Digital System

and Logic
CSC159 – Computer Organization
Lesson Outcomes
 Boolean Algebra
 Boolean Operations
AND OR
 Logic Gates

 Truth Tables
NOT XOR
 Combinational Logic Circuits

UiTM Terengganu - naza Topic 1: Digital System and Logic 2

Integrated Circuits (ICs)
 The building blocks of computers
 “An IC is a small chip that can function as an amplifier, oscillator,
timer, microprocessor, or even computer memory. Usually made of
silicon and can hold anywhere from hundreds to millions of
transistors, resistors, and capacitors.”
 Designed for specialized functions
 Examples: the CPU, bus interface, memory
management unit
 Transistors  commonly used in digital circuits as
electronic switches which can be either in an "on" or
"off" state

UiTM Terengganu - naza Topic 1: Digital System and Logic 3

Boolean Algebra
 The digital computer is based on Boolean algebra
 Describes rules that govern constants & variables that can
take on two values (Boolean logic)
 Can be represented in many ways:
 true or false, on or off, yes or no, 1 or 0, light or dark…

 Transistors: means for implementing Boolean algebra

 Switches: on/off to represent the 0’s and 1’s of binary digital
circuits
 Combined to form logic gates

 Boolean logic rules can be described as formulas, or

by a truth table
 Specifies the result for all possible combinations of inputs

UiTM Terengganu - naza Topic 1: Digital System and Logic 4

Boolean Operations
 3 fundamental operations: AND, OR, NOT …
XOR
Operation Symbol Equation
AND • C = A • B
OR (INCLUSIVE-OR) + C = A + B
NOT ˉ C = Ā
XOR (EXCLUSIVE-OR) ⊕ C = A ⊕ B

UiTM Terengganu - naza Topic 1: Digital System and Logic 5

AND Operation
 The result of an AND operation is TRUE if and
only if both (or all) input operands are TRUE

Truth table:(2-input) 22 = 4 AND gate:

A B C
0 0 0
0 1 0 C
1 0 0
1 1 1

UiTM Terengganu - naza Topic 1: Digital System and Logic 6

OR Operation
 The result of an OR operation is TRUE if the
values of any (one or more) of the input
operands are TRUE
Truth table: OR gate:
A B C
0 0 0
0 1 1
C
1 0 1
1 1 1

UiTM Terengganu - naza Topic 1: Digital System and Logic 7

NOT Operation
 The result of a NOT operation is TRUE if and
only if the single is FALSE
 The result is always the opposite state from the input
operand
Truth table:(1-input) NOT gate:
21 = 2
A C
0 1 A C
1 0

UiTM Terengganu - naza Topic 1: Digital System and Logic 8

XOR Operation
 The result of an XOR operation is TRUE if
either A or B is TRUE but not both
 Gives a true output when the number of true
inputs is odd
Truth table: XOR gate:
A B C
0 0 0
C
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
UiTM Terengganu - naza Topic 1: Digital System and Logic 9
 23 = 8
Truth Table (3-input)
A B C Y
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1

UiTM Terengganu - naza Topic 1: Digital System and Logic 10

Truth Table (4-input)

UiTM Terengganu - naza Topic 1: Digital System and Logic 11

Combinational Logic Circuits
 Combinational Logic Circuits are made up
from basic logic gates that are “combined” or
connected together to produce more
complicated switching circuits.

UiTM Terengganu - naza Topic 1: Digital System and Logic 12