alalw>alapew |ade 7 PueH ape ape ta be os seh 05 3 0 ener | soaibap % e1bue pum aaatey aon sean oe a [s|[w[elalwyps [ee 2 3 Letelete | jwespenb stoyrn 247 hes TeEwe pe Ly Seay LCN bey Z > mye yp sDurpling pejo se{nBuEye2 jo 's}004 paysyd ouDU 403*9 3UaIDYy909 auNsseld /eUIe}K — 0} aiqeLTable 12 - Average Internal pressure coefficient G,, for rectangular bulldings of open interior plan 5 z a [_ Conditon Average Gy Two opposite walls equally permeable, olher walls impemeapie a) Wind normal to permeable well +02 b) Wind normal to impermeable wall -3 “05 or 0.0, whichever is the mare savare for Four walls equally permeable combined loaiings | Domnnart apeniig Gr one wall, other walls of equal permeability a) Dorninant opening on windward wall, having a ratio of permeability of windward wall to total permeability of other walls ard roofs subject to extemal suction equal to Tor less +01 15 +03 2 +05 3 +06 6 or more 40.8 b) Dominant opening on eeward wall Vales of Gye for leeward external wall surface in Table 6 ) Dominant opening in side wall Values of Ope for side external wall surface in Table 6 4) Dominant opening in 2 roof segment Values of Cpe for external surface of roof segment | | in Table 7 “9 ‘A building effectively sealed and having non- ~0.2 ar 0.0, whichever is more severe for opening wndows combined loads notes: a) Inlernal preset re developed within an enclesed building ray be postive or negative, depending onthe positon and size of the openings. Ly lathe cunt of Us table, te peurneabily of @ suraca is maasunne hy tho total ama af openings in the surface under consideration ©) Asa guide the Yypical perrestilty ofan offce block oF house wih ail undows closce ls henweon 0.01% and C.05% of he ll afea, depending an ine dagree 0” draught-prooting 4) The value of Gy oan te limited or controled to aavantage by colberate aistiaution ot permeatiliy in tne wall and root, o by the delberate provision of a vering device which cen serve as @ dormant opening st a pasion having 2 sultabe fexemel pressure Coeffciert. An example of such sa ridge ventlater on 2 low-itchec roof, and tis. urder all directions of ‘wind, can reduce the upft force on the roof, 1) For hulldings where invornal precouriatian is utliaed, thie additonal arescure must ako be oneidored. 1) The valus of q, to be used vith these coeticients is that applicable to the relevant extemal pressure coefficient for the surface in which the opening suted 20 Table 13 Pressure cooflicient C, for canopy roofs NOTE: The torm “cenopy" i the able veers to free-standing structure without walls The tables ta¢e into account the effects af bleckage catsedby stacked contents, te hependicHca 4° Ww Root angle . E AT Root angle Negctive root araie —Patilive Faof anpie hed wal v haa Key plan Ee ss see aaa ate aa = Pressure coetfick Roof ond Overall degiees Maximum all 48 | 29 | Minmum o 09 Minimum & 42 ———\ Waxman elrar 6 Minimum ¢ = 0 08 Aaininum @ = “4 | Maximum all 706 10 Minimum = 0 0.8 Minimum é = 4 Aa ‘Maximum alld 408 -§ | Minimum @ = 0 07 Minimum = 1 | 42 taxdmum all HS +8 | Minimum ¢ 28 Minimum 43 707 +0 07 4A 709 443. | Minimum 09 Minimum p= 4 45 | Maxum ll Ha #20. | Minimum ¢ = 0 42 is Minium a7 Maximum all | 30.7 HZ +28 imum =O Aa Minimum 6 = 4 “9 Maximum all 43 +30 | Minimum 6=0 “4 Minimum 24 “See Tootnere ollowing Table 15Table 14 —Monopitch canopy roofs complying with the following limitations L ‘ tcZcand yc & pends Fat Root angte a +t, SHOT secten key plan 7 2 3 4 igo 6 Pressure coefficient C, Local Roof angle, | Solidity ratio 7 ene See Z Ni L ; “id |S Maximum all 402 8 +14 Minimum 05 13 a Minimum = 4 4.0 18 19 Maximum all 70.4 +24 +13 * Minimum 6 =0 a7 47 18 Minimum = 4 1 22 23 [ “| Maximum all — 2 32a +16 10 Monimum = 9 A6 2.0 24 Miniruira y= 4 2 23 27 Maximum all & 4 427 AS 18 Miniman = 0 “18 26 28 Minimum = 1 23 29 30 Mexirsum ell @ FT 929 wT 20 Minimum 6 = 0 22 28 29 | Minimum = 4 28 34 32 Maximum all & 10 +20 ¥3.1 23 26 Minienur <9 = 9 “18 26 a2 32 Minimum 6 =“ 4.7 28 35 35 Maximum all M2 [422 43.2 24 30 Minimum = 0 48 30 6 Minin = 4 18 -3.0 [46 “See oot owing table 15 22 Table 15 ~ Monopitch canopy roofs complying with the following limitations Section Pressure on each slope of multiple-bay canopy roofs are determined by applying *he fol owing factors to the overall coefficients for isolated two-pitch cenopies 1 2 4 I i Modifying factor | Bay No Location | On maximum overall imum overall | coefficient coefficient fetes 100 081 # Second bay 0.87 | 064 3 _| Third and subsequent bays 0.68 0.68 "The coefficients take account of he com bined affects ofthe wind an both upper and ower surtaces of the csno3y for all wind rections, Where ihe local cetfcents aleas ovellap, Vie Mow severe Of he two given values s! ould be take, For manopitch canopies, two contre of pressure should oe token ca mek at 0.25 What he windward age. Fo) duet ‘canopies the centre of pressure shoule ba taker fo