PM8213 .

C75 1968 10232

Cresswell, John.
NEW COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA (SF)

PM 8213 .C75 1968

Cresswell^ John.
Teach yourself Esperanto

#13502
DATE DUE BORROWER'S NAME

#13502
'resswellf John*
Teach yourself Esperanto / by John
'resswell and John Hartley» 2nd ed«
«ondon : English Universities PresSf
L968.
205 p. : 111« ; 19 cm. (Teach
''ourself books )
Jifl3502Keclass $ • •
ISBN 0-340-0 5781-5 PM
8213
C75
1968

1« Esperanto
[artley, John, d. 1962.
—
Se If — i nstructi on •
II. Title
I

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THE TEACH YOURSELF BOOKS

ESPERANTO
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and in the same series

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 TEACH YOURSELF

ESPERANTO
By

JOHN CRESSWELL,
Diploma of the British Esperanto Association

and

JOHN HARTLEY, M.A.,

Diploma of the British Esperanto Association

THE ENGLISH UNIVERSITIES PRESS LTD

ST. PAUL'S HOUSE, WARWICK LANE
LONDON, E.C.4
 7

First Published . . igsj

Second Edition . . 1968

All Rights Reserved

SECOND EDITION
COPYRIGHT © 1968
THE ENGLISH UNI\^RSITIES PRESS LTD

This is published in the U.S.A. by David McKay

Company Inc., 750 Third Avenue, New York,
N.Y. 1 00 1

SBN 340 05781 5

Printed in Great Britain for the English Universities Press, Limited

by Elliott Bros. f Yeoman Ltd., Liverpool

 —— —

CONTENTS
Page
Preface to the Second Edition

Introductory Lesson

Lesson One - - - - -
15
Spelling and Pronunciation -the Numbers

Lesson Two - - - - - 21
Nouns —La—Kaj —The Present Tense
Correlatives— Kiu and Tiu — Prefixes and
Suffixes — Ge — In — Ej La Familio —
La Domo (Family and House)

Lesson Three - - - - 28
— Personal Pronouns— Contin-
Adjectives
uous Tenses — Cu—Jes and Ne — Kio and
Tio — Kia and Tia — Mai La ambro
(The Room)

Lesson Four - - - -
36
Adverbs — Subject —
and Object Kie and
Tie— Kiel and Tiel— Et— Eg—La Urbo
(The Town)

Lesson Five -----

—The Indirect Object—The
Prepositions
— Pronoun-Adjectives — The
42

Past Tense
Future Tense — Kiun, Kion, Kian— Kial
and Tial — Ul— Re — Letero (A Letter)

Interpolation

Lesson Six
Movement To
----- —
-

—
Movement From
—
-

The Ending -U Names of Countries

The
- -
51

54

Names of Cities Uj An— — — Pri Via

Ferio en Svislando (About Your Holi-
day in Switzerland)
 —— — — ——

Lesson Seven - - - -
64
Impersonal Verbs Oni More About — —
Adverbs —
Days^ Months, etc. Er — —
Veterprognozo (Weather Forecast)

Lesson Eight _ > _ >

72
—
Further Uses of -N Second, Third, First,
— Obi— On— Op—Telling the Time
etc.
Da—Kiom and Tiom — Kiam and Tiam
A—Radio Kaj Televido (Wireless and
Television)

Lesson Nine
Comparison
----- — Word-Order — Ad — Ar
85

Ebl— Ind— Id— Notoj Pri La Nature

(Nature Notes)

Lesson Ten
The Infinitive
-----
Prepositions with an — 95

Infinitive —
The Ending -Us Aflfixes as —
Independent Words Kies and Ties — —
Pago Por Virinoj (Women's Page)
Lesson Eleven - - - - 106
The Reflexive Pronoun — Sia— Ig I —
Ec — — Ism 1st Datreveno de Einstein
(Einstein's Anniversary)

Lesson Twelve - - - - 116

Participles — The Perfect Tense— Onta —
Participial Nouns —Ju — Des — Ajn — II
Ek Kelkaj Reklamoj (Some Adver-
tisements)

Lesson Thirteen - - - - 127

Verbs Preceding their Subjects — The

A A— u— Neku— Nek
Mem Kaj
Introductory "It" Kaj
— . .

...
.

Jen
.
.
,

Jen
. . .

— — . . . , . . .

. Estr
Fu —Pago de Flankokupoj
. . . . . . . . . . .

Em (Page
of Hobbies)
 — —— — —

Lesson Fourteen - - - - 136

Indirect Speech — Passive Participles —
—
Compound Tenses Passive Participles as
Nouns — Dis — —
Ac Fi Leteroj al la
Redaktisto (Letters to the Editor)

Lesson Fifteen - - - -
148
Word-Building — Past Extending into
Present Anta Ol — Um — End — Eks
Pra — Mis — Ing— Nj — Cj Pago Por La
Sexnajnfino (Week-end Page)

Lesson Sixteen - - - - 160

Adverbial Participles — The Object Pre-
dicate — Indirect Commands —Bo Diver-
sajoj El La Tuta Mondo (Miscellany)

Further Study - - - - 169

Table of Correlatives - - - 170

Table of Affixes - - - - i73

The 16 Official Rules - - -

177

Key to Exercises - - - - 1 79

Esperanto Associations - - -
192

General Vocabulary - - -
193
 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
John Hartley was killed in a road accident in 1962,
and I should like this Second Edition to be dedicated
to his memory.
A great many printing and other errors have been
corrected, and the text has also been altered or footnotes
added where explanations were not quite clear. Short
of re-writing the book (which I beg to think unnecessary,
anyway), then, quite a fair revision has been carried out.
Ever since the book first appeared, help has not been
lacking. In particular, thanks are due to Mr. C. D. A.
Capp, Mr. J. W. LesHe, Mr. K. Hadler, Dr. W. P.
Roelofs, Mr. E. Revill, Mr. R. Colley, Mr. R. Hum-
phreys, and many others who took the trouble to write
to me pointing out errors and making useful suggestions.
I should be extremely obliged if Esperantists will
continue to write to me c/o the publishers to point out
any errors they may come across.

John Cresswell
 INTRODUCTORY LESSON
Esperanto is the auxiliary language created by a
Polish oculist, Dr. L. L. Zamenhof (1859-1917), and
first pubhshed in 1887. Some people think of Zamenhof
as a dreamy Utopian who imagined that if a neutral
second language were once introduced, all wars would
cease and the world become a Garden of Eden. In fact,
he was fully informed on the state of the world, and knew
that the causes of war have little to do with language. His
contention was, that we must Jirst find some solution to
the "language problem". Not until we have settled this
comparatively minor matter can we begin to understand
each other across the frontiers and then to discuss the
grave social and economic problems which face us.
Esperanto is intended as a simple second language for all
mankind, so that each of us may have it within his power
to speak to, and to understand, any of his fellow men
throughout the world. It is in no way opposed to the
national languages; on the contrary, it creates in those
who learn it an interest in the whole matter, and this
very often leads to their learning one or more of the
national languages.

Characteristics of Esperanto
Most languages may be divided into three parts:

(1) Vocabulary (i.e. the mass of words which make up

the language).
(2) SpeUing and Pronunciation.
(3) Grammar and Syntax or Word-order.

In each of these three departments, Esperanto shows

enormous simplification when compared with any
national language.

The and Pronunciation are absolutely phonetic,

Spelling
and there are only five vowel sounds (most national
languages have twenty or more). Each letter has one
lO ESPERANTO
sound only, and any sound is always rendered by one
and the same letter.

The Grammar and Syntax are so ingeniously devised that

in place of the usual maze of rules, occupying a sizeable
volume, which most other languages present, we have
only 1 6 short rules, which may be written comfortably
on a sheet of notepaper. They are reproduced in the
appendix.

The Vocabulary gave Zamenhof many sleepless nights

until he found a brilliant solution. He
upon the idea
hit
of carrying the principle of Affixes through to its logical
conclusion. The result was that an Esperanto dictionary
is only one-tenth the size of one in a national language.

In these languages, regularization is only partial, and

often illogical, whereas in Esperanto it is complete. For
example in English we often form the feminine of a noun
:

by adding -ess: author/authoress, lion/lioness Often, but

by no means always. We
are not allowed to say bull/
bulless or hero/heroess. In Esperanto the feminine ending
may be added to any noun; and so throughout the
—
language there is no exception to any rule and no
limit to its applicabiUty.

As for the words themselves, Zamenhof did not invent

them arbitrarily, but took them from the most important
languages of western civilization, mainly from Latin,
which is the origin of so many modern languages. Some
words look exactly as they do in English, e.g. birdo a bird, —
rivero —a In others the connection is less obvious,
river.
but often there nevertheless is a connection, if we look a
little further. For example, mano (hand) does not re-
semble the English; but we have the same root in manual
("pertaining to a hand"), manufacture, manipulate^
—
manuscript, etc. because mano comes from the Latin
manus which has likewise given rise to these English
words. We shall draw the student's attention to some of
these etymological connections, especially in the first
few lessons, whenever it seems likely to help in memo-
rising.
 INTRODUCTORY LESSON II

How to Learn
If you know something about grammar and gramma-
tical terms, so much the better; but if not, it does not
matter. We
are not assuming any knowledge of grammar.
A few basic concepts are all that is required, and these
we shall explain as clearly as we can.
However eagerly you learn at first, you are sure to find
at the end of a few days that you have forgotten most of
it. Do not be at all upset about this Every day we accept
!

a thousand and one new facts and promptly forget them

again. If we retained everything in our mind we should
go mad in a week. So, to forget is a natural process; to
remember is unnatural and requires a slight effort. You
will find that out of ten new words learnt only two or
three are retained in the memory. The others you will
forget, and will have to re-learn. When you learn them
for the second time, they come much more easily to you,
and this time you will probably remember nearly all of
them. A
small minority, however, will elude you again,
and will have to be learnt for a third time. The moral of
this is that constant repetition is necessary. You cannot
learn a language as you would read a novel, by merely
going straight through from the first word to the last.
You must continually re-read each section and as it were
over-learn it, until you have thoroughly assimilated it.

It must be heavily emphasised that language consists of

sounds. We are becoming so accustomed to silent reading
and writing that we are apt to lose sight of this fact.
Language must have existed for at least 20,000 years,
but only for the last 4,000 has there been any sort of
written record. Writing, therefore, is an invention of
yesterday, comparatively speaking. It bears the same
relation to language itself as a page printed with staff-
lines and black dots does to the sound of music. Even
when we read silently we are unconsciously "hearing"
the words with an inner ear, and literary style is judged
by the sound which the words make when spoken, never
by the pattern which they may happen to make on paper.
Take great pains, therefore, to master the pronunciation.
12 ESPERANTO
Read the first lesson very carefully, and on no account
skip it to come to "more important" matters. The
lesson on pronunciation is as important as any in the
book, and it would be all the more tragic to neglect it in
that (a) a good pronunciation of Esperanto is quite
easy to acquire, and (b) it is one of the most beautiful-
sounding languages on earth. If this seems a rash claim,
consider what is the most beautiful language. Tastes
differ, of course, but there is little doubt that if a vote
were taken, Italian would win by a comfortable margin.
And the general sound of Esperanto very closely re-
sembles that of Italian. No one, certainly, who has heard
an Esperantist orator such as Dr. Privat, Dr. Lapenna
or Mr. Stuttard will feel at all inclined to dispute our
statement, that Esperanto is one of the most beautiful
languages on earth.

It follows also, that you should try to speak Esperanto

as much as possible, right from the start. If you can make
contact with an experienced Esperantist, he will be
delighted to help you. But if you have no one else to speak
to, you should speak, aloud, to yourself. Put a question
and answer it. Imagine that you have always at your
side a four-year-old child who never stops asking
"What? . . . \Vhy? . . . Where? . . . Who? . . ."—ask
yourself these questions and answer them. The answer
will often contain precisely the same words as the ques-
tion ("Is Esperanto a beautiful language?" "Yes,
Esperanto is a beautiful language", etc.), but say —
them again, nevertheless. This repetition is part of your
training and gives an encouraging feeling of fluency.
The important thing is to use Esperanto itself as much
as possible. No doubt you will need to use some English
at first, but regard it as a crutch to be dispensed with
whenever possible, and finally to be discarded alto-
gether.The only way to learn to swim is to go into the
water and try. Books may tell you many interesting
things about swimming, but though you read them until
the Crack of Doom you will never become a swimmer
if you never actually enter the water. Similarly, the
only way to learn how to speak Esperanto is by
 INTRODUCTORY LESSON I3

speaking Esperanto. Not until you can think in Esper-

anto without any Enghsh in your mind can you be said
to know the language. This is not a superhuman achieve-
—
ment at all merely a question of practice. More detailed
notes on this will be found after the first five lessons.

