EEE301 Digital Electronics

Lecture 1 Part 1

Dr. A.S.M. Mohsin

Assistant Professor, Department of EEE
BRAC,UB50511
E-mail:asm.mohsin@bracu.edu.au

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Course Objective
By the end of this course, students will be able to:
• Explain concepts and terminology of digital electronics.
• Application of logic to design, creating and solving problem using gates.
• Use of DE Morgan theorem to simplify expression.
• Formulate and employ a Karnaugh Map to reduce Boolean expressions and
logic circuits to their simplest forms.
• Create circuits to solve problems using gates to replicate all logic functions.
• Design and evaluate a solution to a digital design problem.
• Design and implement combinational logic circuits using reprogrammable
logic devices.

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Course Materials
Sl. Title Author(s) Publication Edition Publisher ISBN
Year
1 Digital Systems: Principles Ronald J Tocci and 2011 11th Ed 0135103827,
9780135103821
and Applications Neal S Widmer,

2 Digital Logic and M. Morris Mano and 2004 4th Ed. Pearson/Prentice 013140539X,
Michael D. Ciletti, Hall, 9780131405394
Computer Design

3 Fundamentals of Logic Roth, HR, 2010 6th edn Thomson- 0495471690,

Design Brooks/Cole 9780495471691

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Learning outcome of this lecture
After completing this chapter, you will be able to:
• Describe the functional operation of a basic logic gate using truth
tables, logic expressions and logic waveforms.
• Describe the meaning of a logic family and the operation of the most
common technologies used today.
• Determine the operating conditions of a logic circuit when driving
various types of loads.
• Implementing Circuits from Boolean Expressions

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Boolean Algebra
• Boolean Algebra covers operations that we can do with 0’s and 1’s.
• They are basic building blocks of computation inside digital device
• It is a means for expressing relationship between a logic circuit’s input
and output
• Letter symbol might be used to represents circuits inputs and
outputs. For example the letter A might represents a certain digital
circuits input or output where we must have either A=0 or A=1.

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Boolean Algebra
• The Boolean 0 and 1 do not represent actual numbers but instead
represents the state of a voltage variable called logic level.
• A voltage in a digital circuit is said to be at the logic 0 level or the logic
1 level depending on actual numerical value
• Boolean value ‘0’ might be assigned to any voltage in the range of 0-
1.2V and ‘1’ might be assigned to any voltage in the range 3.2V-5V

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Boolean Algebra
• In digital logic, several other terms are used to represent 0 and 1.

• Example

Logic 0 Logic 1
False True
Off On
Low High
No Yes
Open switch Closed switch

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Buffer

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Logic operations
• There are only three basic operations: OR AND and NOT
• Digital circuit called logic gates can be constructed from diodes,
transistors and resistors connected such that the circuit output is the
result of a basic logic operation performed on the inputs.

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Truth table
• A truth table is a means for describing how a logic circuit’s output
depends on the logic level present at the circuit’s inputs.
• Truth table of two input logic circuits
Input Output
↓ ↓
A
↓B x
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

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Truth table
• The number of input combination will equal to 2N for an N input truth
table.
• List of all possible combination follows the binary counting sequence.
• Example
How many table entries are needed for a five input circuits?
25=32

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OR operation with OR gates
• An application example in the Kitchen oven
• The light inside the oven should turn on:
Condition A: if the oven light is switched on (a separate switch to turn on the
interior light)
OR
Condition B= if the oven door is open
A and B are combined using OR operation to produce the output x where x
represents the light is on. The output x is a logic 1 for every combination of
input levels (condition A and B) where one or more inputs are 1. The only
case where x is 0 in when both the inputs are 0.
**Note: for both condition main power switch has to be on

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OR operation with OR gates
• The OR operation produces a result (output) of 1 whenever any input
is a 1. Otherwise the output is 0.
• OR gate is a logic circuit that performs an OR operation on the
circuit’s input
• The expression x=A+B is read as “x equals A OR B”

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OR operation

A B X=A+B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

• x=A+B
• The plus sign does not stand for ordinary addition, it stand for OR
operation

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OR gate output from timing diagram

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Glitch in the Output

• A glitch is an electrical pulse of short duration that is usually the

result of a fault or design error, particularly in a digital circuits.
• For example, many electronic components, such as flip flop, are
triggered by a pulse that must not be shorter than a specified
minimum duration; otherwise, the component may malfunction. A
pulse shorter than the specified minimum is called a glitch.
• It is a short-lived fault in a system, such as a transient fault that
corrects itself, making it difficult to troubleshoot

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Glitch in the output

• May occur when both the inputs are

changing their state at a time. In this case,
glitch occurs at time t1 when A is going for
high to low and B is going for low to high
transition.
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Glitch in the output
• What would happen to the glitch in the output if the input C sat in
HIGH state while A and B were changing at time t1?

With the C input HIGH at t1, the OR gate output will remain HIGH
regardless what is occurring at the other inputs because any high input
will keep an OR gate output HIGH therefore the glitch will not appear in
the output

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Application of OR gate
• In many industrial control system it is desired to activate an output
function whenever any of the several input is activated.
• For example, in a chemical process it may be desired that an alarm be
activated whenever the process temperature exceeds a maximum
value or whenever the pressure goes above a certain limit

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Application: Alam system
• The alarm system can be constructed with the following components
i. One temperature transducer circuit which will produce an output
voltage proportional to the process temperature
ii. One pressure transducer which will produce an output voltage
correspondence to the process pressure
iii. Two voltage comparator which will compare both the transducer
voltage with the set reference voltage

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Application: Alam system

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 Application: Alam system

i. For Temperature transducer voltage VT will be compared with

reference voltage VTR .
ii. For pressure transducer voltage VP will be compared with the
reference pressure VPR
iii. Both the comparator output (TH and PH) will be low in normal state
(alarm off) but will be switched to high if the temperature or
pressure is above the threshold VTR and VPR
iv. The OR gate output will be ‘1’ (alarm on) if either of the
comparator output is logic high (1).
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