act atthe centre of each slope. Each slope cf 2 duopitch canopy sauté b2 able to witistard both the maximum and te minmum pressu2, anc the whole ‘canopy shoul! be able to suapart one slepe at fhe masimuy reseure wth ho other slope at the m rum pressure, “The solidiy raion & Is equal to the a°ea of obstiucton under the canopy divided by the gross area under the canopy, both «areas baing seen in elevation enc noina te the wind dreciiar. Drepresents 2 conapy with ne obernction undernas:h 8 = 1 epresents thecanopy fuly blocked ta the level a he downwind eaves. Values of ©, for intermectate solieity ratios may be iterpdated thearly ketween these two extremes, and epoly upwind of the postion et maximum Bieakage only. Down wing cf the position oF maxmum bockaye, the cuaMiccnls fv 4 = O'riey 32 used In adeltion ta tha pressure farces normalto the carry, there wil he horizontal loads onthe earopy owing to wind pressure on any fascia ard to friction over both upper and ower surfanes of the canary. For any wind dielion, only the mare severe of thoee ive forse noad be taken sla aeseunt se the piarenna of « farcintande tn radia the fictional fact aan Insc should be caleulatec on the area of the eurface ofthe windware side, using a force costfcient 1.3, Frictional drag shoud be taloulsted usng cooficientciven 7.2.44 8Table 16 — Pressure coefficient C, for grandstands, roof slope 5° Allow for local externa pressure coefficient Cp, of 2.0 for the shaded area of the upper surface of the roof ‘The width of the shaded areas may be taken as one-renth of the [otal lengit of the roof and one- seventh of the total width (in the direotion of the cantileve span) 1 Sade ee eos toa a |S Wind Ke Prossure coefficient G,for angle @, Top and bottom surfaces of roof of stand Front and kack of wall of degrees J stand : a [le |. (neuroma [om | a 409 | 1.0 | 408 309 | 409 | 05 | +400 | 0.5 (45 [10 | +07 | -07 | +04 +0.3 | +08 | -06 | +09 | -0.4 35 | 0.4 49 a0 | 44 [+06 | 1.9 | +04 a0 | 08 03 03 | 03 [+09 [03 | +09 NoTe: 2). 1h gonert the maximum loa will eosur whe tye wind i blowinginta the oper Font of tae sane. D). The Internal press ie is dependent on a rumber af facbrs (e.g, cbstuetion ta windward, spiliage thneuyh the stand, end eddeil of end wells) wach must be eansidered, ‘The majotty of simple cases wil need less sovere loadings than those obtalted trom the bove coefficients, which should 3 teiefore provide a safe but excessive and Lnecotomis cesign ina nuinder o!stuation. ©) For@ = 207, allow for ctlonal drag Fein eocordance with 7.2.4.4, and apply aforce eacfelent = #1.2to the area of any end screen wal. 24 Table 17 — Pressure distribution around cylindrical structures Wing caus fe Ss Position on Pressure coefficient C,, for eriphery 8, Rough surface orwith | : wae eee Smooth surtace | #D=70 hiDs10 | _AYD=10 0 a +.0° 0 | 40 +09 10.9 09 20 407 407 407 _. 30 +04 20.4 10.38 40 0 a 50 “05 04 60 0.85 a8 = 70 =A.25 TA 80 42 3.05} = 20 a0 #09 5 | “20 5 140 04 760 “Os t 480 Ba zi | “his the teight of a verticst cylinder er length of a horizontal aylinder. Where there is a tree flow of air around both ends of a cylinder, take has helf the length when caiculating /!D Noves: 8) Tre value Cin the table mar be use forthe purpose of calcining the wind forces that actin suche way as to defeem a rind cl structure. They only apply to supercalfow (ie. they should only be used wrers'D > Gan), ») The veloss moy be ed for wil boating nor nal to axes of cfndets having heir axes normal t the und plane (ie. chimneys silos) and lo eyfners having ther axes paratel with tha ground plane (Le, horuortal taka) sewider wet he ‘Clearance belween the cylinder ang he gravad is ct lessthan & ©) Use interpolation to abtain values of Gy for ftermediats values cf &vD 4) Inthe caleutation of the toad onthe periphery ofthe cylinder, take the value of Cy into account For opentenced cylinders where MD > 0.3 take Cy es -08 ctopedancied evlinders where Wh < 0.3 tcke Ch ae 08 9}. The value of to be usod may be vaied over the height of he cvincer accordance vith the wind spoee variation 7.2.41 Force Coefficients a) Clad buildings, free standing walls, hoardings and similar structures, Force coefficients for {determining the overall resultant along-wind force in aocordance with 7.2.1.3 are given in Figuire 8 for sectangular clad build'ngs, in table 12 for clad buildings of uniform sections as shewn, and in table 19 {or ow walls or hoardings on or shove the ground. In gensral, the: value of q, may be varied over the height of the building, 2b} Unclad bulldings, frames, screens and lattice structures. 