A trained linguist will probably acquire a reasonable

command of Esperanto after no more than a dozen hours
of study. Those who are not specially trained will need
perhaps a hundred hours. For them it is necessary to
take it in small but frequent doses. A
mind which is not
specially trained can take in only a very small amount of
new knowledge at one sitting. If you study for only ten
minutes, carefully and deliberately, you will almost
certainly remember most of it and so make small but
Whereas if you sit for two solid hours
definite progress.
"swotting" Esperanto your time will have been worse
than wasted. Not only will you not have advanced, but
you will have so bemused yourself as to have forgotten
most of what you knew when you started. So train your-
self to short periods of intensive study in which you really
do learn something; and when you feel that you have
learnt something, train yourself to stop! This requires
considerable self-discipline, for the tendency is to go on,
and as you go on, so your mind becomes vaguer. An hour
a day for four or five weeks should give you an excellent
foundation and divide the hour into two half-hour or
;

better still for most people —four quarter-hour periods.

But itmust be every day; if you miss a day or two, you
lose ground badly.

Lay-out of this book.

Each lesson normally contains:

(1) Explanations in simple English of certain points of

grammar, with examples.
(2) A passage of reading matter embodying the same
grammatical points.
(3) Sketches, which not only add interest, but are
designed to help in understanding the text.
14 ESPERANTO
(4) Various exercises, which should always be tho-
roughly worked. A key is at the end of the book.

There are 1 6 lessons in all, of which the first five are

designed to provide a working foundation of essential
grammar and vocabulary. Having mastered these five
only, you are already in a position to use Esperanto in all
four ways (reading, writing, speaking and hearing), and
you should do so as much as you can. The more you use
it, the sooner you will become proficient. More detailed

notes on practice are given after lesson 5.

Above all, enjoy your studies! Treat each lesson as a

pleasant mental challenge and get the same satisfaction
from conquering it as you would from solving a crossword
or other puzzle. Do not be too anxious about all the
details at first, but concentrate on getting the general
meaning; minor matters can be attended to at a second
or third reading.
 LESSON ONE
Spelling and Pronunciation
(N.B. —This lesson looks complicated, because
it much space to explain in writing what
takes
could be shown orally in a few minutes. Read it
carefully once, then proceed with Lesson 2,
then re-read it.)

I
.
—
English spelling and pronunciation are highly irre-
gular; one letter may have several different sounds, and
one sound may be represented by several different letters.
There are also many silent letters, which are written but
not pronounced (e.g. the ugh in "though") The accentua- .

tion of words varies unpredictably, and may fall on any

syllable (e.g. phOtograph, photOgraphy, photogrA-
phic).

There are none of these irregularities in Esperanto.

(i) Spelling and pronunciation are phonetic — as a

word is spelt, so it is pronounced, and vice versa.

(2) The sounds are all sharply differentiated, with none

of such subtle differences as English bed/bad/bard/
bawd.

(3) The accent always falls on the

but one.
last syllable
Each vowel counts as a syllable —
there are as many
i.e.,
syllables as there are vowels, so that in familio the final
i and o are counted separately, and the pronunciation

is fa-mi-LI-o. Words therefore often have an accentuation

different from that of similar words in English. For

example, rivero^ kosmopolita, Ameriko are accented:
ri-VE-ro, kos-mo-po-LI-ta, a-me-RI-ko.

(4) There are no silent letters; every letter is pro-

nounced, exactly in the order written. For example,
pale, knabo, piede are sounded: pAh-leh, k-nAh-bo,

15
l6 ESPERANTO
pee-Eh-deh, Take care about this! There is an inevi-
table tendency to pronounce a word in the EngHsh way,
especially when it looks exactly like an English word.

2. —
The Esperanto alphabet contains 28 letters —
vowels and 23 consonants. The consonants give little
trouble; it is the five vowels which Englishmen need to
practice. They are A, E, I, O
and U, and correspond
to the same symbols in the International Phonetic
Alphabet. Using examples from English, their sounds
are as follows :

A as in "father": tablo (tAh-bloh) ; kato (kAh-toh).

E as in "there": afero (a-f EHr-roh) ;
/?^r (pehrr)
teo (tEh-oh).
I as in "machine" ^/mo : (f EEl-moh) ; birdo (bEErr-
doh).
O as in "November" : mikrofono (mee-kroh-f OH-noh :

all O's alike!).

U as in "moose" : pure (pOOr-reh) ; suno (sOO-noh).
Important Notes.

(i) Do make
the vowels too long! There is a ten-
not
dency to say e.g. "maaahno" instead
of just "mah-no".
Some people in southern England even say "Esper-
aaarnto". These vowels are at most only "half-long".

(2) The vowels are all "pure", i.e. single, sounds. This
applies especially to e and o. In English, e has a -y-
sound creeping after it, and o a -w- sound. Resist this in
Esperanto; it is horrible to hear mono pronounced as
"mouw-nouw", or petas as "payy-tas".

(3) Words must not be glided into one another. Ne

estas should be spoken with a slight, but definite, pause
between the words. Similarly, la alia (la a-lEE-ah) ;

at all costs do not slip an r in here! (lahralia).

Negative advice is not generally to be recommended,

but a little here should be helpful in forestaUing un-
conscious error. Note, then, that:
 LESSON ONE 17

(a) A
never pronounced as in English "pale" or
is

"false". Both of these words exist in Esperanto (meaning

"palely", "falsely"), but they are pronounced pAh-leh,
fAhl-sseh.

(b) E is never as in "here", nor as the obscure sound in

"the"./?r^=pEhrreh; lernas= lEhrr-nass; generalo=
geh-neh-rrAhlo (both e's alike!).
(c) /is never as in "mile":/n^==fEE-neh.

(d) U is never as in southern English "cut", nor as in

"mute": /?Mr^=pOOrreh; Mfl:=100ksah.

—The 23 consonants are

3. as follows:

B, C,, D, F, G, , H, , J, J, K, L, M, N, P, R, S,
, T, , V, Z.
In reciting the alphabet, or in spelling out a word,
we add O
to each of these, i.e. bo, tso, cho, do, etc.
:

The consonants are pronounced as in English, except

for the following :

C is as ts: cent =tsent; ^ra«a=gra-tsEE-ah.

is as English Ch church ceko = cheh-ko.
as in :

^G is always as in "gay", never as in "gem"; while

is always as in "gem", never as in "gay". Germana=
gehrr-mAH-na ardeno=^a,rr'dEH.-no.
;

the guttural heard in Scots "loch". You need not

/5" is

worry about it, as there are barely half-a-dozen common

=
words which contain it. (oro a. choir; eo Sin echo). =
J corresponds roughly to English y Jw/fo=yoo-lEE-o.
:

is the sound zh, as in "pleasure": ja/w-^a^^zha-lOO-

za. Distinguish carefully between this sound and G.

R should be well trilled. All Scotsmen and Welshmen

can do this; but the EngHshman says he cannot! An
Englishman tends to pronounce kato ("cat") and karto
("card") alike, except that he lengthens the a in karto.
In fact, there should be no difference between the a's,
but in karto the r should be trilled kahrr-to. :
l8 ESPERANTO
S is always as in "gas", never like z. So optimismo =
op-tee-mEE-ssmoh. Pesilo peh-ssEE-loh.
is as English sh: sipo = a. ship.

O corresponds roughly to English w. It occurs always

with a vowel. AC
is equivalent to ah +00; said quickly,

thisbecomes ow as in "cow". So Astralio=ow'Strah-

lEE-oh.
Similarly, Et is equivalent to Eh+00, a sound which
occurs in "wyiniard". So netrala=nehoo-trAH-la..
A is a common sound, e is rare; and any other use
of is so extremely rare as to be negligible.
Four diphthongs are formed with J:
AJ=as ai in "kaiser", or ei in "neither".
EJ=as ei in "vein".
OJ = as oy in "boy".
UJ=as ui in "ruin".
Notes.
(a) There are normally no double consonants, but they
sometimes occur accidentally in compound words. E.g.
mallonga is formed from mal-\-longa, sennacia from sen-\-
nacia. Such double consonants must be pronounced
double, i.e., lingered over. The same thing occurs in
English; for example "pa/^/y", "meaw«ess", "se/-to".

(b) Q, W, X, or Y.
Notice that Esperanto has no
Words containing which are adopted into Esper-
these,
anto, have their spelling modified. "Qjuality" becomes
kvalito; "extra" becomes ekstra; "weather" becomes
vetero.

(c) In general: By following these instructions you

should obtain a very fair pronunciation. But you should
aim at perfection, and this can be achieved only by
hearing and by oral practice. Any expert Esperantist
will be delighted to help you. Several gramophone
records have been made in Esperanto. Write to the
British Esperanto Association, 140^ Holland ParkAvenue^
 LESSON ONE I9

London^ W. ii^ for a current list of those available.

Many radio stations broadcast regularly in Esperanto,
and the current time-table can also be obtained from
the Association. You will not understand the words
yet, but at least you will hear the language and get
an idea of the effect to be aimed at. Failing these aids
Zamenhof himself recommended the Italian language
as a model. A
friend who knows Italian; gramophone
records of operatic arias; news broadcasts from Italian
—
radio stations any of these may help you to acquire
the sounds, especially the vowel sounds, and the general
intonation.

4. — Practise the pronunciation by learning the

Numbers :

i=unu (00-noo).
20 ESPERANTO
small, withwhich you come in contact. If you play any
scoring game, say each figure to yourself as you keep the
score. You should quickly become proficient.

Exercises
(1) What
is the number of your house? and your

friends' and relatives' houses? and your work-place?

the 'bus you catch? your 'phone? your friends' 'phones?
{l2l2 = mil ducent dek du; ggg^^nacent nadek na);
your car or bicycle ?

(2) Transcribe the following dates into Esperanto

words: —
1066 (Hastings); 1789 (French Revolution);
1815 (Waterloo); 1666 (Great^ Fire) 1588 (Armada);
;

1415 (Agincourt) 1564 (Birth of Shakespeare) 1887

; ;

(Esperanto published); 1918; 1955.

 LESSON TWO
DOMO KAJ FAMILIO
(House and Family)
Nouns
^. —The words used to name things — living or inani-
mate —are called nouns. In Esperanto all nouns in the
singular end in -O:
patrO a lather tablO a table
bestO an animal meblO a piece of furniture
filO a son virO a man
domO a house pomO an apple
hundO a dog pupO a doll
The singular noun can be showni
in English by putting
a or an before it — although
often omitted. As all
it is

nouns end in -O in Espfbranto, there is no need for a

separate word for a or an. Therefore p2itro a father or =
just father; tablo =
a table or just table; and similarly
with all other nouns.

6. —
Nouns in the plural add J to the -O:
patrOJ fathers tablOJ tables
bestOJ animals meblOJ pieces of furniture
filOJ sons virOJ men
domOJ houses pomOJ apples
hundOJ dogs pupOJ dolls

LA
7. used with nouns both in the singular
'La.=the. It is

and plural without change:

la patrO the father la patrOJ the fathers
la filO the son la filOJ the sons

KAJ
8. 1^.3.} = and (pronounced like Kai in Chiang Koi-
shek) :

patro KAJ filo father AND son

viro KAJ hundo a man AND a dog
22 ESPERANTO
—
Verbs The present Tense
9. —The words used to name an action or state are
called verbs. When we wish to show that the action is
taking place at the present time, or the present state of
something (i.e. the present tense), the verb ends in -AS:
La patro starAS.
The father stands.
La filo sidAS.
The son sits.

La viro legAS.
The man reads.
Hundo estAS besto.
A dog is an animal.
Tablo estAS meblo.
A table is a piece of furniture.

Correlatives
10. —
In English there are a number of words which
are mutually related, as follows:
Where — There — Somewhere — Nowhere — Every-
where.
Who — That (one) — Someone — No one — Everyone
What — That — Something — Nothing —
(thing)
Everything.
When — Then — Some time — Never — Always
(ever),
and so on.
As you can see, there is also some relationship in the
formation of these words, but as there are so many
exceptions and variations in English, they are not usually
set out in a table. In Esperanto, however, the pattern is
perfectly symmetrical, as may be seen from the full table
on page 170-1. For example, in English all the question-
words (Where, Who, Which, When, etc.) begin with
wh- with the exception of HOW. In Esperanto ALL nine
question-words start with K-.
be appreciated, of course, that some of these
It will
correlatives are used more than others, and some very
seldom. For this reason, it is not recommended that the
 LESSON TWO 23

beginner should try to learn all these words at once from

the table, which is given only for reference, but the most
important will be given a few at a time.

KIU AND TIU

1 1 .
kiu {kee-00) =who, which tiu {tee-00) =that (one)
As who = which person, kiu is used to translate both who
and which, tiu is likewise used of persons and things
known by name:
KIU estas la patro? TIU estas la patro.
Who is the father ? That one is the father.
KIU legas? TIU legas.
Who reads? That one reads.
KIU domo estas tiu? TIU estas la domo.
W^hich house is that? That is the house.
KIU besto estas hundo? TIU besto estas hundo.
Which animal is a dog ? That animal is a dog.
When either of these two words refer to plural nouns,
-J is added to them:
KIU estas la viro? TIU estas la viro.
Who is the man? That is the man.
*KIUJ estas la viroj? TIUJ estas la viroj.
Who are the men ? Those are the men.
KIUJ domoj estas tiuj? TIUJ estas la domoj.
Which houses are those? Those are the houses.
Note that kiuj is translated by who or which like kiu,
but that tiuj is translated by those.

