Lecture-7 Unit-4: Discrete Mathematics and Numerical Analysis - 10 Marks

Syllabus from NTRCA

Unit-4: Discrete Mathematics-1
•Discrete Mathematics: set theory, relations, functions, graph theory, algebraic systems, group
theory, homomorphism, mathematical reasoning, theories with induction. Recurrence function;

List of Questions from this Unit –

*** Set কি? কিকিন্ন প্রিার সেটের ির্নর্া ? Mark 1 x 5

*** A={1,4,7,0}, B={1,2,3,4,5}, C={1,4,2,79} হলে মান বের কর? Mark 1 x 5

I) A ∩ C
II) B U C
II) (A U B) ∩ C
*** A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {3, 4, 5, 6} হলে মান বের কর? Mark 1 x 5
I) A – B
II) B – A
c
III) A
IV) A ⨁ B

** Relations Related Problem Mark 1 x 5

** Function Related Problem Mark 1 x 5
*Graph theory Related Problem Mark 1 x 5
* Algebraic systems Related Problem? Mark 1 x 5
** Group theory Related Problem Mark 1 x 5

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Lecture-7 Unit-4: Discrete Mathematics and Numerical Analysis - 10 Marks

*** Set কি? কিকিন্ন প্রিার সেটের ির্নর্া ?

A set is defined as a collection of distinct objects of the same type or class of objects.
The purposes of a set are called elements or members of the set. An object can be
numbers, alphabets, names, etc.

সহজ োাংোয়ঃ এিকে সেে হল এিই ধরটর্র কিকিন্ন িস্তুটের এিকে েংগ্রহ, সেখাটর্ প্রটযেিকে িস্তু এিকে
কর্কেনষ্ট ধরটের িা অিটেটের এিই সেেী হটয হটি এিং প্রকযকে িস্তু এিিারই সেটে থািটি।

Examples of sets are: A Set of NTRCA Exam Candidate

1. Finite Sets – েেীম সেে: A finite set is a set which has a limited or countable
number of elements. Example – Number of Apple in a basket
সহয োাংোয়ঃ যা গননা করা যায়। ঝুড়িলে আলেলের সাংখ্যা।
2. Infinite Sets - অেীম সেে: A set which is not finite or not countable is called
as Infinite Sets. Like number of fish in sea.
সহয োাংোয়ঃ যা গননা করা যায়না। বযমন সাগলর মালের সাংখ্যা।
3. Subsets- উেলসট: If every element in a set A is also an element of a set B, then
A is called a subset of B. It can be denoted as A ⊆ B. Here B is called Superset
of A.

Example: If A= {1, 2} and B= {4, 2, 1} the A is the subset of B or A ⊆ B.

4. Proper Subset- প্রিৃয উেলসট: If A is a subset of B and A ≠ B then A is said to be a

proper subset of B. If A is a proper subset of B then B is not a subset of A, i.e., there
is at least one element in B which is not in

Example:

(i)Let A = {2, 3, 4}
B = {2, 3, 4, 5}

A is a proper subset of B.

(ii) The null ∅ is a proper subset of every se

5. Improper Subset- অপ্রিৃয উেলসট: If A is a subset of B and A = B, then A is said to

be an improper subset of B.
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Lecture-7 Unit-4: Discrete Mathematics and Numerical Analysis - 10 Marks

Example

(i) A = {2, 3, 4}, B = {2, 3, 4}

A is an improper subset of B.

(ii) Every set is an improper subset of itself.

6. Universal Set - োকিনি সেে : If all the sets under investigations are subsets of a fixed
set U, then the set U is called Universal Set.

Example: In the human population studies the universal set consists of all the people
in the world.

7. Null Set or Empty Set- ফাাঁিা সেে: A set having no elements is called a Null set or
void set. It is denoted by∅.

8. Singleton Set – এিি সেে : It contains only one element. It is denoted by {s}.

Example: S= {x|x∈N, 7<x<9} = {8}

9. Equal Sets- েমার্ সেে: Two sets A and B are said to be equal and written as A = B
if both have the same elements. Therefore, every element which belongs to A is also
an element of the set B and every element which belongs to the set B is also an
element of the set A.