4) Single frames. Calculate the resultant wind force on a single frame for the case where the wind direction is nounal to the plane of the frame unless t can be shown that anothe wing angle is more aporopriate. Determine the force by means of Equation 11 in 7.2.1.3 but take A,as tre net jie. solid) projected area, excliding the openings between members, Ihe relevant force coe‘ficients are given in table 20 for single frame consisting of i members of flat-sided cross-section , or li members of circular cross-section, in which all members of the frame have DV; values less than 6m’/s or have DV, values equal to or exceeding 6 mvs, Whe single frames are composed of members of circular cross-sect on, itis possibic that the smaller members will be in subcritical flow range (i.2. OV, « 6 mi/s) and the larger members will be in the supercriteal flow range (ie. DY, = 6 m'/s), and there may also be some details fabricated from flat- sided sections Ih this situation, the wind force acting on composite frame should be calcuiated by using an effective force coefficient equal to Aci Acct 2G ra 4 (1-2) 2) Chea) = (1-2) ae sub) \sw Cree Equation 17 Ares .of ..the...frame...in...8...superenitical flow Where Z 00 = Ay ~ tre total effective frontal area of the freme (Le. the net solid erea) ‘Gaeups = the forec coefficient of the supercritical range fer citculer sections from table 20 Cia he force coefficient of the suoeriical range for circular sections from table 20 Cran the force coefficient of the fat-sided section from table 26 Acres the effective ares of the subcritical circular sections Ace = the effective arez of the flatsided sections Asus © Aucinceuby * Ay 26 Height/breadth ratio h/b 40 col 40 ba} LT | | ses +] Lt") [A 10 }—-8 rh toast \ a osl_ JA O25 Ok 06 Breacth/depth ratio b/d To be used with value of 9, at height b or with, as 0 function « P of height Figure 8 — Force Coefficients C; for rectangular clad buildings with flat roofs (Force acting the direction of the wind)Table 18 ~ Force Coefficients C, (acting In the direction of the wind) for clad buildings of Weak Seat [ory or] o7 [te] os] 10 [12 unifomm section) “ St 04 [OF] a4 | 64 | 08] 05 fos Alvaues 08 [08 08 | 10 1142 | 44 = svi T 2 54 eee et Alvaues | 07 | or] o8 fos 10) 11/13 2 Heighvoreaai ratio cee Pia HA Nop a ve eo Tae Te a <8 [or [or [v8 ca [to | 44 [43 3 wh - 28 o4|o4 | 04 | 0405 | 05 [os i =a <6 forall i. | 4 | surfaces | 9. |. Maa | wind speed are i the sspericalfowrange, may need futher caslaton ta ersire that te creates losds do rotocour at - a SLE 8 ee cme whl spo: below the maxiun vies he fon be susarial ro <3 03] 03} 03 [a3] os] oa loa ©) The sootients ee forte buld ngs hou prsjecons, ecsept where cherwse shown me Ib r7bst/2 - ~ | z ey} Panis aaieiceaie 4 NEESER PETER Ta eae 0} The nbz may ao be used fr Horeca lentes mernbos o stricture, Le, ere the givon shape sie endclevation ime rather than fe plan. In such cagae the height vith ato comes the lengthvith rao, Whore thet ee fow of = aroun the Both ends ofthe stucture, the efctve engi shad be taken a9 hal the atuel eng ahr cals te E Th b/d V2 | atvaues 08 '05| 0s | 05] 08) 06 |o7 Shona ratoforueetm thet her tow erans toh ends's povertea Ie aio sexist nes ae nae = fp r7D = he = 9) The value fq, ay be varied over the relat ofthe burding in accordance with he wh spend vation. ¢ ‘ ord -2 5 7 09} o9| 4 __ tee vive] Allvalues 40 | 14 | 42] 45 [47 ro <6 07) 08] 08 109) 1.0] 1.2/1.5 b/d =2 ~ a5 zr P 4B 26 05 05| 05 | 05 05] 06 | 06 [ @ = 0 Z Ed wean 10 a fos! os [10 lar) 13/45 ‘, <5} 210 05/05) 05 05/05! 06/06 fa RAC Ae aivaues |o9 09} og | 11) 12| 12] 16 auvaues |oo loo! os | 11) 12]13|16 = el L | 28 29Table 19—Force coefficient C, for low walls or hoardings (less than 1m high) t ' Bee f 2 025h i 2 3 Width to height ratio bh Fores coefficient C; [= Wallabove ground Wallon ground | _ (wind normal to the face) From 0.5 0 6 Fiem 10 12 13 10 20 18 16 32 44 20 40 15 40 a0 | 178 60 120 18 80 or more 460 0¢ mare 20 | NOTES: a) Use the value of q,applsatle at tre top othe wall ‘Use linear interpolation to obtain irtermactateforca coecints Table 20 — Effective force coefficient C. for single frames [imma 2 | 3. 4 Force coofficiont G for: Solidity ratio I Circular sections having o Flat-sided sections Subcriical flow Suberitical flow BY, <6 mis DV, 26 mls Otis ig 14 05 02 (eee 4 os O3 47 [ = “07 | 04 17 na oa 05 16 7a oo 0.75 46 16 12 4.0 20) 20 19 ~The Solty rats = the etecive aiza of « frame ro'mal lo the wind creation divided bythe area erclosed by the boundary tha boundary of the frame and nema tothe wind director. 2) Multiple frames. For structures having 2vo ar mare frames in parallel where the windward freme{s) may have a shielding effect on the leeward frameXs), calculate the resultant wind force on the winéward frame's} and on any unsheltered parts of other frames as in (1) above, but multiply ‘he foro on the sheltered frame(s) (caculelad in the same manner) by a factor n, which is taken from ‘table 21, Where there are more than two frames cf similar geometty and spacing, take the wind force ‘on the third ard subsequent frame(s) as being equal to that on the second frame 30 Table 21 Shielding factor n 7 Wess |e 5 Elbe are Value of shielding factor n for e eeaaacsnee Aerodynamics solidity 6” pacing ratio! ot | 02 | 03 Oe |) oe l|\ cor | oeme 1 : f a over Upto To__| 0.36 0380 06s | 05 O44 | oar 20 40/097 | 094 071 | 058 | 0.49 | 043 a0 1,0. 