Prefixes and Suffixes

12. In Esperanto, as in English and other languages,
affixes are widely used to build up many words from a
single root. However, as mentioned in the Introductory
Lesson, in Esperanto the prefixes and suffixes are used
much more regularly than those of other languages, and
can be added to any root with which they make sense.
Thus a large vocabulary can be obtained from compara-
tively few roots, and indeed this is one of the distinctive
features of Esperanto.
• pron. KEE-oo-i
24 ESPERANTO
GE-
13. —The prefix ge- is used to denote people of both
sexes taken together

patro a father GEpatroj parents

frato a brother GEfratoj brother (s) and sister (s)
filo a son GEfiloj son(s) and daughter (s)
knabo a boy GEknaboj boy(s) and girl(s)
GEsinjoroj is used both for 'Ladies and Gentlemen'
and 'Mr. and Mrs.'; GEsinjoroj Lang, Mr. and Mrs.
Lang.
-IN.
14. —The suffix -in- gives the feminine of any word to
which it is attached:

patro a father patrINo a mother

frato a brother fratINo a sister
filo a son fillNo a daughter
viro a man virINo a woman
knabo a boy knabINo a girl
sinjoro a gentleman, Mr. sinjorINo a lady, Mrs.

-EJ-
15. —The suffix -ej- is used to denote the place specially
used for the action or object indicated by the root:

lernas learn lernEJo a school

kuiras cook kuirEJo a kitchen
pregas pray preEJo a church
kafo coffee kaf EJo
a coffee-house (cafe)
hundo a dog hundEJo a kennel
atomobilo a motor car automobilEJo a garage

Treat the following, and all texts in the book, as an

enjoyable exercise in comprehension. Work out the
meaning with the help of the appended vocabulary, but
try to keep your mind running in Esperanto, rather
than translate into EngUsh. Don't be afraid of several
repetitions
 LESSON TWO 25

LA FAMILIO

LA DOMO
LA FAMILIO
Sinjoro Lang —Sinjorino
Lang. Arturo kaj Maria
estas la infanoj. Arturo knabo, kaj Maria estas
estas
knabino. Sinjoro Lang estas la patro de la infanoj.
26 ESPERANTO
Sinjorino Lang estas la patrino. Gesinjoroj Lang estas
la gepatroj; Arturo kaj Maria estas la geknaboj. Arturo
estas la filo, Maria estas la filino. Arturo kaj Maria estas
gefiloj. Arturo estas la frato de Maria.

LA DOMO
Jen la domo de la familio Lang. En la domo estas ses
(6) ambroj: manoambro, salono, infan-
kuirejo,
ambro (a infanejo), banambro (a banejo), kaj
dormoambro. En la manoambro la familio manas.
En la dormoambro Gesinjoroj Lang dormas. En la
infanejo la infanoj ludas dum la tago kaj dormas dum
la nokto. En la salono Sinjoro Lang legas kaj fumas. En
la kuirejo Sinjorino Lang kuiras. Ekster la domo estas
hundejo por la hundo kaj atomobilejo por la ato-
mobilo de la familio.

Vocabulary
a—or ge-: shows
—
both sexes;
atomobilo — car ato- ; gepatroj father and
mobilejo — garage mother
banas — bathes; banejo —
hundo dog
bathroom —
infano child
ambro—room (cf. cham- —
jen here is! behold!
ber) kaj—and
dormas — sleeps (cf. dor- knabo— boy
mitory) kuiras — cooks
de — of, from la—the
domo —house domes- (cf. legas—reads (cf. legible)
tic) ludas — plays
dum—during, while manas — eatsmanger)
(cf.

en— in nokto — night noctur-

(cf.

ekster— outside ex- (cf. nal)

ternal) patro — father pater-
(cf,

estas— are is, nal)

familio — family por— for
—son
filo (cf. filial) salono — lounge
frato—brother (cf. fra- sinjoro—gentleman, Mr.
ternal) sinjorino—lady, Mrs.
fumas — smokes tago day
 LESSON TWO 27
Exercise 2a
La patro estas Sinjoro Lang, kaj la patrino estas
Sinjorino Lang. Arturo kaj Maria estas la infanoj. Arturo
kaj Maria estas la gefiloj de Gesinjoroj Lang. Kiu estas
Sinjoro Lang? Kiu estas Sinjorino Lang? Kiu estas
Arturo? Kiu estas Maria? Jen la domo de la familio
Lang. En kiu ambro la familio manas ? En kiu ambro
Gesinjoroj Lang dormas? En kiu ambro la infanoj
ludas ? En kiu ambro la infanoj dormas ? En kiu ambro
Sinjoro Lang legas kaj fumas? En kiu cambro Sinjorino
Lang kuiras ? La hundo estas en la hundejo, kaj la ato-
mobilo estas en la atomobilejo.

Exercise 2b
Who is Mr. Lang? Who is Mrs. Lang? Who are the
children ? Which is the house of Mr. and Mrs. Lang ?
Which is the dining-room ? Which is the kitchen ? Which
isthe bedroom ? Which is the nursery ? Which is the bath-
room? Which is the lounge? In which room do the
children play? In which room do the children sleep?
In which room does Mr. Lang read and smoke ?
Mote. —
En kiu cambro la familio manas = In
which room DOES the family eat? En kiu cambro la
infanoj ludas ?= In which room DO the children play?
In such sentences, the words DO and DOES (which
do not add anything to the meaning) are not translated
in Esperanto.
 LESSON THREE
LA AMBRO
(The Room)
Adjectives
1 6. —
The words used to describe people and objects
(nouns) are called adjectives. In Esperanto, adjectives
take the ending -A:

bonA hundo a good dog belA domo a beautiful

house
junA viro a young man novA tablo a new table

17. —UnHke English, the adjective must agree with the

noun it qualifies, in that if the noun is plural, -J must
be also added to the adjective:

bonAJ hundoj good dogs belAJ domoj beautiful

houses
junAJ viro J young men novAJ tabloj new tables

18. —The adjective may be placed after the noun with

no change in meaning:
bonA hundo and hundo bonA both mean 'a good
dog'.
junAJ viroj and viroj junAJ both mean 'yo^^S
men'
although in the majority of cases the adjective comes
first as in English.

19. —
As in Enghsh, the adjective is placed after estas
(am, is, are) when we wish to say something descriptive
about the noun:

La hundo ESTAS bonA The dog IS good

La viroj ESTAS junAJ The men ARE young
28
 LESSON THREE 29
Personal Pronouns
—
20. The words used in place of nouns are called
pronouns (pro: instead of), and those pronouns used for
persons are called personal pronouns.

mi I
30 ESPERANTO
U
24. — In English a great many questions of the type that
can be answered by a simple yes or no are formed by
putting DO (DOES) in front of the statement, as follows

Statement Question
I stand becomes DO I stand ?

You sit „ DO you sit?

The man reads ,, DOES the man read?

This DO
(DOES), which has no real meaning here
has in other types of sentences, of course), is similar to
(it

the Esperanto u
(pronounced like Chu in Chu Chin Chow) :

Mi staras becomes U
U mi staras?
vi sidas?
Vi sidas
La viro hegas
„
,, U la viro legas?

25. —However, in English when we use part of the

verb BE (am, is, are, etc. —
in Esperanto: estas), instead
of using DO
(DOES) we merely interchange the
position of AM, IS, ARE, etc, and the noun or pronoun,
as follows:

I AM beautiful becomes AM I beautiful?

HE IS standing „ IS HE standing?
SHE IS sitting „ IS SHE sitting?
The SON IS reading „ IS the SON reading?

No exception is made in Esperanto, and

this type of question
u is used
even for

Mi estas bela becomes U mi

CUli staras?
estas bela?
Li staras
si sidas
La filo legas
„
„
„
U
U si sidas?
la filo legas ?

Note. I. —No interchange of position takes place in

Esperanto. For 'Am I beautiful?' do NOT say: Estas
mi bela? but always use u as above.
 LESSON THREE 3I

2. —
As there is only one form in Esperanto for this
type of question, u
vi sidas? can be translated by
either 'Do you sit?' or 'Are you sitting?' according to the
context.

JES AND NE
26. jes(pr.^)=yes ne (pr. as ne in net)==no, not
Mote. — When ne is used in the sense of not, it is usually
placed BEFORE the verb:

Mi NE estas la viro
I am not the man
Mi NE parolas
I am not speaking

27. —With most English verbs, the word DO or DOES

is added
to a negative sentence, but these are not
translated in Esperanto:

Mi parolas Mi NE parolas
I speak I DO not speak
Li legas Li NE legas
He reads He DOES not read

KIO AND TIO

28. kio {kee-o)=wh?iX\ tio {tee-o) =t]\?it (thing)
There are therefore two words for that. Tiu correlates
with kiu and is used for people and things particularised

by name. Tio correlates with kio and these are used as

pronouns for things presumably unknown until named.

KIO estas TIO? TIO estas tablo

What is that ? That (thing) is a table
KIO estas la patro? La patro estas viro
What is the father? The father is a man.

KIA AND TIA

29. kia {kee-a) =\^]\dit kind of; tia {tee-a) = xh2it kind
of.
32 ESPERANTO
Kia asks after the quality, nature, or kind of a thing
or person. Tia correlates with it, and is usually trans-
lated by such,

KIA besto estas hundo? TIA hundo estas

What kind of an animal danera
is a dog? Such a dog is dangerous
KIA si estas? Si ne estas TIA virino
What is she like ? She is not that kind of a
woman
Kia is often used in exclamations:
KIA bruo! KIA
viro! KIA amaso!
What a noise a man
What What a crowd
!

KIA idiot o mi estas!

What a fool I am!

MAL-
30. —
The prefix mal- is one of the most useful, and
perhaps most greatly used, in Esperanto. It gives the
exact opposite of the word to which it is attached:

bela beautiful MALbela ugly

bona good MALbona bad
juna young MALjuna old
nova new MALnova old
Note. —As you
see, old can be translated in two ways.
Maljuna used for living beings (maljuna viro, an
is

old man), and Malnova is used for objects (malnova

domo, an old house).

anta before, in front of MALanta behind

granda big, large MALgranda little, small
larga wide MALlarga narrow
pura clean MALpura dirty

LA AMBRO
Jen ambro en la domo de la familio Lang. estas i
moderna kaj komforta, kaj tra la fenestro estas bela
ardeno. La mebloj estas novaj, kaj sur la muro pendas
bela bildo.
 LESSON THREE 33
En la cambro sidas Sinjoro Lang kaj la filino Maria.
Hi ne laboras. S-ro Lang sidas en komforta seo anta

la fajro, kaj legas. Maria sidas ce la tablo. Sur la tablo,

anta i, staras du pupoj. Unu pupo estas nova kaj pura,
sed la alia estas malnova kaj malpura. La patro diras
34 ESPERANTO
al i: "u vi estas kontenta pri la nova pupo, Maria?"
Kaj si respondas al li: "Jes, patro, mi estas tre kontenta !"

Malanta super Maria estas du rankoj. Unu

kaj
ranko, kiu granda kaj lara, staras sur la planko.
estas
i estas la libroranko de la patro. La alia ranko, kiu
^endas sur la muro, estas malgranda kaj mallara.
i estas por la pupoj de Maria.

Vocabulary
alia—other (cf. alias) mi —
al— to —
moderna modern
anta—before, in front of —
muro wall (cf. mural)
bela —beautiful ne — not, no
bildo—picture nova — new
e— at pendas — hangs (cf pen-
U—whether dant)
diras — says planko — floor
fajro— fire pri — about, concerning
fenestro —window pupo — (cf puppet)
doll
granda —big pura — clean
ardeno—garden respondas — replies
i— it sed— but
—they
ili seo—chair
jes—yes sidas— sits
kiu—who, which staras—stands
komforta — comfortable super— above
kontenta — pleased, happy sur— on
laboras —^works si—she
lara —wide ranko— cupboard
li— he tablo — table
libro—book library) tre— ^very
mal —shows exact oppo-
(cf.
tra—through (cf trajec-
nova — new, mal-
site : tory)
nova—old vi—you
meblo —piece of furniture

Exercise 3a
Jen la domo. Jen la cambro. La cambro estas moderna
kaj komforta. u la cambro estas moderna kaj komforta?
 LESSON THREE 35
u
en
la
la ambro.
? Sinjoro Lang kaj Maria sidas
meblqj estas novaj
u
laboras ? Kiu sidas en komforta seo ?
ill

Kiu legas? Kiu sidas e

la tablo? Cu du pupoj staras
anta i ? ua
la pupoj estas novaj malnovaj ? Cu ili
malpuraj? Cu Maria estas kontenta?
a
estas puraj
u malanta i? u
vi estas kontenta ? Cu la rankoj staras
a
antau Maria
a ili estas grandaj malgrandaj?
Kiu ranko estas granda ? Kiu ranko estas malgranda ?
Cu la ranko estas lara mallara? a
la ardeno u
estas bela a malbela?
Exercise 3b
Which is ? Which is the room ? Is the room
the house
modern ? comfortable ? Is the furniture new or old ?
Is it
Is the chair comfortable ? Who is sitting in the chair ?
Who is working? Who is reading? Who is sitting at the
table? Is she happy? Are you happy? One doll is new,
and one is old. One doll is clean, and one is dirty.
Which doll is clean ? Is the garden beautiful ? Is itbig or
little? wide or narrow? Behind Mary
Is it are two
cupboards. One cupboard
is big, and the other is small.

