General Biology

CELL
-basic unit of life
-has dynamic system composed of several parts.
Each organelle perform individual function.

Animal Cell vs Plant Cell

Cell Theory
3 Postulates:
1. All organisms are made up of one or more cells.
2. The basic unit of life is the cell.
3. Cell arise from pre-existing cells.
“omnis cellula e cellula
HOW CELL WAS DISCOVERED

ZACHARIAS JANSSEN – in 1595, he invented the first compound microscope.

ROBERT HOOKE- in 1665, he build another microscope and examined a thin

slice of cork. He observed that the cork has tiny compartments and named
those cell/cellula.

ANTON VAN LEEUNWENHOEK- in 1667, this scientist created a microscope

with a much higher magnification. He was able to observed moving animals
which he called animalcules.

MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN- in 1838, a botanist discovered that plants are made up

of cells.

THEODOR SCHWANN- in 1839, a Physiology Professor discovered that animals

are also composed of cells.

RUDOLF VIRCHOW- in 1858, he stated that cells come from pre-existing cells.

Parts of the CELL and their FUNCTIONS

ORGANELLES – “little organs”

Each perform specific functions important for the proper functioning of the
cell.
Cell membrane
STRUCTURE:
A thin bilayer of proteins
, fats and carbohydrates.

FUNCTIONS:
It separates the interior of the cell
from the outside environment.
Controls the passage of
substances in and out of the cell.

Cell Wall
STRUCTURE:
thicker than the cell membrane and
basically made up of cellulose

FUNCTION:
provides rigidity to and structural
support to the cells

NUCLEUS

STRUCTURE:
A membrane-bound spherical organelle
discovered by Robert Brown.
The largest organelle found in animal cell.

FUNCTIONS:
- Store the DNA
- Command center of the cell.
controls cell activities

NUCLEOLUS
components of ribosomes are
synthesized.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
STRUCTURE:
flattened network of membranous
canals
that are continuous with the nuclear
membrane.

FUNCTION:
passageway of substances between
the cytoplasm and the nucleus.

Endoplasmic Reticulum
ROUGHER STRUCTURE:
With ribosomes attached on its surface.

FUNCTION:
Protein modification.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

SMOOTH ER

STRUCTURE:
has no ribosomes attached

Ribosomes
STRUCTURE:
A complex of protein and RNA

FUNCTION:
site for protein synthesis

Golgi Body
STRUCTURE:
a sac like membrane that resembles
a stack of plates arranged on top of another

FUNCTION:
sort, package, and deliver proteins and lipids

Mitochondria
STRUCTURE:
double membraned, sausage shaped organelle
FUNCTION:
it produces chemical energy called ATP.
This energy form is the one used by
the cell to do its cell activities

Chloroplasts
STRUCTURE:
a double membrane organelle only found in cells
of photosynthetic organisms.
contains green pigment, chlorophyll

FUNCTION:
site for photosynthesis

Lysosome
STRUCTURE:
membrane-sac organelle
encloses a strong enzyme.

FUNCTIONS
break down large macromolecules
digest bacteria and other foreign substances
Aid in apoptosis “cell death”

Vacuole
STRUCTURE:
a fluid-filled cavities surrounded by a membrane

FUNCTIONS
-maintains water balance
-maintain cell shape
-store nutrients and waste material

Cytoskeleton

STRUCTURE:
a network of filaments
 3 types: microfilament, intermediate filament, microtubules

FUNCTION:
-give support and maintain the structure and shape of the cell
 General Chemistry 2

Kinetic Molecular Model and Intermolecular Forces of Attractions in Matter

Matter is Everywhere.

Shape and Volume in Phases of Matter

1. Matter in the gas state has indefinite shape and volume.

2. Matter in the liquid state has definite volume and indefinite shape.
3. Matter in the solid state has definite shape and volume.
Kinetic Molecular Model

Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT)

 describe the 3 states of matter

 matter are composed of molecules
 these molecules posses kinetic energy

GAS

Indefinite shape and volume

- because it has negligible attraction for one another
- constantly moving rapidly in all directions/ high kinetic energy

LIQUID

Definite volume and Indefinite shape

- molecules have strong enough attraction to keep them together
- molecules can still move, slipping and sliding over one another.

SOLID

Definite volume and shape

- molecules have strong attraction
-low kinetic energy.

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OF ATTRACTION IN MATTER

INTRAMOLECULAR FORCES VS INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

Intramolecular forces are the forces that hold atoms together within a

molecule. 
Intermolecular forces are forces that exist between molecules.

Intramolecular forces
Ionic bond
 It is a type of chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged
ions. In ionic bonds, the metal loses electrons to become a positively charged
cation, whereas the nonmetal accepts those electrons to become a negatively
charged anion.

Covalent Bond
This bond is formed between atoms that have similar electronegativities—the
affinity or desire for electrons.
They share electrons in order to achieve octet configuration and become more
stable.

Types:
nonpolar covalent bond
polar covalent bond
nonpolar covalent bond
is formed between same atoms or atoms with very similar electronegativities.

polar covalent bond

is formed when atoms have slightly different electronegativities share

electrons.

Intermolecular Forces

Types:
Dipole-Dipole Attraction
Ion-Dipole Attraction
Hydrogen Bonding
London Dispersion Forces

Dipole-Dipole Attraction
These forces occur when the partially positively charged part of a molecule
interacts with the partially negatively charged part of the neighboring
molecule.

Ion-Dipole Attraction

These attractions exist when polar molecules are attracted to ions. The positive
pole is attracted to a negative ion (anion), while the negative pole is attracted
to a positive ion (cation).

Ex. NaCl placed in a water

Hydrogen Bonding
This is a special kind of dipole-dipole interaction that occurs specifically
between a hydrogen atom bonded to either an oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine
atom. 

London Dispersion Forces

These forces are use to explain the attraction between nonpolar molecules.
The more electrons a molecule has, the stronger the London dispersion forces
are. For example, bromine, Br2 has more electrons than chlorine, Cl2 , so
bromine will have stronger London dispersion forces than chlorine
What is Cell Differentiation?
Living organisms can be made of a single cell, such as bacteria and protists, or they can
be multicellular, like plants, animals, and fungi. Unicellular organisms, like bacteria, are able to
perform all life functions within one single cell. They can transport molecules, metabolize
nutrients, and reproduce within this one cell.

Multicellular organisms need many different types of cells to carry out the same life
processes. Each of these special types of cells has a different structure that helps it perform a
specific function. Humans have many different types of cells with different jobs, such as blood
cells that carry oxygen and nerve cells that transmit signals to all parts of the body. Cell
differentiation is the process by which cells become specialized in order to perform different
functions.  

 Specialized Cells in the Human Body

Multicellular organisms begin as just one single cell—a fertilized egg. Growing from one single
cell to trillions of specialized cells that perform different functions is a process that happens with
the regulation of DNA and RNA.