9.97 | 092 | O74 | 063 | 054 | 0.48 40 1.0 [0.98 [093 or? | oar | 0.60 | ose “50 1.0 [098 [094 ‘0.65 | 0.80 | 071064 oan SOandover | 1.07089 | a95 | 090 | 083 | o76 | 069 | —a86 * The spacing rato = the distance, centre to canta, ef he amo hears or ginlers divided bythe lees overall dimension ef the frame, beam orgivdermeasired at ight angles lv le erecion of the wine. For inangulat or recangtlar farted structs lagonalto the wid, celeulale the spacing aba kee he mean dstance netween the rames in te diecton of tie wine, Tre aercdynamibs soley ratio fi = saluity ratio (4) xa constant where tye solcity ratio is aiven ie footnete te teble 20 ant the constant = 1.8 for a+siced membars = 1.210 circular members inthe subcrtica renge and for at-sited membersin conjunction with such reuler members = 0.5 fer circular members in the supareitical range. and far fat-sidad marbers ia eonjnetisn with euch ereular members 3 Lattice towers. Lattice towers of square and equilateral triangular plan form are special cases of muttiple frame structures that are commonly encountered and for which itis more corvenient to use an overall force coerficient in calcu'ating the restitant wind force. Caleulate the resultant wind force in the atong-wind direction by means of equation 11 of 7.2.1.3, using a forse coefficent C; taken from table 22 for towers composed of flat-sided members and from table 23 of 24 for towers composed of rounsied mambers and having all members in the same fow rarge, whether subcritical or super critical, notes 4) For convenience, the caloulacon iz basoe 1 tho wine b ening normal othe face, and the effecove area Ay terotore tha net (solid) area of the front face alone. Fo° trangulattawe's, he along-vind force may be sesumed to be oonsant for any inclination of the wind <0 the fave, Fer square ;ouses, the maximum aleng-wind forse occur when ‘he wind Blows onto. eotrer. tables 22 and 28 therefore give an addtional Set of (aiges) caemtourts fo cover this eaue; fw effective aoe fore ccalodation, however, remains the same as farthe wind normal tothe fe, and anly the eitection of the resullant fore or bre farce cocfficent change, i) tables 23 and 24 aprly only when all members forming the tower are ether in subcrifcal or in supercitc flow, Where this is not the case, the wind force should be calculated 36 or the muliple frames wih appropiate allowance fe shileing eine Isewerd frames as sel cut n (2) hove, Table 22 - Overall force coetficient C, for lattice towers composed of flat-sided members { i 2 az I a c Force coefficient C; fort |[Soktiy oto 4 = ——sauarosena Equivalent angiarowem Onto Taco, All wind directions 705 a7 34 04 34 28 02 29 26 03 | 22 04 22 zs 2 | [—=38 20 31Table 23 - Overall force coefficient C, for square lattice towers composed of rounded members 7 2M eeeT 7 Fore coet Solidity ratio of ‘Suberitical flow front face eh DV, <6 mits _ - Ontoface —__| Onto eo [Onto corner 0.05 Bie ees. [16 ei 13 22 ats: oo Az 20 a ae 03 Smee |e Se eure 04 14 i9 a7 05 1a 13 7 Table 24 — Overall force coefficient Cr for equilateral triangular lattice towers composed of rounded members i z a Fores coaficient 6; fori Solidity ratio of front face Subsritical flow Subcritical flow o DV. <6 mils DV.2 6 ms ‘Allwind directions Allwind directions lo NOTE: For. toweis and ames the value of q, ay vary over the helghs ofthe stucu‘es in aecerdance wth the wind speed 6) Individual structural members. Calculate the resultant along-wine foros on individual structural members by means of equation 11 of 7.2.4.3, using the appropriate force coefficients fron table 18 In the cese of shapes of more complex cross-section such as angles, cliennels or fabricated sections, calculate the normal and transverse companents of the resultant force on a member as follows: Normal force Fa= Gn ae Klj Equation 18 Transverse force Fiz Cag. KG Equation 19 Where Cp and Cy are coefficients for members ct infinite length es given in table 25 k= a reduction factor for members of finfe length as given in table 25 = the length of the member j= the reference dimension of the member's cross-section as given in table 22 The cos'ficients apply to wind narrval to tha longitudinal axis of the member and the reference plane for the normal and transverse force components is given in table 25 7.2.6 Dynamic Effects Carry out appropriate analyses or tests to ascertain the significance of wind-induced excitation or oscilation of buildings or structure! elements whose shape, mass. neural frequences of vibration, and damping characieristios render them susceolible to such dynamiz effects, Such nvestigations should cover the effects of dynamic behavicur cn the strength end stability of the structure and, in addtion, the possible effecs of bullding maticn on the occupants or activities witnin the building Commentary: 4) ine dyramio response of buitdings ‘o wind forcas can be broadly classified into the following two categores: 1) Effects which arise from fluctuations in wind force owing to the natural turbulence or gustiness of the wine. These are commanly known as buffeting and the forces end motion of the butding are primarily in the along-wind direction, although asymmetry of the stucture oF the fluctuation of the Wind forces van give rise to transverse or torsional motion. 