GRAM POSITIVE VS GRAM

NEGATIVE BACTERIA

BACTERIOLOGY

GRAM POSITIVE VS GRAM

NEGATIVE BACTERIA GRAM STAIN
▪ A rapid, powerful, easy test that allows
clinicians to distinguish between the two
major classes of bacteria, develop an
initial diagnosis, and initiate therapy
based on inherent differences in the
bacteria.

SHAPES OF THE BACTERIA

1) COCCI (spherical)
▪ Streptococci
▪ Staphylococci
GRAM POSITIVE
▪ Coccobacilli

2) BACILLI (rod shape)

▪ Do not exist in clusters
BACTERIA
▪ Occurs in chains

3) VIBRIO (comma shape)

▪ Composed only of single term

4) SPIROCHETES (spiral/ helical shape)

▪ Multiple turns; At the end portion: HOOK

STAPHYLOCOCCUS
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
▪ Coagulase (+)
▪ Capable of fermenting MANNITOL
Clinical Manifestations:
▪ Food Poisoning
▪ Skin Scalded Syndrome
▪ Toxic Shock Syndrome
STAPHYLOCOCCI
Staphylococcus epidermidis
▪ Coagulase (-)
▪ Opportunistic pathogen
Clinical Manifestation
▪ Cause opportunistic infections in
catheters and medical devices
▪ Increased susceptibility in
immunocompromised patients
STAPHYLOCOCCUS
▪ The most important aerobic catalase-positive
genus
▪ Patterns resemble a cluster of grapes
▪ Aerobic and anaerobic atmosphere
▪ Presence of a high concentration of salt
▪ Temperatures ranging from 18° C to 40° C
▪ Catalase (+); all staphylococci
▪ Coagulase (-) – most species, less virulent and
primarily cause opportunistic infections
▪ Coagulase (+); S. aureus
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
▪ Coagulase (-)
▪ Opportunistic pathogen STREPTOCOCCUS
Clinical manifestation
▪ Causative agent of UTI (sexually active
women)
▪ Infected women have
▪ dysuria (pain on urination)
▪ pyuria (pus in urine)
▪ Other numerous organisms in the urine
 STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES
STREPTOCOCCUS (GROUP A)
▪ “flesh-eating” bacteria

Clinical Manifestations
▪ Necrotizing fasciitis
▪ Pharyngitis/ Sore throat
▪ Scarlet fever

STREPTOCOCCUS STREPTOCOCCUS
AGALACTIAE (GROUP B) PNEUMONIAE
▪ It is the only species that has the ▪ It was isolated independently by
group B antigen. Pasteur and Steinberg more than 100
▪ This organism was first recognized as years ago
a cause of puerperal sepsis ▪ encapsulated gram-positive
▪ An important cause of septicemia, diplococci
pneumonia, and meningitis in
newborn children ▪ (+) Quellung Reaction

Streptococcus mutans

ENTEROCOCCUS
▪ gram-positive cocci, typically

ENTEROCOCCUS arranged in pairs and short chains

▪ enterococci do not possess the broad
range of virulence factors found in
staphylococci or streptococci, life
threatening disease with
antibiotic-resistant strains has
become a serious problem in
hospitalized patients
 CORYNEBACTERIUM
DIPHTHERIAE
AEROBIC GRAM (+) ▪ The bacteria reveal clumps and short

NON SPORE
chains of irregularly shaped
(club-shaped) rods in gram stain
▪ Are aerobic or facultatively

FORMER BACILLI
anaerobic, nonmotile, and catalase
positive
Major virulence factor:
▪ Diphtheria toxin

CORYNEBACTERIUM
DIPHTHERIAE
▪ Pseudomembrane formation found in
larynx, pharynx and tonsilar area
▪ DOC: ERYTHROMYCIN
LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES
▪ It is a facultative intracellular
pathogen
▪ Two forms of neonatal disease have
been described:
▪ early-onset disease, acquired
transplacentally in utero
▪ late-onset disease, acquired at or
soon after birth.
▪ Granulomatosis infantiseptica

BACILLUS
GRAM (+) SPORE Bacillus anthracis
▪ The organism responsible for anthrax

FORMERS ▪ Anthrax is primarily a disease of

herbivores; humans are infected through
exposure to contaminated animals or
animal products.
▪ Human B. anthracis disease is acquired by
one of three routes:
▪ Inoculation
▪ Ingestion
▪ Inhalation
BACILLUS ANTHRACIS BACILLUS CEREUS
▪ Inoculation (Cutaneous) ▪ The most important pathogen with
✔ Most common anthrax gastroenteritis, ocular infections
▪ Ingestion (Gastrointestinal) ▪ It is responsible for two forms of food
✔ very rare in humans poisoning:
▪ vomiting disease (emetic form)
✔ a common route of infection in
herbivores ▪ diarrheal disease (diarrheal form)

▪ Inhalational (Pulmonary anthrax/

wool-sorters’ disease)
✔ inhalation is the most likely route of
infection with biological weapons
▪ DOC:CIPROFLOXACIN

BACILLUS SUBTILIS CLOSTRIDIUM

▪ It was isolated from debreded tissue ▪ Clostridium botulinum botulinum toxin
of a comound fracture in 7-year old,
Margaret Treacy
▪ produced Bacitracin
▪ Tx: UTI, wound infection

CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS

▪ motile, spore forming rod ▪ rectangular, gram-positive rod
▪ the organism is extremely sensitive to ▪ with spores rarely observed either in
oxygen toxicity vivo or after in vitro cultivation, an
important characteristic that
▪ Tetanospasmin
differentiates this species from most
other clostridia.
▪ Gas gangrene

▪ Alpha toxin
CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE
Clinical manifestation
▪ Pseudomembrane colitis
▪ Common antibiotic associated
diarrhea
MYCOBACTERIA
MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE
Tubercoloid leprosy
▪ “Paucibacillary Hansen disease”
▪ characterized by hypopigmented
skin macules
▪ Lepromin test (+)
▪ DOC: DAPSONE (Rifampin +
Clofazimine)
MYCOBACTERIUM
AND RELATED ACID
FAST BACTERIA
MYCOBACTERIUM
TUBERCULOSIS
▪ Neither gram (+) or gram (-) bacteria ▪ In Philippines, 6th leading cause of mortality
Clinical manifestation
▪ Cell wall
▪ PTB
▪ Presence of mycolic acid
▪ Dx:
▪ Tuberculin skin test (Mantoux test)
▪ ZiehlNeelsen or Kinyoun method
▪ Sputum test
▪ Tx:
▪ Most treatment regimens begin with 2
months of isoniazid (isonicotinylhydrazine
[INH]), ethambutol, pyrazinamide, and
rifampin, followed by 4 to 6 months of INH
and rifampin or alternative combination
drugs.
MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE
Lepromatous leprosy Tubercoloid leprosy Lepromatous leprosy
▪ “Multibacillary Hansen disease”
▪ most infectious form of leprosy
▪ disfiguring skin lesions, nodules,
plaques, thickened dermis, and
involvement of the nasal mucosa
▪ Lepromin test (-)