One cupboard is wide, and the other is narrow.

 LESSON FOUR
LA URBO
(The Town)

Adverbs
31. —
The words which show the How, Why, When,
and Where of the verb; i.e., those which describe the
—
manner, etc. of the action (or state) are called adverbs.
The majority of adverbs are derived from adjectives and
in Esperanto end in -E:

belA beautiful belE beautifully

rapidA quick rapidE quickly
fortA strong fortE strongly
Note — In English most but not all — end in -ly.

Subject and Object

32. —
In the sentences used up to now, we have shown
what someone or something does or is:
La patro sidas en la manoambro
The father sits dining-room
in the
La patro estas Sinjoro Lang
The father is Mr. Lang.
This someone or something is called the SUBJECT.
In both the above sentences patro is the Subject.

However, in many cases we are concerned not only

with what the Subject does, but what it does to someone
or something. For example, when we read we must read
SOMETHING; when we love we must love SOMEONE
orSOMETHING; when we eat or drink we must eat or
SOMETHING. This someone or something, then,
drink
is called the OBJECT, and when it is named in Esper-
anto we add -N to distinguish it from the SUBJECT:
 LESSON FOUR 37
Subject Object
la viro amas la virinoN
We know who —la viro— because the noun ends
loves
in -O, and we know who —la virinoN—because
is loved
of the added -N. Consequently, it doesn't matter if we
reverse the sentence (La virinoN amas la viro), the
meaning is still the same La virinoN is still the
OBJECT (i.e., the one who is loved), although it comes
first in the sentence. This inversion is quite usual in
Esperanto, for the -N clearly shows which is the Object.
An adjective used with the Object also takes -N in
agreement.

KIE AND TIE

33. kie (kee-e) = where, tie (tee-e) = there (in that
place).
KIE vi loas? Mi loas TIE
Where do you live? I live there
KIE estas?
li Li estas TIE
Where is he? He is there

KIEL AND TIEL

34. —kiel (kee-el)=how, tiel (tee-el) =in that way,
so.

KIEL vi fartas? IH ludas TIEL

HOW do you do (fare) ? Thev plav THUS (LIKE
THIS)'
KIEL li laboras? i veturas TIEL rapide
HOW does he work? It travels SO quickly.

35. — In comparing two ideas, kiel is translated by

LIKE:
Gi ne estas urbego, KIEL Londono
It is not a city LIKE London
Li ne ludas, KIEL vi
He does not play LIKE you
36. —
The combination tiel kiel translates . . . . . .

AS AS
. . . . .

Automobilo ne estas TIEL grandaKIEL atobuso

A car is not AS big AS a 'bus
38 ESPERANTO
Atomobilo ne veturas TIEL rapide KIEL
lokomotivo
A motor car does not travel AS quickly AS a loco-
motive.

-ET-
37. —The suffix -et- is used as a diminutive to denote a
small size or degree:

domo a house domETo a cottage

varma warm varmETa lukewarm
dormas sleeps dormETas dozes
ridas laughs ridETas smiles

-EG-
38. —This suffix is the opposite of -et- and shows a
great size or degree:

domEGo a mansion varmEGa hot

dormEGas sleeps heavily ridEGas guffaws
J^ote. —The suffix -eg- is not just another way of saying
granda; nor -et- for malgranda: both -eg- and -et-
add to the meaning.
granda viro a big man virEGo a giant
malgranda viro a little man virETo a dwarf

LA URBO
Text
La bildo montras parton de urbo. Gi ne estas urbego,
kiel Londono; nur malgranda urbo. Gi staras alte, sur
monteto. La granda strato iras rekte al la centro de la
urbo, la cefplaco. irka la placo, ni vidas la urbodomon
kaj la ef-preejon. Kio staras en la mezo de la placo?
Statuo.

e la dekstra flanko de la placo, vi trovas malsanejon.

Kontra la malsanejo staras granda domo a domego.
Tiu domo estas nun artgalerio. Gi staras en publika
 LESSONFOUR 39
parko kaj florardeno, kie la gesinjoroj de la urbo
promenas kaj ripozas. Tie, anka, la infanoj ludas. Vojo
kaj vojetoj kondukas tra la parko al la domego.

Sur la efstrato, du atomobiloj rapide veturas. Kaj

kio veturas sur la ponto? Tio estas atobuso. Kiel
4P ESPERANTO
veturas lokomotivo ? i
veturas rapidege Sub la ponto vi !

vidas parton de lokomotivo; car la urbo havas anka

fervojon. Vi vidas la tegmenton de la fervoja stacidomo
malanta la ponto, e
la dekstra flanko de la bildo.
Flanka strateto, sur kiu vi vidas kelkajn dometojn,
kondukas de la efstrato al la stacidomo.
Vocabulary
alta—high (cf. altitude) placo —square a town) (in
anka — also ponto — bridge
arto — art preas — prays preejo—
atobuso — omnibus
;

church
centro — centre promenas — takes the air
car — because (on foot or in vehicle)
cefa — main
chief, publika — public
irka—round (about) rapida — rapid, quick
dekstra — right (hand) (cf. rekta — straight
direct,
dexterity); maldekstra ripozas — rests
—left sana — healthy; malsana
fero —
iron (cf ferric acid) — malsanejo
ill, —
fervojo —
railway "place for illness" i.e.
flanko — side hospital
floro— flower stacio —
stage (on a jour-
galerio— gallery ney) ; stacidomo sta- —
havas — has tion (building)
iras—goes statuo — statue
kelkaj — a few strato— street
kie — where sub— under subway) (cf.
kiel— aslike, tegmento — roof tegu- (cf.
kondukas — guides
leads, ment)
kontra — opposite tie— there
malsanejo — see sana trovas — (cf treasure
finds
mezo — middle (cf mezzo- trove)
soprano) urbo — town urbego— big ;

monto — mountain; mon- city ;urbodomo — town

teto— hill hall
montras — shows veturas — travels
nun — now, at present vddas — sees
nur —only vojo — a way, thorough-
parko — park fare; vojeto — path
parto — part
 LESSON FOUR 4I

Exercise 4a
u la urbo estas granda au malgranda? ui estas
urbego, kiel Londono?
mallaraj? u i granda Kieurbo? Kie
estas
u la
moderna
stratoj estas laraj
estas
a
la
urbodomo u i ? estas ? estas la art^alerio ?
u i granda Kie
estas Kie ? parko u i
estas la publika ? en
florardeno?
estas promenas Kie la gesinjoroj? ili

Kie
ripozas? u atomobiloj
loas en domo,
ludas la infanoj? vi
domego a dometo Kie ? la
estas ? Kiel
atomobiloj u
veturas la ? Kie veturas rapide ?
ili estas
la Kie
stacidomo? estas la lokomotivoj ? Kiel veturas
la uau dometon? Cu Cuurbo
lokomotivoj? ili veturas rapidege? vi havas
domon, domegon la havas
grandajn parkojn? Cu i havas belan urbodomon?

Exercise 4b
Where do you live ? Do you live in a big city ? Is it as
big as London? Is London a small town? Has the town
got a railway station? How do the locomotives travel?
Where do the motor-cars travel? How do they travel?
Have you got a motor-car? Does it travel quickly or
slowly ?
Mote: I. Kie promenas la gesinjoroj ?= Where
DO the and gentlemen walk? Kie ludas la
ladies
infanoj? Where DO the children play? Kiel veturas
la atoniobilo?=How DOES the motor-car travel?
In such sentences, the words DO and DOES are not
translated in Esperanto.

2. Cu i havas parkon?=Has it GOT a park?

Cu i havas urbodomon ? = Has it GOT a town hall?
In such sentences, the word (which is not GOT
necessary in English) is not translated in Esperanto.

B»
 LESSON FIVE
LETERO
(A Letter)

Prepositions
39. —Prepositions are the little words used to join a
word or words to the rest of the sentence, and to show
the relationship existing between the two parts. Take the
following sentence:
La kato sidas la tablo
The cat sits the table

To join the two parts, and to show where the cat is

sitting in relation to the table, we use a PREPOSITION.
We can say:
La sidas SUR (on) la tablo
kato
La sidas SUB (under) la tablo
kato
La katosidas APUD (near) la tablo
La katosidas ANTA
(before, in front of)
la tablo
The prepositions sur, sub, apud and anta, then,
denote where the cat is sitting in relation to the table,
and they are therefore called PREPOSITIONS OF
PLACE.
40. —There are prepositionsto show relationships other
than PLACE, of course, such as al (to), de (of, from),
kun (with), etc., and one of the most useful is JE. Its
meaning is indefinite, and it is used where the relation-
ship is obscure or cannot be clearly defined by any other
preposition

Li vetas JE cevaloj
He bets ON horses
Mi ne kalkulas JE tia helpo
I do not count ON such help
42
 LESSON FIVE 43
It is particularly used in a TIME sense:

Mi skribos al vi JE lundo
I you ON Monday
shall write to
Li venos JE la tria horo
He will come AT three o'clock

The Indirect Object

41. —The Object shown by -N is known in full as the
DIRECT Object. But with verbs like GIVE, SEND, and
similar verbs denoting transfer of something, we not only
GIVE, SEND, something, we also GIVE, SEND,
etc.
etc. it to someone. This someone is called the INDIRECT
Object:

Subject
44 ESPERANTO
44. —We often use the compound tenses formed with
HAVE, HAS, a sort of past tense, and although
etc. as
there is a similar form in Esperanto, the simple ending
-IS is often used even for this. The word jam (already)
may be added to distinguish it from the simple past,
for ALREADY is nearly always used with HAVE:

Mi JAM skribIS al vi
I HAVE ALREADY written to you

Li JAM legis la libron

He HAS ALREADY read the book

45. —With most English verbs, the word DID is added

to a negative sentence in the past tense, but this is not
translated in Esperanto:

Mi parolis al vi Mi NE parolis al vi
I spoke to you I DID not speak to you

Li legis la libron Li NE legis la libron

He read the book He DID not read the book

Pronoun- Adjectives
46. —
The Personal Pronouns (20) can be made into
adjectives by the addition of -A to translate my, your,
his, etc.

miA my, mine niA our, ours HA his

viA your, yours iA her, hers iliA their, theirs
iA its

Mia patrino parolis al via patrino

My mother spoke to your mother
Lia libro estas dika, kaj ia (libro) estas maldika
His book is thick and hers (her book) is thin
Nia hundo estas bela, kaj ilia (hundo) estas
malbela
Our dog is beautiful and theirs (their dog) is ugly

47. — In order to differentiate my from mine, your from

yours, etc., the word la may be used with the latter:
Jen via libro Jen la via
Here is your book Here is yours
 LESSON FIVE 45
The Future Tense
—
48. When we wish to show that the action or state
is yet to take place or exist, the verb ends in -OS:

Mi skribOS al vi morga
I shall write to you tomorrow
Li parolOS al si baldau
He will speak to her soon
La urbo estOS plena
The town will be full

KIUN, KION, KIAN

49. —When kiu, kio, or kia is the Object of the
sentence, -N is added. In English, who becomes whom, but
which and what do not change. Note also that DO, DOES,
and DID are used in English, but are not translated.

Subject
46 ESPERANTO
kiajNinteresojN = li havas kiajN inter-
li havas? esojN?
what kind of interests he has (got) what kind of
has he (got) ? interests ?

KIAL AND TIAL

50. —
kial (kee-al) =
why, for what reason; tial (tee-al)
therefore, for that reason.
KIAL U skribis TIAL mi skribis al li
leteron? Tiierefore Iwrote to him
Why did he write a letter ?
KIAL vi estas Mi estas, TIAL mi
Esperantisto? ekzistas
Why are you an Esper- I am, therefore I exist

antist ?

-UL-
51. —The suffix -ul- is used to denote a person charac-
terised by the idea contained in the "root":
rica rich ricULo a rich man
juna young junULo a youth
sankta sacred sanktULo a saint
miliono a milHon milionULo a millionaire
sporto sport sportULo a sportsman
maljuna old maljunULo an old
person

RE-
52. —
The prefix re- is used to denote the repetition
of an act, and also the return of a person or thing to its
former place or condition (like English re-) :

legas reads RElegas re-reads

donas gives REdonas gives back
iras goes REiras returns (goes
back)
venas comes REvenas returns (comes
back)

Note that return can be translated by either reiras or

revenas, depending on the sense required.
 LESSON FIVE 47
LETERO
Text
S-ro* Lang jam lernis la fundamentojn de Esperanto.
Li sercis amikojn en eksterlando. Kial li seris? Car tiel

The standard abbreviations are: S-ro — Mr., S-ino — Mrs., Ges-roj — Mr. and
—
Mrs., F-ino Miss.
48 ESPERANTO
liuzos la lingvon. Li jus ricevis leteron el Norvegujo.
Sur la bildo vi vidas paon de la letero. Tie la Norvega
amiko skribas pri la familio. Sur la alia flanko de la
papero li skribas pri la urbo Voss:
"Nia urbeto Voss sur la belega fervojo de
staras
Bergen al Oslo. Apud la lago Vangsvatn,
la urbo kusas
en la mezo de altaj montoj. i
estas bela centro por
turistoj kaj sportuloj. Precipe la junuloj kaj junulinoj
vizitas nin. En Norvegujo ekzistas multaj junul-gastejoj.
Sed anka la maljunuloj trovas interesojn i tie. Hi
kaptas fiojn en la lago, kaj rigardas la multaj n his-
toriajn domojn.
"Felice, la urbo ne forgesis pri eduko. Ni havas
kelkajn bonajn lernejojn, kaj anka kolegion.
"Nu, mi sendas koran saluton kaj bondeziron al vi
kaj via familio.
Sincere via,

Edvard.