2) Effects which arise from fluctuations in wind force owing to interaction between the wind flew and the building. These are distinguished by the fact that the forces and motion of the building are essentially transverse to the maan wind directian These effects include ) vortex excitation which results from fluctuating forces owing to unsteadtiness i bluff body such as a cylinder fi 5 ee ar 4) galioping and flutter which are stability phenomena peculiar to certain cross-sectional shapes and invove forces related to, and in phase with, the transversa motion of the structure. In practice, along-wind and cross-wind offects tend fo occur in combination, leading to complex response modes such as the elliptical motion traced by the tip of @ slender chimney stack Both categerios of dynamic response may also be significantly affected by the wake flow of structures in close proximity to one another. ») The foltowing is a guide to the conditions under which investigation cf the various dynamic effects is dosirable (where doubt exists, specialist edvica should be Sought): Table 26 Nermal and traneverse force coefficiont Cj, and Cr for individual structural mem of infinite length and of flat-sided cross-section 7 Table 254Table 258 2 ra pa | ae a cm Ad, SEE ite [ef Ab cr , Laat He | f wind TY ~ Angle @ Gu | Ge | Gee | Ge) Gy. BR f ies nae art i sto] o 48 [08s [ones +4 412 9] 1.85 | 108 90 301 [vis 98 | 07 | 18 [o2.i8 735 =075 [4075-05 / #05] 1.1 24 | a8 180. AM | 01 | 15 [| 0 [at 4B Note tn tis table the: normal end transverse force coe Toes Gy and i are given relation to the dimension | and not as ther eases, inrelaion to ie effective fontal ae8 A Table 26 — Reduction factor K for structural members of finite length and slenderness and of flat-sided cross-section fan Seniors: 6 a 1 Lengthifrontal |, |, ’ wth Oj 5 | 10 | 20 | 30 | 50 | 100 __K os | o70 | 080 | 085 | a90 [om | 10 | 7.26 Simplifed wind load cateutations A simplified approach to calculation of wind forces ‘or buildings Is set out below, The buildings to whieh this approach would be applicable ate those i). that are rectanguiar in plan; |i) whose height does nat exceed 20 m and il that have a ratio of height to width (smaller plan dimension) not exceeding 4. \Vaiues allow forthe internal positive and negative pressures as a result of dominant opening in one wall 7.26.4 Stability requirements @) Analyse building for horizontal force due to wind pressure of 1.1q Nim’ on the projected area normal to the vind direction of the building inctuding roof Check that the building does not ouvertum or slide, Also check that structural members whose stress increase or reverse do not fal ») Analyse building for a vertical force due to wind pressure cn the pian area of the roof of 1.642 Nim®, Check that the roof support fixings have a capacity ta resist the uplift forces to prevent the roof from getting blown away. Alec ensure that the roof does no: buckle under reverse stress, 7.2.6.2 Walts Design a wall 2s @ whole to resist the following external wind pressures. Design wall claddings and their fixings in regions other tran those in clause 7.2.6.3 to resist the following pressures on the external eurface of the wat 34 #1.6q, Nim? or -1.4q, Nim’. Positive pressure acts normal to and towards surface. Negative pressure acts normal to and away ‘rom surface. 7.2.6.3 Wall cladding Design wall cladding end their fixngs in areas within a distance from comers of buildings of h or 0 Sw (whichever is less) to resist the following wind pressures 07 the extemal surface of the wall +1.69, Nim? of -1.8q, Nim? Where h = height of wall to parapet or eaves level and w= width of building, 7.2.64 Roof elements Design roof elements such as putlins and their txns to resist following extemal roof pressures, Also esign “oof claddings and their fixings for areas other than those in 7.2.6.8 to resial following wid pressures on che external surface of the roof #¥1.3q, Nim? or -1.8q, Nim 7.2.6.5 Roof cladding Design roof claddines and their fixings. (whichever 1s less} to resist following pre: areas within ¢ distance from roof edge of h or 0.15w sures.an the external surface of the root. #1.8q, Nim? or -2.6g2 Nim? 8 EARTHQUAKE LOADING 84 Seismic hazards Earthquake loading on in'rastructure erises f'o7 the vibration or tremor of the earth. In