1. A = B ⟺ {x ϵ A ⟺ x ϵ B}.

If there is some element in set A that does not belong to set B or vice versa then A
≠ B, i.e., A is not equal to B.

10. Equivalent Sets – েমযুলে সেে: If the cardinalities of two sets are equal, they are
called equivalent sets.

Example: If A= {1, 2, 6} and B= {16, 17, 22}, they are equivalent as cardinality of A is
equal to the cardinality of B. i.e. |A|=|B|=3 েমযুলে হটে েমার্িাটি যুলর্া িরা োয় কিন্তু েমার্
র্য় র্া।

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Lecture-7 Unit-4: Discrete Mathematics and Numerical Analysis - 10 Marks

11. Disjoint Sets-পৃথিিৃয িা কর্টেে সেে: Two sets A and B are said to be disjoint if no
element of A is in B and no element of B is in A.

Example:

R={a,b,c}
S = {k, p, m}
R and S are disjoint sets.
দু ড়ট বসলটর মলযয যড়দ বকান ইড়েলমলের ড়মে না থালক েলে োলদর বক পৃথিিৃয িা কর্টেে সেে িলা
হয়।

12. Power Sets-শকি সেে: The power of any given set A is the set of all subsets of A
and is denoted by P (A). If A has n elements, then P (A) has 2n elements.

Example: A={1,2,3}
P (A) = {∅, {1}, {2}, {3}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2, 3}, {1, 2, 3}}.

বকান বসলটর সােলসট ো ইড়েলমেস সাংখ্যা োর োওয়ার বসট ড়হলসলে ড়েলেড়িে হয়।

Note: এখ্ালন সে গুলো একসালথ এভালে প্রশ্ন নাও ড়দলে োলর, শুযু মাত্র ২-১ টা উদাহরন সহ আসলে।

***A={1,4,7,0}, B={1,2,3,4,5}, C={1,4,2,7,9} হলে মান বের কর?

I) A ∩ C
II) B U C
II) (A U B) ∩ C
Answer:
I) A ∩ C = {1,4,7,0} ∩ {1,4,2,7,9} = {1,4,7}
II) B U C = ={1,2,3,4,5} U {1,4,2,7,9} = {1,2,3,4,5,7,9}
II) (A U B) ∩ C = {1,2,3,4,5,7,0} ∩ {1,4,2,7,9} = {1,2,4,7}

*** A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {3, 4, 5, 6} হলে মান বের কর? এোং বভন ড়িলত্রর সাহালযয বদখ্াও
Mark 1 x 5
I) A∪B
II) A ∩ B
III)A – B
IV) B – A
c
V) A
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Lecture-7 Unit-4: Discrete Mathematics and Numerical Analysis - 10 Marks

VI) A ⨁ B
Answer:
I) A∪B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.

II) A ∩ B = {3,4}

III) A – B = = {1, 2}

IV) B – A = {5, 6}

V) Ac = U – A = {all natural numbers except 1, 2, and 3}.

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Lecture-7 Unit-4: Discrete Mathematics and Numerical Analysis - 10 Marks

VI) A ⨁ B = (A ∪ B) - (A ∩ B) = {1,2,5,6}

** Relations Related Problem Mark 1 x 5

Let X = {4, 5, 6}, Y = {a, b, c} and Z = {l, m, n}. Consider the relation R1 from X to Y
and R2 from Y to Z.

R1 = {(4, a), (4, b), (5, c), (6, a), (6, c)}
R2 = {(a, l), (a, n), (b, l), (b, m), (c, l), (c, m), (c, n)}

উেলরর ড়িলত্রর সাহালযয বের করুন (i) R1 o R2 (ii) R1o R1-1

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Lecture-7 Unit-4: Discrete Mathematics and Numerical Analysis - 10 Marks

Solution:

(i) The composition relation R1 o R2 as shown in fig:

R1 o R2 = {(4, l), (4, n), (4, m), (5, l), (5, m), (5, n), (6, l), (6, m), (6, n)}