S-ro Lang estas tre kontenta pri la letero kaj la bela

potkarto. Li ofte relegas la leteron. Balda li skribos
respondon. Li dankos la Norvegan amikon por lia letero,
kaj reciproke sendos al li informon pri la urbo Newtown.
Kaj pri la familio Lang!

Vocabulary
amiko —friend amic- (cf. dankas —
thanks
able) eksterlando —
"outside-
anonco — announcement land", i.e. abroad
apartamento — flat —
eduko education
apud — beside, near to —
edzo husband; edzino
balda — soon wife
bona — good ekzistas— exists
i— showing
particle proxi- el—out of
mity:— there; —
tie ci tie felica— happy, fortunate
here; —that; —
tiu ci tiu (cf. felicity)
this. May be placed fio — a fish
either before or after forgesas — forgets
the word it qualifies fotografio — photography
 LESSON FIVE 49
fundamento —
foundation Norvego —a Norwegian
element (of a subject) Norveguj o — Norway
gasto —
guest; gastejo — nu — now then
well,
guest-house, hostel ofte—often
—history
historio pao— page
papero — (piece
—information
informo
plezuro — pleasure
paper of)

intereso — an interest
poto — post (G.P.O.) (note
—goes
iras
jam — already spelling, to
—
distinguish
from post "after")
jaro — year
it •

juna — young; junulo — —

potkarto postcard
young person potisto —(any) postal
worker
Jus —just
immediately
(of something
past mi
precipe — mainly, princi-
:

JUS skribis — I have just

pally
reciproke —reciprocally, in
written)
exchange
—
kaptas catch
ricevas — receive (note
—
kara dear
spelling and pronun-
kial—why ciation!)
kolegio — college
koro — heart
—
revuo revue, magazine
core, cor-
(cf.
—
rigardas look-at, regard
dial)
kusas — lies
saluto
*scias
—
—
greeting
know (a fact)
lago — lake sendas —sends
lando — land, country seras — look for, seek
lernas — learn; lernejo skribas —write
school sporto — sport; sportulo
libera— free (cf. liberate) sportsman
lingvo — language (cf. lin- tempo — time
guist) turisto— tourist; turismo
loas — —tourism
^

dwell at a
live,
certain place uzas —uses
multaj — many venas — comes
muziko — music vizitas— visits

Exercise 5a
u vi jam lernis la fundamentojn de Esperanto? u
vi korespondas kun amiko en eksterlando? vi jam u
* Some people find the combination sc difficult to pronounce. Yet it occurs
frequently in English (sts), e.g. in "best-seller," "request selection".
50 ESPERANTO
ricevis leteron ? u vi balda skribos respondon ? u tiel
vi uzos Esperanton? Kiu skribis leteron al S-ro Lang?
El kiu lando li ricevis leteron ? Pri kio skribis lia Norvega
amiko? Kie li loas? Kie loas S-ro Lang? Kiu vidis
anoncon en la revuo "Esperanto"? Kion li skribis?
edzino? Cu vi estas fervojisto? Kio vi
u
vi estas^edzo?
estas? Cu vi scias Esperanton? Kiujn aliajn lingvojn vi
scias ? Cu vi estas junulo ? junulino ? Cu vi estas sportulo ?
Cu ekzistas multaj junulgastejoj en Norvegujo? Pri kio
la urbo ne forgesis? Cu S-ro Lang balda skribos
respondon? Kion li sendos?

Exercise 5b
Do youcorrespond with a friend abroad ? Have you
received a letter? What did he write? Where does he
live? Does he live in Norway? Where did the friend of
Mr. Lang see the announcement? What did he write?
Did he write in Esperanto ? Will Mr. Lang reply soon ?
What will he write about? What will he send? What
are your chief interests? Are you a sportsman? What are
you? Do you often re-read letters? Does Mr. Lang
often re-read the letter?
 INTERPOLATION
Having mastered lessons 1-5, you are already an
Esperantist. To a limited degree, no doubt; but as
Zamenhof truly said, if only a limited number of people
in each country knew the international language, and if
even they knew it only partially, the language problem
would be essentially solved. The barriers which have
always separated the nations would be breached.
Put your knowledge to practical use immediately, by
writing a few postcards to beginners in other lands.
Addresses may be found in the current issues of Esper-
anto magazines. Nothing elaborate Just a few phrases on
!

a picture postcard of your town or of some British beauty-

spot, to a variety of countries, such as Spain, Finland and
Austria. There is no more vivid way to the realisation that
Esperanto opens before you not merely one foreign
country, but the whole world.
Though your knowledge as yet is small, it is complete
in itself, and if you master it, you will be surprised at the
variety of ideas which you can express. Turner painted
many masterpieces with only two colours. Looking at one
of these pictures, you may well find it impossible to believe
that no more than two colours have been used. Turner
worked these wonders because he had a complete
mastery over his materials. You should have a similar
aim, and there is only one way to it continual practice.
:

—
How to Practise. The chief difficulty for the solitary
student is, how to acquire fluency. This can be done,
however, and with enjoyment, if you tackle it methodic-
ally. Consider Esperanto as a set of Meccano parts. A
boy combines these in all sorts of ways to make a variety
of models. Then he buys a supplementary outfit intro-
ducing new parts and new mechanical principles. Use
the same method with Esperanto: practise thoroughly
with one set of words before you learn more. This can be
done at any time, without books or other equipment.
Suppose you are waiting for the 'bus, looking idly across
51
52 ESPERANTO
the road. Opposite to you is a house. You know that
word —very well, say it: "DOMO". Already you have
given some information to an imaginary foreign listener.
Now consider what sort of a house it is, i.e., add an
adjective: "NOVA DOMO" (malnova, granda, mal-
granda, moderna, komforta, bela, malbela, malbelega,
etc.) Having named the object and described it, you need
only add a verb to make a complete sentence: "LA
DOMO ESTAS BELA KAJ MODERNA".
Thenext step is a simple but important one: make
your little sentence into a question, by adding cu or one
"U DOMO
of the ki- words, and then answer it: LA
ESTAS BELA? DOMO ESTAS BELA".
LA
U JES,
LA DOMO ESTAS GRANDA? NE, LA DOMO
ESTAS MALGRANDA". "KIA DOMO I ESTAS?
I ESTAS MALGRANDA, MODERx\A DOMO".
Questions and answers are easy, since you are merely
repeating the same words; but they are important,
because it is impossible to carry on even the simplest
conversation if you are not thoroughly drilled in asking
and answering questions.
A further stage in practice is the addition of a pre-
position —
how does the object stand in relation to other
"KIO ESTAS ANTA LA DOMO? ANTA
objects?
LA DOMO ESTAS TRI GRANDAJ ARBOJ".
"KIO ESTAS MALANTA LA DOMO? MAL-
ANTA LA DOMO ESTAS ARDENO KAJ
AtJTOMOBILEJO".
If you proceed in this way, starting with a single word
and gradually grouping others round it, you should be
able to express a really useful amount of information.
Try it with another object atomobilo, for instance, or
libro. The secret is
: keep the phrases short and snappy
If you try to elaborate a long sentence you will be
tongue-tied immediately. Often you will find yourself
wanting to say something for which you do not know
the word. Occasionally you may look up a word in the
dictionary, but in general it is better to limit your
horizon deliberately for the time being. Practise thor-
oughly with such words as you do know before adding
to them indiscriminately. Fluency in one topic is the first
 INTERPOLATION 53
aim, and for this we have chosen the family, home and
and neighbourhood, as being the most natural. When
you can say a good deal about these, easily and quickly,
the battle is half won. For then it will be easy to learn a
small set of new words about another topic, e.g. the
seaside, and extend your fluency to it also. The same
principles will apply.
A good help is to write a selection of words on pieces
of card. Half-a-dozen each of nouns, verbs, adjectives
and prepositions, plus the words la and kaj^ will do for
a start. Take one of each, lay them on the table, and
thus make up a sentence:

LA HUNDO ESTAS SUR LA TABLO

Change any of them ad lib., and you will automatically
form scores of phrases. Often the meaning will be absurd
(LA HUNDO SIDAS SUR LA FAJRO), but that is
all the better, as long as you recognize what the meaning
is. Humour and incongruity add to the interest.

With the aim of emphasising the topicality of Esper-

anto,and at the same time of adding interest to your
studies,the following plan has been adopted for the
remainder of this book Imagine that one fine day you
:

—
pick up your morning paper and find that it has been
completely transformed into Esperanto! Each lesson
from now on will use as its basis a typical article taken
from this imaginary newspaper, for instance the Weather
Forecast, Radio Programmes, Ladies' Page, Letters to
the Editor, etc. By this means it is hoped that the reader
will feel on familiar ground, yet entertained by a good
variety of topics and provided with a useful vocabulary
of everyday words.
 LESSON SIX
PRI VIA FERIO
(Concerning your Holiday)

Movement To
53. — In order to show movement towards the PLACE
or POSITION indicatedby the preposition, -N is

added to the noun (in EngHsh, TO is sometimes added

to IN and ON)
La kato saltas sur la tabloN
The jumps on to the table
cat
La muso kuras sub la litoN
The mouse runs under the bed
La viro iras en la domoN
The man goes into the house

54. —
Note that the use of -N does NOT depend on
whether the verb shows movement (the majority of verbs
show movement), but only when movement to the position
shown by the preposition is indicated. It is possible to
show movement without showing movement to\
Ni dancisEN la salono
We danced IN the lounge
". . . into the lounge," would be ". . . en la salonoN."
Note: Nis never used after AL (to) and (up to), IS
because they do not indicate a position, but themselves
show movement to some place.

55. —
If an adverb shows place, movement to that place
is shown by -N on the adverb
Mi restis hejme
I stayed at home
Li iris hejmeN
He went home
54
 LESSON SIX 55
In English we sometimes use -WARD(S)
antaueN forwards
malantaeN backwards
supreN upwards
malsupreN downwards
nordeN northwards
sudeN southwards
orienteN eastwards
okcidenteN westwards

56. —Note particularly the use of -N with kie and tie:

KieN vi iras?
Where (whither) are you going ?
KieN li veturis?
Where did he travel to?
Mi iras tieN
I am going there (thither, to that place)
Li veturis tieN
He travelled there {to that place)

Movement From
57. —
In order to show movement from a place, DE
is put in front of the preposition showing place (-N is
NOT used). This is similar to the English form, for we
often use FROM:
La kato saltis DE SUR la tablo
The jumped off [^from on) the table
cat
Li prenis la jakon DE SUR la hoko
He took the jacket off the hook
La muso kuris DE SUB la lito
The mouse ran from under the bed

58. —However, instead of DE EN (from in = out of),

we have a separate preposition with this meaning EL:
La viro iris EL (=DE EN) la domo
The man went out of ( =from in) the house
^6 ESPERANTO
Li trinkis EL glaso
He drank fro?n { = out of) a glass

The Ending -U
eg. —
For giving direct commands or orders from the
speaker, the verb ends in -U:

IrU al la pordo!
Go to the door!

As in English, the person addressed is not usually

named; so

VenU rapide!=Vi venU rapide!

Come quickly ! = Tou come quickly

60. —
It is not possible to give commands
to ourselves
or directly to a third party, but possible to express
it is

our will (wish, desire), and in EngHsh we use the verb

LET for this: "Let me do it". This is a condensed form
of a compound sentence

Let me do it = (You) me THAT I do

let it

= (Vi) lasu, KE mi farU gin

In Esperanto we also use a condensed version —the

part after KE:

Ni irU al la kino i starU en la angulo

Let us go to the pictures Let it stand in the corner

Li atendU Hi venU al ni
Let him wait Let them come to us

61. —Occasionally the meaning expressed is a wish or

exhortation (in EngUsh we somedmes use MAY)
La Dio benU vini Longe vi vivU!
God bless you! May you live long
EstU bona! La Dio pardonU vin!
Be good! May the Lord forgive you
 LESSON SIX 57
62. —Althoughwe cannot give commands to our-
selves or to a third party,we can ask for orders for
ourselves and others. In English we usually employ
SHALL for this; in Esperanto we use
above forms:
with theU
U mi
Shall I
farU gin?
do it?
UU atendU?
Shall he wait?