Malawi, earthquekes are large y natural Since Malawi sits within the East African Rift System, the tremors experienced are due to the pulling aper: of ths rift system. The East Alrloan Rift System stretches from Ethiopia tarough Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi to the Zambezi Valley in Mazembique Figure & shows the distribution cf seismic acivity in Malawi end surrounding regions for earthquaxes of magnitude 3.0 (Richter scale) and ahove Malawi as a whole is olascifiod as a zene of natural selsmic activity with largest earthquakes occurring within the lakeshore districts The largest earthquake recorded in the last 190 years far Malawi took place in Salima on 10" March 4998. It measured about 6.6 on the Richter scale. Larthquakes of magnitude greater than 7.0 have been recorded eas: of Rukwain Tanzania, It should te noted that Rukwa is close to Malawi. Hence seismic aciviy in surrourding countries can also rave adverse effects on infrestructure in Malawi Figure 6 and 7 show the scismic hazard miep expressed as horizontel peak ground accelerations, ‘The hezard maps are based or data collected from 1900 to 1999 (Earthquakes in Halavi, LS Chapote) Buildings and struc-ures in Malawi should therefore comply with detailed seismic design as ridicated in this code, Buidings such as statehouses and those that have postdisaster functions such as hospita's and scmmunications centres etc shall be cesigned for ground azcelerations of 10% probebilty of exoeedance in 100 years (Figure 7). All other buildings shall te designed for ground accelerations with 10 % prooability of exceedance in 50 years act less then 0.249 (Figure 6)82 Structure layout 8.24 Shape A layout that is symmetrical such as a square, rectangle or circle is most desirable. A building shape ina form of T, Lor H creates torsional effects thet are difficult to assess. A solution to the T, Lor H shape would Be to structurally separate the component shapes with structural joints so as to achieve rectangles. These joints could be at positions chown in Figuro 1. 8.2.2 Continuity and Redundancy The structure should he tied vertically and horizontaly. Provide enough recundancy such that if some structural components fail, the loacing will be redistributed and prevent total collapse, The columns should be stronger than the teams, That will enable the beams to develop s:ructural hinges before the columns do, For single storey brick buildings, provide a reinforced conerete ring beam around the perimeter. Provide reinforced concrete columns at each comer and at intermeciete rositicns to te the bean to the foundation The columns should not be less than 230 mm x 230 mm. 82.3 Shear walls Provie shear walls in bays thal are vertically continuous. Toe walls should be postioned in both orthogonal axes (in plan). The positioning of shear walls should preferably prevent resultent twisting inplan (Figure 8). © Kitibero * Magutte tose Fig 6 ~ Seismi EMBOSI 6 MndO19 8 M5059 Buraioes 'y of Malawi and surrounding regions from 1900-1999, 37 B -720-75ar ar Fig 8 - Peak ground acceleration with 10% probability of exceedance in 100 years (950 years return period) for hard rock sites. Fig 7 — Peak ground acceleration with 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years (475 years return period} for hard rock sites. 39) 388.2.4 Roofs Provide bracing to roof tiusses to resist lateral movement, The roof bracing shall be @ combination of longitudinal ties tracing, vafter bracing end vertical bracing, Trusses shall be fixed to perimeter ring beams with holding down bolts or hoop irors. Holding down bolts shal not be less than “6 mm diameter. fet BEERS @ © Fig 9 — Lateral force resisting systems (a) moment resisting frame building {b)Braced steel frame building (c)Building with shear walls 83 Liquefaction Some sols ate susceptible to licuefaction. Liquefection is the loss in soil support as a tesut of recampaction of sol that may arise due to say earthquakes. The soll particles provide contacts to ‘cach other thet eneble resistance te founcation pressures. A combiration of high ground water table and earinquakes may create pressures that dislodge air from Le Soll volds leaving to temporary loss of contests between surrounding scil particles, That leads to complete loss of support and buildings 40 or structures sink into the ground. In case of piled foundations relying on pile skin tiction, there is complete loss of skin friction leading to sinking of structures. Areas thet may be prone to liquefaction are those that have high ground water lables and sand soils, that are not well compacted in their natural siate. These arees include parts of Karonga, Saima, Mangoch,, Chikwawa an¢ Nsanje. Provision shall be made te counteract the effect of liquefaction in the foundation system at sites applicable Countermeasures against Jiquefaction may include compacting the so! using vibro compaction ‘methods or utilsing a foundation system of end bearing pites. 