(ii) The composition relation R1o R1-1 as shown in fig:

R1o R1-1 = {(4, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 4), (6, 5), (4, 6), (6, 6)}

** Function Related Problem Mark 1 x 5

সেয়া আটে f(x)=x+2, and g(x)=2x+1
সির িরুর্ (fog)(x) and (gof)(x)
Answer:
(fog)(x)=f(g(x))=f(2x+1)=2x+1+2=2x+3
(gof)(x)=g(f(x))=g(x+2)=2(x+2)+1=2x+5
Hence, (fog)(x)≠(gof)(x)

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Lecture-7 Unit-4: Discrete Mathematics and Numerical Analysis - 10 Marks

*কর্টে সেয়া িোলু গুটলার Floor Function & Ceiling Functions সির িরুর্

(i)[3. 5] (ii) [-2.4] (iii) [3. 143].

Answer:

Floor Function

(i)[3 . 5] = 3

(ii) [-2 .4] = -3

(iii) [3. 143] = 3

Ceiling Functions

(i)[3. 5] = 4

(ii) [-2 .4] = -2

(iii) [3. 143] = 4.

কর্টে সেয়া িোলু গুটলার MOD সির িরুর্

(i) 35 (MOD 7) (ii) 20 (MOD 3) (iii) 4 (MOD 9)

Answer:

(i) 35 (MOD 7) = 0

(ii) 20 (MOD 3) = 2

(iii) 4 (MOD 9) = 4

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Lecture-7 Unit-4: Discrete Mathematics and Numerical Analysis - 10 Marks

*Graph theory Related Problem Mark 1 x 5

1. ড়নলির ড়িলত্রর Vortex প্রলেযক Degree বের করুন।

Answer:

d(a)=3; d(b)=5; d(c) = 2; d(d)=2.

2. ড়নলির ড়িলত্রর Vortex প্রলেযক Degree বের করুন এোং োর বযাগফে বের করুন।

Answer:=d(v1)+d(v2 )+d(v3 )+d(v4 )+d(v5 )+d(v6 )+d(v7 )+d(v8)

= 2+3+3+3+3+4+2+2=22, which is even.

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Lecture-7 Unit-4: Discrete Mathematics and Numerical Analysis - 10 Marks

৩। ড়নলির ড়িলত্রর সাে গ্রাফ বের করুন ।

(i)G-v1 (ii) G-v3 (iii) G-v5

Solution:

1. The subgraph G-v1 is shown in fig

2. The subgraph G-v3 is shown in fig
3. The subgraph G-v5 is shown in fig

৪। কর্টের কেটের CUT point সির িরুর্ ।

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Lecture-7 Unit-4: Discrete Mathematics and Numerical Analysis - 10 Marks

Solution: For this graph, the edge set {(V1,V5),(V7,V5)} is a cut set. After the removal
of the set, we have left with a disconnected subgraph. While after the removal of
any of its proper subset, we have left with a connected subgraph.

** Algebraic systems Related Problem? েু টের প্রমার্- Mark 1 x 5

ড়নলির সু ত্রগুলো মলন রাখ্লে হলে এগুলোর প্রমান আসলে োলর।

Idempotent (a) A ∪ A = A (b) A ∩ A = A

Laws

Associative (a) (A ∪ B) ∪ C = A ∪ (B ∪ (b) (A ∩ B) ∩ C = A ∩ (B ∩

Laws C) C)

Commutative (a) A ∪ B = B ∪ A (b) A ∩ B = B ∩ A

Laws

Distributive (a) A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (b) A ∩ (B ∪ C) =(A ∩ B) ∪

Laws (A ∪ C) (A ∩ C)

De Morgan's (a) (A ∪B)c=Ac∩ Bc (b) (A ∩B)c=Ac∪ Bc

Laws

Identity Laws (a) A ∪ ∅ = A (c) A ∩ U =A

(b) A ∪ U = U (d) A ∩ ∅ = ∅

Complement (a) A ∪ Ac= U (c) Uc= ∅

Laws (b) A ∩ Ac= ∅ (d) ∅c = U

Involution Law (a) (Ac)c = A

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