U mi sendU
Shall I send it?
gin? U ili komencU?
Shall they begin?

U
Shall
ni irU al la kino?
we go to the pictures ?
U ni
Shall
dancU?
we dance ?

Names of Countries
63. —
In naming countries, Zamenhof divided the
—
world into two parts the Old World (Europe and
Asia) and the New World (America, Africa, and
Oceania).

In the Old World the races are more or less stabilised

and give their name to the country. Thus, from Anglo,
an Englishman; Belgo, a Belgian; Franco, a French-
man Germano, a German Greko, a Greek Hispano,
;
; ;

a Spaniard; Italo, an Italian; Norvego, a Norwegian;

by adding the suffix -uj-, we get Anglujo, England;
Belgujo, Belgium; Francujo, France; Germanujo,
Germany; Grekujo, Greece; Hispanujo, Spain;
Italujo, Italy; Norvegujo, Norway.

64. —
In just a few cases, the name of the country ends
in -lando, so -ujo- is not added and the name of the
inhabitant is formed by the addition of the suffix -an-.

Thus:
Irlando Ireland Irlandano an Irishman
Islando Iceland Islandano an Icelander
Nederlando Holland Nederlandano a Dutch-
man
58 ESPERANTO
65. —
-lando may be used in place of -ujo, but the
root is still the name of the inhabitant:
Dano a Dane Danlando Denmark
Polo a Pole Pollando Poland
Svedo a Swede Svedlando Sweden
Sviso a Swiss Svislando Switzerland

66. — Some Esperantists use -io in place of -uj<

Anglio, Francio, Germanio, etc. Whilst this is

particularly acceptable for^ countries where the races

are many (Bulgario, eoslovakio, Hungario,
Rumanio, Jugoslavio— the English name ends in -ia)
nevertheless the beginner is advised to use -ujo until he
is competent to judge for himself.

67. —
In the New World the races are generally greatly
mixed through immigration, so the inhabitant takes his
nationahty from the country by the addition of the
suffix -an-:

Ameriko America Amerikano American

Kanado Canada Kanadano Canadian
Brazilo Brazil Brazilano Brazilian
Afriko Africa Afrikano African
Alerio Algeria Algeriano Algerian
Tunizio Tunisia Tuniziano Tunisian
Australio Australia Astraliano Australian
Nov-Zelando New Nov-Zelandano New
Zealand Zealander

68. —Although the names of the countries are written

with a capitalletter as in English (Anglujo, Francujo,
etc.),the names of the inhabitants and the adjectives
derived from them are often written with a small letter
Franco or franco; Franca (French) or franca.

Names of Cities
69. — Some of the more important, larger cities have
names in Esperanto form:
Parizo, Vieno, Kopenhago, Glasgovo, Man-
cestro, etc.
 LESSONSIX 59
Others just take the ending -O:
Londono, Berlino, Madrido, Romo, etc.

Names of smaller towns —

especially if they are
difficult to —
Esperantize usually remain unchanged:

Cannes, Versailles, Bournemouth, Weston-

super-Mare, etc.

-UJ-
yo. —The used to denote a container for a
suffix -uj- is

number or quantity of the articles named by the "root":

mono money monUJo a purse
inko ink inkUJo an inkpot
teo tea teUJo a tea-caddy
karbo coal karbUJo a coal-scuttle

71
.
—
By analogy it is also used for names of countries
derived from the inhabitants:

Anglo an Englishman AnglUJo England

Franco a Frenchman FrancUJo France
Germano a German GermanUJo Germany
Hispano a Spaniard HispanUJo Spain

AN-
72. —The suffix -an- is used to denote a member.
inhabitant, or partisan:

grupo a group grupANo a group

member
vilao a village vilaANo a villager
Parizo Paris ParizANo a Parisian
Kristo Christ KristANo a Christian
Londono London LondonANo a Londoner
Mancestro Manchester MancestrANo a
Mancunian
Glasgovo Glasgow GlasgovANo a Glas-

Berno Berne BernANo a Bernese

6o ESPERANTO
Text
PRI VIA FERIO EN Kio estas la nacia lingvo de
Svislando?
SVISLANDO
u vi scias, ke en Svislando vi
u vi decidis pri via ferio?
Se ne, pensu pri Svislando! Gi
trovos kvar oficialajn lingvojn?
La Bernanoj parolas la German-
estas ideala feria lando. Ni scias an lingvon; kiam ni iras en
ke gi prezentas tre diversajn okcidentan Svislandon, ni adas
allogojn. La Alpoj formas bele- nur la Francan; kaj la sudaj
gan naturspektaklon. La aero Svisoj parolas Italalingve. Sed
estaseksterordinare pura tiel — en la montaj regionoj de orienta
purega, ke malsanuloj venas el Svislando ekzistas anka la
tuta Europe al Svislando. La Rumana lingvo. Kvankam nur
granda kaj bonega
komforto 40,000 homoj parolas gin, gi
kuirarto de la Svisaj hoteloj estas tamen estas oficiala tata lingvo,
mondfamaj. Konstante okazas egala al la tri aliaj. Jen la
interesaj popolfestoj, kun bele- komenco de poemo en Rumana
gaj kostumoj; anka ekspo- lingvo; vi vidos, ke gi similas la
zicioj, muzikfestoj, sportfestoj, Italan lingvon, kaj estas ne
lagofestoj, florfestoj, k.s.^ Vere, malsimila al Esperanto:
turismo estas la efa industrio de
Chara lingua de la mamma,
Svislando! Ni menciu anka la
tu sonor rumantsch ladin,
luksajn butikojn, koncertejojn
o CO t'am eu sainza fin!
kaj teatrojn, kaj la gravajn
universitatojn, muzeojn kaj (Traduko
bibliotekojn. Kara lingvo de la patrino,
vi belsona Ladina* Rumana
Kiel mi iru al Svislando? ho ! kiel mi amas vin sen fino !)

Veturu per atomobilo, bici- En lingvo ekzistas libroj,

tiu
klo, atobuso a fervojo. Nur ne gazetoj kaj kalendaroj; kaj in-
per ipo! La maro mankas al fanoj en la lernejo ricevas in-
Svislando; sed anstata la maro, struon per Rumana lingvo. Sed
gi havas la belajn lagojn. Se via e de tia lingveto ekzistas kvar
ferio ne estas longa, uzu avia- diversaj dialektoj!
dilon! Flugliniojkondukas rekte
de Londono, Manestro, Glas- Vi vidas, ke Svislando estas
§ovo kaj aliaj urboj al Berno a vera Turo
inteligentaj
de Babelo. Multaj
Svisoj lernas Es-
Genevo. Vi veturas trans Svis-
landon ankaii al aliaj landoj peranton, car ili komprenas, ke
gi solvos la lingvan problemon.
orienten^ en Astrujon, suden
en Italujon kaj Jugosiavujon,
norden en German ujon, kaj
u vi ne konsentas?

okcidenten en Sudan Francujon.

^ k.s. : (kaj similaj) —and the like.

* "towards-the-east". See compass on map.
* dialekto de Rumana
 LESSON SIX 6l

T3^
OKCIDENTO -( )- OHIENTO

SVISLANDO
baU^CL Lancicr
en La mczcr do. "Gu^vpo^
62 ESPERANTO
Vocabulary
aero — air —long
longa
—
amas loves — luxurious
luksa
—
anstata instead of mankas — is-lacking; la
(al)logas —
attracts; allo- maro mankas — the sea
—
go attraction is lacking (to Switzer-
—
aviadas aviates aviad- ; land)
—
ilo aircraft maro —
sea (cf. marine,
biblioteko — library maritime)
biciklo—bicycle —
mencias mentions
butiko—shop mondo world (cf. mun-
decidas — decides dane)
diversa — diverse
different, muzeo —museum
e — even —
nacio nation
egala — equal (cf. egalita- —
naturo nature
rian) okazas — occurs, takes
ekspozicio — exhibition place
fama — famous —
ordinara ordinary
ferio—holiday —
parolas speaks
festo— festival —
pensas thinks (cf. pen-
fino—end sive)
flugas— flies per— by means of
formas — forms popolo — people in sense
gazeto — periodical of Svisa po-
nation; la
grava — important, serious polo — the Swiss people.
homo — human being But "some people" is

(man, woman or child) kelkaj homoj

ideala —ideal — presents,
prezentas re-
industrio— industry presents
instruo — instruction Rumana — Romanche
inteligenta — intelligent (language of Switzer-
ke — that (conjunction) land)
kiam — when se — if
komencas — begins —
sen without
komprenas — understands —
spektaklo spectacle
konsentas — agree simila—similar ; similas
konstante — constantly, resembles
continually sono —sound (cf. reson-
kostumo— costume ant)
kvankam— although solvo —solution
 LESSON SIX 63
ipo —ship trans . . . n — across {to the
tato — state (country) other side of),
tamen — nevertheless tuta— whole, entire
teatro— theatre —
universitato university
tia—such a —
vera true (cf. veracity)
trans — across the other
[at —
vere really, truly
side of).

Exercise 6a
Kien vi iros por via ferio ? Cu vi pensos pri Svislando ?
Kia lando i estas? Kiaestas la aero? Cu malsanulo.j iras
tien? De kie ili venas? Kiel ni iru al Svislando? u ni
uzu aviadilon ?Cu ni veturu trans^Svislandon ? Orienten,
suden, norden, a
okcidenten? Cu ni iru al Astrujo?
Italujo? Jugoslavujo? Germanujo? Francujo? De kie vi
venas ? Cu vi loas en Londono ? Manestro ? Glasgovo ?
Cu vi estas Londonano? Manestrano? Glasgovano?
Kie loas Kanadanoj ? Astralianoj ? Nederlandanoj ?
Irlandanoj? Svisoj? Turkoj? Rusoj? Japanoj? Cu vi
parolas la Germanan lingvon? La Francan lingvon?
La Anglan lingvon? Esperanton? Kiuj parolas la Italan
lingvon? La Svedan lingvon? La Danan lingvon?
Cu Esperanto similas al la Itala lingvo? Cu estas bela i
lingvo? Estu inteligenta, kaj parolu Esperanton.

Exercise 6b
Have you thought about your holiday? Have you
thought about Switzerland? Do you know that in
Switzerland you will find four official languages ? Do you
speak German? French? Italian? Romanche? Dutch?
Russian? Are you a Londoner? A Mancunian? A
Glaswegian ? How shall we go to Switzerland ? Shall we
travel by motor-car, bicycle, bus or railway ? Shall we travel
across Switzerland to other countries? Where shall we
go ? Northward, southward, eastward or westward ? .
 LESSON SEVEN
LA VETER-PROGNOZO
(The Weather Forecast)

Impersonal Verbs
—
73. In every language there are certain idiomatic
forms that express in a general way facts that are not
explicitly referred to any specific agency. Such sentences
are called IMPERSONAL sentences, and the verbs that
belong tosuch sentences are impersonal verbs. Thus,
rains, snows and hails (and other verbs describing the
weather) are impersonal verbs.

In English we use IT as a sort of artificial Subject,

but as it cannot be said to refer specifically to anything,
this is omitted, and the verb is used alone in Esperanto

Pluvas, IT is raining Neas, IT is snowing

Pluvis, IT was raining Neis, IT was snowing
Pluvos, IT will rain Neos, IT will snow
Frostas, IT is freezing Hajlas, IT hails (is hail-
stoning)
Frostis, IT was freezing Hajlis, IT hailed
Frostos, IT will freeze Hajlos, IT will hail

74. — In the same way we say:

Estas VARME, IT is Estas MALVARME,
warm IT is cold
Estas SUNE, IT is sunny Estas BELE, IT is fine

But note that as there is no Subject expressed in

Esperanto, Estas is followed by an adverb (varmE,
malvarmE, sunE, belE) and not an adjective.

75. —Following on the above construction: Estas

varme — it is warm, it is usual to say in Esperanto:
64
 LESSONSEVEN 65
Estas varme al mi for / am warm, instead of Mi estas
varma, although it is not wrong (perhaps preferable)
to use the latter form.

ONI
76. —When we do not refer to anyone in particular, we
use the indefinite pronoun oni, which is similar to the
English ONE:
ONI ripetas, kion ONI legas
ONE repeats what ONE reads

In modern English it is perhaps more usual to use

THEY:
ONI diras, ke vi estas malfelica
THEY say that you are unhappy

In the same way we also use IT in English

ONI diras, ke vi estas ria
IT is said that you are rich

In very many instances, however, we use YOU:

Kiam ONI estas rica, ONI baldau trovas
amikojn
When YOU are rich, YOU soon find friends

Li estas tiel malgranda, ke ONI ne rimarkas

Un
He is so small that YOU do not notice him
Se ONI havas bonan edzinon, ONI estas
kontenta
If YOU have a good wife, YOU are contented

Oni, then, is used a great deal in Esperanto, for it

translates a variety of English expressions.