84 Design loads and combinations ‘The effects of nominal loads shall be muliplied by ‘cad factors for relevart combinations chosen as indicated in this code, Earhquate forces occur simultaneously in bo‘h principal axis ofa building in plan. The application of the forcas should be such that they will produce the most severe effect in a particular principal axis, In deciding the contiiburion of a perpendicular atis to the one under consideration, it is in order to consider the following combination as adequate: Forces in X direction =100 % of the ‘orces in X cirection plis 30% of forces in Z direction Foross in Z direction =100 % of the forces in Z cirection plus 30 % of forces in X direction The above combinations assume that the effects of the seismic forces are unlikely to reach their maxmums at the same time. The X and Z axis afe perpendicular in plan Structures that are very suscoptibie to earthqueke action are those whose veriods range from 2.05 secend to 3.0 seconds, Structures with fow susceplibiily to earthquakes have ther perods fower than 0.08 secord anc higher thar 3.0 seconds. 85 Calcul: of esiomie forces — equivatent otatie method in the equivalent static method, horizontal forces. are calculated which when applied to the structure induce stress effests of a magnitude similar to those that would be induced by 2 real earthquake. 8.5.1 Base shear The total horizontal seismic force, Fz, shall be calculated as F.=C,.W Equation (20) Where C. = seismic base shear coofficient, as specified in 8.5.4.4 W = vertical loads acting on the structure, as specified in 8.5.1.5 8.6.1.1 Seismic base shear coefficient The base shear coefficient C,, which is dimensionless, shall be caiculaied as so) Equation (24) Where 2, ground acceleration, normatsed by acceleration due to gravity 9 R(T) = normalised design resporse spectrum, asin 8.5.1.2 T = fundamental peried of oration of structure, es n 8.5.1.3, K = structure behaviour factor, as in 8.5.1.4 41When T cannct be calculated, then calculate ©, as folows an C= Equation (22) Where Reis as defined in table 26 8.5.1.2 Normalised response spectrum The normalised response spectrum, R(T), corresponding to the three soll profiles is given by R=, for0T., Equation (24) Where soil parameters Ro, Te and B are given in table 18, 51, 82 33 Nermatized response spectra RT) c 1 Ro 2330 Period T, s sed Response Spectra RIT) Fig 9 — Norm: Table 27 — Normalised Response Spectrum Parameters sr. | soit e [= |e 18 41 | Soil Profile $1 } Rock (shear wave velocity exceeding 100€ m/s) or stable depositser | 25 |o4 |28 unconsolidated minerals, with a depth of less than 5C m on solid rock | 2 | Soil Profile $2 | | Stable deposits (compact sands and gravels or stiff clays) of depth moe |25 06 | 219 than 50m on solid rock. 3 Soil Profile 83 | Softto medium stiff deposits (sands or stiffclays) of deoth 10 mermor. |20 | 4.0 | 20 a2 Soil investigations shall be undertaken to establish applicable soll profiles for stes to be developed. In the absence of such investigations, developers should lake info atcourt the following or the worst case profile, 2) In Blantyre and Lilongwe, rock can be encountered within 3 to 5 m below ground level or shallower in most areas in Likor Isiand, Use soil profie S1 for structures founded on such 2 rock base, bh) In Mzuzu, soft laterite soils extene beyond 10 m generally. Soil profile S3 shall be used for structures founded on such soils. ) Along ihe lakeshore districts of Karonga, Nkhotakota, Sallie and Mangochi as well as flood areas in Chikhwawa and Nsanje, there are loose sand deposils of 10 m or more, Use sot profile $3, 8.5.4.3 Fundamental period of vibration “The fundamental period of @ structure in the direction being analyseo may be approximated by the following formula 8) For moment resisting frames that are free to deflect T= Cy. Hy Equation (29) 09 for steel rames, 06 for concrete fraines, Hy= height in metres above the base to the highest level of the frame of the building Where ») For frames with shear walls or exterior concrete deep beams p= 2.09HE Equation (26) Where L = overall lengti in metres of building at base in direction under consideration 8.5.1.4 Behaviour factor @) The behaviour factor, K, which depends on the structural system used, shall be obtained from table 27. 43Table 28 Behaviour factor, K +. No. | Structural system type Behaviour | factor. K + | Bearing well system | 4.4) Unreinforced brick walls up to 2.5m | 8 4.2) Reinforced concrete or reinforced brick walls or braced frames a5 | 4.3) One to tnree storey steel frame system 50 2_| Bulding frre aystem 5.0 3 | Momextresisting frame system 8.4) Ordinary concrete frames 20 3.2) Ordinary steel frames 50 | 4 | Elevated tanks 15 | 5 | Structures required to remain elastic 10 | ‘The hehaviour faclers are to be reduced by: 1) 12 for structures with reinforced fat or wattle concrete slabs 1.A for stuctures with prestressed flat or waifle concrete slabs tb) The structural eystems in table 416 are defined as tolows: 4) Bearing wall system A system of walls of frames a vertical elements resisting ate elements may be claphragms or tnsses. ral seismic forces, Horizontal 2) Buliding frame system ® system of space frame providing support for vertcal foacs with shear walls of veri triss bracing to resist ihe lateral seismc force. 