More About Adverbs

—
77. Esperanto is particularly rich in adverbs, as any
root, if the sense permits, may be made into an adverb
c
66 ESPERANTO
by the ending -E. Adverbs are therefore more widely
used in Esperanto than in EngHsh, and we may express
in one word what may take two or three words in
English,

we may use an adverb in Esper-

Generally speaking,
anto, where we might use a preposition plus noun in
English

Li parolas saE He speaks wisely

(He speaks with wisdom)
Mi dormas noktE I sleep at (during the) night
Li laboras tagE He w^orks by (during the) day
MatenE In the morning
VesperE In the evening
FaktE In fact, as a matter of fact
CeterE As for the rest, moreover
EkzemplE For example

Days, Months, etc.

78.—LA TAGOJ DE LA SEMAJNO

lundo, Monday; mardo, Tuesday; merkredo,
Wednesday; ado, Thursday; vendredo, Fri-
day; sabato, Saturday; dimanco, Sunday.
Note : I .
—The days of the week are not usually written
with a capital letter.

Note: 2. —^An adverb of temporal meaning from differs

the use of -N (see p. 72) by indicating repetition rather
than a single date: Mi venos lundE I shall come
Mondays.

79.—LA MONATOJ DE LA JARO

Januaro, January; Februaro, February; Marto,
March; Aprilo, April; Majo, May; Junio,
June Julio, July Augusto, August Septembro,
;
; ;

September; Oktobro, October; Novembro,

November; Decembro, December.
 LESSONSEVEN 67
Note: I. — Although the names of the months are
similar to the English forms, do not forget that the pro-
nunciation is usually quite different, according to
Esperanto rules (e.g. Aprilo, Julio, Januaro).

-ER.
80. —The suffix -er- is used to denote a unit of the

whole which is indicated in the root, or one of the objects

of the same kind

nego snow neERo a snowflake

eno a chain cenERo a link
fajro a fire fajrERo a spark
mono money monERo a coin
hajlo hail hajlERo a hailstone
pluvo rain pluvERo a raindrop
68 ESPERANTO
Text
T A
'-'^^
Cetera Anglujo. Kimrujo: Estos sune,
kun sporada neo. Frostos vespcre.

VETER-PROGNOZO SUotlando: Intense malvarme; forte

Verajno vetero hodiau je la 12* togmezo NOVA

NEODANERO EN
SKOTLANDO
Aviadiloj kaj ipoj helpas

Edinhurgo,
dimancon, 2San de Februaro
En norda Skotlando la neo
denove izolis plurajn vilaojn.
Aviadiloj kaj ipoj denove helpis
izolulojn, kaj portis malsanulojn
al malsanejo. Hodia ili portos
nutrajon por homoj kaj bestoj.
Oni diras, ke situacio estas
la
tielmalbona, kieldum lasta
Sagoj «— < indikas
semajno. Sur la insulo Mull
dirckton de lavento. falls hajlo kun grandegaj haj-
leroj.

Londono, liindon, \an de Mar to

TtMPERATURO DUM LASTA 5E/^AJN0
Sune; tre malvarme 40"

La orienta a nordorienta
•ti

2
35-
,

vento dare blovos super la

En Skotlando kaj
Britaj Insuloj.
orienta Anglujo neos ofte kaj,
en kelkaj lokoj, forte. En
okcidento estos sune, sed pluve-
tos de tempo al tempo.

Prognozo por la periodo

is noktomezo
Londono, Orienta kaj Mezlanda
Anglujo: Orienta vento; neos, kun
sunaj periodoj; estos tre malvarme;
frostos a frostegos frumatene kaj
nokte.

Cornwall kaj Devon: Nebulos a

nebuletos matene; poste, estos sune,
kun pluveto a
neeto. Malvarme, sed
verajne sen frosto.
 LESSONSEVEN 69
Francujo: En Parizo, mal- ^ Hispanujo: Granda kontrasto
varme, sed sen neo. El Cannes, i tie, la vetero estis varma
oni raportas varman kaj dolan kaj suna kiel en somero. Dum
printempan veteron. pluraj semajnoj, ne unu pluvero
Italujo: Pluvisen multajlokoj. a neero falls en suda His-
Vetero, kiun oni ordinare ricevas panujo.
dum la atuno.

Londonanoj iras tra neo

al la laborejo

dum en Sevilo oni

ripozas en la sunbrilol
70 ESPERANTO
Vocabulary

besto —
—
atuno autumn
animal, beast oni
— "one",—people
noktomezo midnight
gen- in
—
blovas blows eral; oni diras — said it is

brilo—shine, brilliance nutrao — food, nourish-

cetera — remaining ment
daras — endures;
lasts, pluraj — several
dare— continually pluvo — rain pluvero
denove — once again
;

raindrop
dola — sweet, gentle portas — carries porter)
(cf.

falas— falls post— after poste —

;
after-
forta — strong wards
frosto— frost printempo— spring (sea-
frua — early fru-matene
; son)
early in the morning prognozo— forecast
uas — enjoys raportas — reports
hajlo — hajlero —
hail; hail- sago — arrow
stone semajno — week
helpas — helps situacio —situation
hodia — to-day somero — summer
insulo— island (cf. in ular) sporada — sporadic
intense — intensely suno — sun; sunbrilo —
izolas— isolates sunshine
je: see para. 40, 42 p. ajnas — seems
kondio — condition varma — warm
kontrasto— contrast vento — wind
lasta— last gone)
(just ver-ajne — probably
loko — place, spot (cf. ('seeming]y-true')
local) vespero—evening (cf. ves-
mateno— morning (cf. pers)
mattins) vetero— weather
nebulo —fog nebulous)
(cf. vintro —winter
neo—snow vilao —village
Exercise 7a
Kia estas la vetero u
en via urbo? u
ofte pluvas?
ofte neas en Hispanujo ?
somero en Italujo ? estas
uu varme aCannes
ofte pluvas Kia
malvarme
en ?
?
estas la
u konstante pluvas en
Kio estas neero? Kio estas hajlero?
Manestro? Kio estas
Cu neas dum
pluvero?
 LESSONSEVEN 7I

Junio en Anglujo?
Dum kiu monato
u neas dum FebruaroCu
pluvas en Francujo?
en Astrujo?
estas mal-
varme dum la vintroen Skotlando? Kian veteron oni
ordinare ricevas dum la atuno en Italujo? Kia estas la
printempo^ en Parizo ? Kion oni diras pri la vetero en
Cannes? Cu vi jam lernis la kalendaron en Esperanto?
Kiu monato venas post Marto? Kiu monato venas post
Agusto? Cu vi jam lernis anka la tagojn en Esperanto?
Kiu tago venas post mardo ? Dum kiuj tagoj oni ordinare
laboras ?

Exercise 7b
What the weather like in Paris during the summer ?
is

Is it warm, or is
it cold ? Does it often snow in your town ?

Do you read the weather forecast? Is it usually warm

during the day, and cold during the night? They say
it is sunny in Italy during March. Do you often see snow

in Spain? Which month comes after January? What

months are in spring? summer? autumn? winter?
Does one usually work during Sunday?
 LESSON EIGHT
LA RADIO-PROGRAMO
(The Radio Programme)

Further Uses of -N
8i.— We saw that in expressing MOVEMENT TO
(53),-N is added to the noun. This -N can be said to take
the place of the preposition AL: —
La kato saltas sur la tabloN = La kato saltas AL
sur la tablo
La viro iras en la domoN=La viro iras AL en
la domo
Actually, -N may be used in place of any preposition,
and the following are some of the practical uses

Time
Mi venos lundoN —Mi venos JE lundo
I shall come Monday I shall come ON Monday
Mi atendos semajnoN =Mi atendos DUM
I shall wait a week semajno
I shall wait FOR a week

Weights and Measures

La monto estas mil futojN alta. (La monto estas
alta JE mil futoj).
The mountain is a thousand feet high

La rivero estas dek metrojN lara. (. . . lara

JE dek metroj)
The river is ten metres wide

La skatolo estas kvin colojN longa. (. . . longa

JE kvin coloj)
The box is five inches long
72
 LESSON EIGHT 73
La pakajo pezas du funtojN. (. . . JE/GIS/ du
funtoj)
The package weighs two pounds
All things being equal, it is better to use -N; but if -N
isalready used to show the Object, it might be ambiguous
to have two -N's together. In such cases, the expression
of time or measure may be put first, or a preposition
should be used :
—
Instead of Mi atendis UN du sema-
jnojN, it would be better to say Du semajnojN mi
atendis UN, or Mi atendis UN DUM
du semajnoj.

First, Second, Third, etc.

82.—To obtain the numbers FIRST, SECOND,

THIRD, etc., we put -A on to the numbers given in
Lesson i

unuA first sesA sixth

duA second sepA seventh
triA third okA eighth
kvarA fourth naA ninth
kvinA fifth dekA tenth
dudekA twentieth tridekA thirtieth . . etc

With the intermediate numbers which, you will

remember, are written as two separate words (dek unu,
dudek unu, etc.) the -A is added to the last word, but
the numbers are joined by a hyphen to show that it
relates to the whole figure:

dek-unuA eleventh dudek-kvinA twenty-

fifth
cent-tridek-nauA hundred and thirty-ninth

83. —The numbers can be made into nouns by the

addition of -O:

unuO duO triO dek-duO

a unit a couple a trio a dozen
dudekO
a score
G*
74
 LESSON EIGHT 75
Telling the Time
88. —To ask and tell the time in Esperanto is very
simple, and should present no difficulty to you:
What time is it? Kioma horo estas?

In English the reply can be given in more than one

way. For example, for 1.15 we can say 'a quarter past
one' or 'fifteen minutes past one' or even 'one fifteen';
likewise in Esperanto. However, we advise you to learn
but one method thoroughly, when you will have no
difficulty in understanding the other forms when you
meet them.
—Kvarono POST la unua (horo)
1. 15
1.30—Duono POST la unua (horo)
1.45 —Kvarono ANTA la dua (horo)
1.10— Dek minutoj POST la unua (horo)
1.40 —Dudek minutoj ANTA la dua (horo)

Note.—The word horo, which here included is in

brackets, is usually left out.

Remember that post means AFTER (past), and

antau means BEFORE (to).

89. atm. (antatagmezo)=a.m. ptm. (post-

tagmezo) =p.m.

90. —
Antaii before an expression of time is often
translated AGO:
Mi vidis lin ANTA du jaroj
I saw him two years AGO
ANTA tri horoj mi estis en la butiko
Three hours AGO I was in the shop

91. — Similarly, post is often translated by IN:

Li estos libera POST du jaroj
He will be free IN two years
POST du horoj mi estos en Londono
IN two hours I shall be in London
yb ESPERANTO
DA
g2. —^When we wish to talk about a quantity or number
OF something, OF translated by da:
the is

kvanto DA neo tuno DA karbo

a quantity OF snow a ton OF coal
nombro DA viroj funto DA teo
a number OF men a pound OF tea

duo DA kandeloj fasko DA ligno

a couple OF candles a bundle OF wood
dudeko DA pilkoj skatolo DA alumetoj
a score OF balls a box OF matches

93. —
However, da is used only when we are talking
about a quantity or number of something in general. If
we are speaking of some particular substance; i.e., if it

is defined by la, tiu, OF is translated by de:

nombro DE LA viroj funto DE TIU teo

a numberOF THE men a pound OF THAT tea

kvanto DE LA karbo sako DE TIUJ pomoj

a quantity OF THE coal a sack OF THOSE apples

94. —When we are talking about a few out of a. known

number, el may be used in place of de:

duo EL LA kukoj tri EL TIUJ libroj

a couple OF THE cakes three OF THOSE books

KIOM AND TIOM

95. —kiom (kee-om) =how much? how many? tiom
{tee-om) =so much, so many.
KIOM mi uldas? TIOM mi uldas
How much do I owe? I owe so much
KIOM vi kalkulis TIOM mi kalkulis
How many did you count ? I counted so many
 LESSON EIGHT 77
96. —
When tiom, kiom are used together, they are
translated by AS MUCH AS/AS MANY AS:
Helpu TIOM, KIOM vi povas
lin
Help him AS MUCH AS you can
Mi havas TIOM, KIOM vi
I have AS MANY AS you

97. —When we ask How much? /How many? or express

So muchjSo many OF
a named article, the is always OF
—
included even though it is omitted in English and —
is translated by da:

KIOM DA akvo vi havas?