3) Moment resisting frame system 2 eystem of space frame providing susport for vatical bas with fexure as resistance (0 lateral seismic force. ) Ordinary reinforced concrete trame 2 moment resisting treme of rinforced concrete without special provision for ductity in the load cattying sysiem, i) Ordinary steel frame ‘Amoment resisiing frame without special provision fer ductility in tha joint connections. ji) Space frame A structural system with interconnecting members. other than bearing walls, capable of supooring Vertical loads and that may have capacity to resist seismic forces. 8.8.1.5 Vortical loads ‘The total vertical toad, W, shall be taken as the total sum of af the weight of the building including permanent pafirions and a portion, 3, of impesed loads. Use 20.25 as a mininum portion of imposed ioads. W, shall de calculated as follows: 44 Wed (+20) Equation (27) Where Gy dead fonds and Q, = Imposed loads. 8.5.2 Distribution of seismic forces I distribution of seismic forces The total horizontal seisii lo force, F,, must be di so that analysis d istiouted verti lo alysis of Ine stcture may proceed. The distribution is ae =) ie Web y mic Equation (28) ia Where x = 1.0 for bulidings with T = 0.5 second or lass, .0 for buildings with T = 2.0 seconds or more, = 1+(2T=1)3 for buildings with T between 0.6 and 2.0 ‘seconds. Wa erical loads assigred to level xor i hai, = heightabove ground te level x oF 8.5.2.2 Horizontal shearand torsion The Nominal seismic shear force, V,, at any level shall be determined by ven = The horizontal snear, Vj, shall be distrib Consideration oftthe ‘lati tibuted to the vertical components of the storey below level », in 've stiffness of such vertcal ements and the diaphragm 9 WEIGHTS OF MATERIALS 94 Overview The schedules of material wei spectfied thickness. The sche Bralininary designe. Wie up jesign. The weights in these Standards ights in this chapter are given eithe fas weight per cubic met ” i he pales give eeproxiate welgnts tat can be used by the designer in ie designer to establish the final values of welahts to 6 tables are 19 a lage extent based on lables ofthe Soh Ameon92 ‘Tablas of weights Table 29 - Cement and concrete products (cancion eae eee a eee tas eee Enea sae pie Saeceeteeet Coarse aggregate Sand Unieinforced concrete Reinforced concrete [with nominal reinforcement) Reirforced concrete (with 2% reinforcement) " Reirforced coneréte (with 2% reinforcement) 26 “Comentand sandscieed SSCS 3 | Gypsum plasier i a7, | “Time plaster | ‘Terrazzo screeds 7 - 23 23 Cement and sand screed (are Yai es Table 30 - Floor and wall ao Tem Gilay floor tiles (7mm thick) “Granite floor tiles (1mm thick) [Limestone tes (iemm theky [Sandstone ties (TSmm thick) Flexible PVC tiles (2mm thick) ‘Sola Burnt brick wall (17mm wide) Conorete brick wall (hollow blocks 200mm wide) Sold burnt brick wall (230mm wide) { 50 ‘Concrete brick wall (solid 115mm wide with stone aggregate) 25 a2 Table 31 -Roofing 1 Hem Density ,_kNim’ Fibre: cement roof shooting fles : 0.15 Stee! tiles (0.5-0,6rrm thick) 0.08. Profiled stool roof sheeting (including lapping and fixings) i) 0.5mm thick 0.06 ii) 0.6mm thick 0.08 il) 0.8mm thick 0,10 iy) 4.0mm thick 0.72 46 Table 32 - Timber products i Density kim? Plywood Wougwool | Blockboard _ Chipboard Fioretoard [Glass fibre products — PVC products Expanded polystyrene foam i Item (28 mm thickness} Table 23 - Sundry building materials Trulating felt ‘Table 34 - Metals i Hem Density Bronze ‘Copper (e234) ‘Copper (wiou ght) Lead = | Stainess ste aed Stool zing a t= __ ( Trem Densif ie Reids : acetic AOE Hydrochioria 1 Nitic 13.6 | __suiphurie 186 Alcohol — a [Ammonia 8 Beer: bulk 10 48 Botiles in cases. Mineral oils : nachtha Paraffin Peto! Petroleum oil__ | Water: Fesh Seawater 47Table 36 - Agricultural products ANNEX A, a 1 ase zl REFERENCES Tem ——— =| i) Meteorogical Dopartmont Beans Hides @ €kns i) Earticuakes in Melaw, LS Chapola, 2001, Geological Survey Department Potatoes in balk i iace™ ir Bue i) Steal, Concrete and Composite Design of tall Luldings by Bungale S, Taranath (secon edlion) Inbags _ Maroré =dry chiccen manure iv) European code EN 1991-1 | Maruire wth dy = Sugar loose piled Dense znd bagged Inbales me tin bulk Inbags Fertliser + phasphates grauleted Potassium sulphates Table 37 - Solid fuels Term Densi 7” nn Charcoal: air filed | 4 Air free _ Z 8 |coa straight from pe 5 Allciher kinds of coz! ceil 83 54. | Firewood a8 ay