How much water have you?
Ni vidis TIOM DA neo
We saw so much snow
KIOM DA jaroj vi havas ?
How old are you ? (How many years have you ?)
si havis TIOM DA infanoj
She had so many children

KIAM AND TIAM

98. —kiam {kee-am) =when\ tiam {tee-am) =X\\tn\
KIAM vi venos? TIAM mi lois en
When will you come ? Londono
Then (at that time) I lived
in London
KIAM i estos preta? TIAM mi estis juna
When will it be ready? I was young then
KIAM li estos libera? Nur TIAM mi iros
When will he be free ? Only then will I go

-A-
99. —The suffix used to denote some concrete
-a- is

thing made from, or possessing the quality of the root:

pakas packs pakAjo a package

manas eats manAjo food
lano wool lanAjoj woollens
konstruas builds konstruAo a building
7& ESPERANTO
100. —
In particular it is used for the flesh of an animal
used for food

porko a pig porkAJo pork

safo a sheep afAJo mutton
bovido a calf bovidAjo veal

lOi. — It often gives the idea of A PIECE OF:

muziko music muzikAjo a piece of music
nova new novAo a piece ot news
teatro theatre teatrAJo a play, piece
majstro maestro majstrAjo a masterpiece
 LESSON EIGHT 79
Text
ARTO'
RflDIO-PROGRilMO [^ LUNDO
8.0 atm.* NOVAOJ KAJ VETERPROGNOZO
10.0 LA MATENA DISERVO
Pensoj de Kristano, inter Kristnasko kaj Pasko

10.30 MUZIKO DUM VI LABORAS: Dancmuzika Sesopo

11.0 POR LA LERNEJOJ:
(i) Aktualaj Aferoj: Kiom vi scias pri atoma energio?
(ii) La Usonanoj: Vivo kaj penso en Usono hodia
(iii) Komenca Kurso en Esperanto: 12a Leciono
12.0 tagmezo EKSTERLANDANOJ: INTERVJUO KUN TURKO
(Dua programo en i tiu serio. En la tria programo, post
unu semajno, vi ados Italon)

12.30 ptm.* HIERA EN LA PARLAMENTEJO

NOVAJOJ
1.0 Horsignalo el Greenwich:

1.15 ORKESTRA HORO: SKOTA ORKESTRO DE LA BBC.

Uverturo: La Gajaj Edzinoj de Windsor Nicolai
Simfonio N-o 101 "La Horloo" Haydn
Sonpoemo, "Finnlando" Sibelius

2.0 HORO POR VIRINOJ

Gastino de la semajno:
La Edzino de la Portugala
Ambasadoro

Elizabeto respondas al viaj de-

mandoj. Hodiau: "Kiom kostas
ideala domo?" "Kiam iu virino
havos idealan domon?"

Sveda sinjorino parolas pri la

vivo en Svedujo dum la vintraj
monatoj.

Svedino skulptas lud-figurojn el ligno

3.0 TAGLIBRO de S-INO DALE

•anta-tagmezo : forenoon, a.m.; post-tagmezo : afternoon, p.m.
8o ESPERANTO
3.15 MUZIKO DE LA MAJSTROJ (Per gramofondiskoj)
Vi audos muzikaojn de Weber, Debussy kaj Borodin

4.30 Teatrao: "LA TRmEK NA TUPOJ" de John Buchan

(Ripeto de la unua sendao je lasta ado)
5.0 HORO POR LA INFANOJ
Hodiau estas la Tago de Sankta David. Vi
audos specialan programon el Kimrujo, kun
popolkantoj

6.0 Horsignalo: NOVAOJ. SPORTREZULTOJ

6-30 GRAMOFONDISKOJ: Mikspoto

7.0 "LUNDON VESPERE

JE LA SEPA!"

Varietea prezentao

Inter multaj steloj,

Flora Gonzalez el Argentino
kantos al ni

80 %Ti# SIMFONIA KONCERTO— Unua

^ Simfonia Orkestro de
(efviolono Paul Beard)
la BBC.
Parto

kondukisto: Sir Malcolm Sargent

Uverturo, "La Barbisto de Sevilo" Rossini

Konerto por fortepiano kaj orkestro Grieg
(e la piano: Solomon)
(la dua parto de la koncerto sekvos je la naa kaj kvarono)

9.0 Horsignalo; NOVAJOJ

9.15 SIMFONIA KONCERTO— Dua Parto

Simfonio "El
: la Nova Mondo" Dvorak
 LESSON EIGHT 8i

TELEVIDO- :M A R T O
PROGRAMO LUNDO
V LU

5.0—6.0 POR LA INFANOJ

Aventuroj de Sherlock Holmes: Numero Tri:

"La Signo de la Kvaro"

7.25 VETERA DIAGRAMO

kaj PROGNOZO
7.30 NOVAOFILMO
7.45 VARIETEO
kun akrobatoj, komikuloj, kantoj,
dancoj, kaj— "MIRULO"

'Mirulo", kiu mistifikos nin

en la Varieteo je 7.45

8.30 EVNSBRUCK

Tridekminuta vizito
i tiu belega
urbo en Tirolo

(kun permeso
afabla
kajkunlaboro
de la Astra tata Radio)
82 ESPERANTO
9.0 "ANIMALA, VEGETAA, MINERALA?"
Hodia la Kimra Nacia Muzeo, Cardiff, trovos kiom la Tri
Spertuloj scias!

9.30 Baledo

LA LAGO DE LA CIGNOJ
(ajkovski)

(kun dudekopa dancotrupo kaj la Teatra Orkestro)

'Logo de la CignoJ": Sceno el la tria Akto

 LESSON EIGHT 83
Note. —
Henceforward, a word will not be included
in the short vocabularies if it is identical with an
English word in form and meaning. Notice, how-
ever, that some words similar in form differ in
meaning, e.g. akurata means not "accurate" but
"punctual". All words used are given in the General
Vocabulary.

Vocabulary
—
afabla kind, affable —
lago lake
—
afero affair, matter leciono —
lesson
—
aktuala topical, up-to- lernejo —
school
date —
majstro master (of an
animala — belonging to art, science, craft, etc.)
animal kingdom in mikspoto —
miscellany,
widest sense. "Besto" is pot-pourri
only an animal in every- —
miras wonders, is sur-
day sense: "animala" prised, marvels
includes birds and fishes —
mistifikas mystifies
—
baledo ballet —month
monato
—
cigno swan (cf. cygnet) Pasko — Easter
ciu— each one permeso — permission
— ripeto—repeat
Dio — God Di-servo
;

divine service sekvas —follows (cf. se-

disko — disc, gramophone quence)
record sesopo — sextet [see §
87]
gfja— gay, merry sperta — expert
hiera —yesterday — stelo star
horo— hour, time of day tupo — step
horloo — clock
teatro — theatre teatrao
inter—between, among —play
;

kanto — song
koncerto — concerto, work
Usono— U.S.A.
for solo instrument and uverturo — overture (mu-
sic)
orchestra
Kristo — Christ; Kristano varieteo —variety enter-
— Christian Kristnas- ;
tainment
ko— Christmas vegetas —vegetates vege- ;

kun —with tao — anything vege- in

kunlaboro — work-wi th" table kingdom
'
'

collaboration viro —man (cf. virile)

84 ESPERANTO
Exercise 8a
Kioma horo estas? Je kioma horo ni ados la danc-
muzikan sesopon? Kiom vi scias pri atoma energio?
Je kioma horo vi ordinare audas la novaojn: je la oka
atm., la unua ptm., la sesa ptm., a
la naua ptm.?
u vi
domo?"
programerojn: "Kiom kostas ideala
audis la
kaj "Kiam iu virino havos idealan domon?"
Hiera estis la unua de Majo: kiun tagon ni havas
hodia? Kiom da teatraoj vi vidas en unu semajno?
Kiom da koncertoj vi audas en unu monato? Venu
lundon a
mardon. Ni venos merkredon je la dek-unua
horo. La filmo daros du horojn. u vi vidis la teatrajon
anta du jaroj ? Anta kiom da semajnoj vi audis sim-
fonian orkestron? u vi estos libera je la deka horo?
u
duono
vi estos libera post
post la sesa? Kion
dek minutoj
vi vidos je
? Kion vi ados je
kvarono antau la
oka?

Exercise 8b
At what time do you hear the weather forecast ? When
did you hear the news? Will you come on Monday or
Friday? We heard an orchestra at three o'clock. We
have heard it a score of times. We will come at half
past four or a quarter to five. What is a half of six?
What is a quarter of a dozen ? Three days ago I saw a
play. In seven weeks I shall receive permission. How
many clocks have you ? We heard an hour of musical
pieces on gramophone records.
 LESSON NINE
NOTOJ PRI LA NATURO
(Nature Notes)

Comparison
102. —All adjectives of quality each have three forms
which are sometimes called DEGREES. As the different
degrees are compared it is called the COMPARISON of
adjectives.The three degrees are called: the POSITIVE
degree, the COMPARATIVE degree, and the SUPER-
LATIVE degree.
Adding the suffixes -er and -est is the usual way in
English to compare adjectives:
Positive Comparative Superlative
tall tallER tallEST

But for long words we use MORE and MOST:

beautiful MORE beautiful MOST beautiful

And yet a few others have quite irregular forms

good better best

In Esperanto we have but one form to cover all three

alta PLI alta PLEJ alta
bela PLI bela PLEJ bela
bona PLI bona PLEJ bona
Mi havas PLI bonan hundon
I have a better dog
Everest estas la PLEJ alta monto en la mondo
Everest is the highest mountain in the world
si estas mia PLEJ bela amikino
She is my most beautiful friend
Li estas mia PLEJ bona amiko
He is my best friend
85
86 ESPERANTO
103.— Ol is used with PLI to translate THAN:
Li estas PLI alta OL vi
He is taller THAN you
si estas PLI bela OL ia patrino
She is more beautiful THAN her mother
Mia hundo estas PLI bona OL via
My dog is better THAN yours
104. —EI is used with PLEJ to translate OF when it

means OUT OF:

Li estas la PLEJ alta EL la fratoj
He is the tallest OF the brothers
Mi havas tri EL la PLEJ belaj
I have three OF the most beautiful
Jen la PLEJ bona EL miaj libroj
Here is the best (one) OF my books

105. —Adverbs are compared in the same way:

alte PLI alte PLEJ alte
highly more highly most highly
bele PLI bele PLEJ bele
beautifully more beautifully most beautifully
bone PLI bone PLEJ bone
well better best
Si kantas PLEJ bele
She sings most beautifully
Li faris gin PLI bone OL vi
He did it better THAN you

Word-Order
106. —
The normal order of the words in Esperanto is
similar to that in English: Subject Verb Object. But — —
in order to throw special emphasis on the Object or
some other part of the sentence, the word-order is often
changed
 LESSON NINE 87
La edzon mi ne konas, sed mi ofte vidas lian
edzinon
The husband I do not know, but I often see his wife
( =1 do not know the husband)
Al infanoj mi ne donas monon
To children I do not give money ( =1 do not give
money to children)

Al ni en Britujo mankas leonoj

To us in Britain are lacking lions (=We do not have
lions in Britain)

107. —
Note also that we never end a sentence with a
preposition, as we often do in English:

KUN kiu vi korespondas?

WITH whom do you correspond? (Who do you
correspond WITH?)
PRI kio vi parolas?
ABOUT what are you speaking? (What are you
speaking ABOUT?)

108. —
In negative sentences ne usually stands before
the verb, but it may be placed before another word for
emphasis

Mi NE skribis leteron
I did not write a letter
N£ mi skribis leteron
It was not I who wrote a letter (but someone else)

Mi skribis NE leteron, sed potkarton

It wasn't a letter I wrote, but a postcard

-AD-
109. —
The suffix -ad- is used to denote the continua-
tion or constant repetition of an action. In the noun form
it equals the English -ING:
88 ESPERANTO
pafas shoots pafADo a firing (fiisillade)
legas reads legADo a reading ( the process)
iras goes irADas keeps on going
kantas sings kantADo singing (the act)
uzas uses uzADo usage
dancas dances dancADo dancing

no. — It is also used with the names of some instru-

ments to name the action of that tool

martelo a hammer martelADo hammering

broso a brush brosADo brushing
krono a crown kronADo crowning

-AR-
1 1 T
.
—
The suffix -ar- is used to denote a collection or
assemblage of the persons or objects indicated by the
root:

kampo a field kampARo countryside

monto a mountain montARo a range of moun-
tains
arbo a tree arbARo a wood
afo a sheep safARo a flock of sheep
homo a man (human homARo mankind
being)
hirundo a swallow hirundARo a flight of swal-
lows
besto an animal bestARo fauna
birdo a bird birdARo Avifauna, ornis
elefanto an elephant elefantARo a herd of ele-
phants

-EBL-
112. —The suffix -ebl- is used to denote possibility
(like -able, -ible) :

komprenas understand komprenEBLa under-

standable
xnovas move movEBLa movable
 LESSON NINE 89
legas read legEBLa legible
vidas see vidEBLa visible
sentas feel, have a sentEBLa perceptible
sense of
kredas believe kredEBLa credible, pro-
bable
kalkulas calculate nekalkulEBLa incalcul-
able

-IND-
113. —The suffix -ind- is used to denote worthiness,
merit, deserving of something:

amas love amlNDa lovable

faras do farlNDa worth doing
ladas praise ladlNDa praiseworthy
legas read leglNDa readable (worth read-
ing)
miras marvel, be mirlNDa marvellous, wonderful
surprised at
rimarkas notice, rimarklNDa remarkable
remark, observe
vizitas visits vizitlNDa worth visiting

-ro-
ll 4. —The suffix -id- is used to denote the young of,
offspring, or descendant:

afo a sheep afroo a lamb

koko a cock koklDo a chicken
kato a cat katroo a kitten
hundo a dog hundroo pup a
Izraelo Israel IzraeUDo an Israelite
bovo an ox bovroo a calf
leono a lion leonroo a lion-cub
irafo a giraffe giraHDo a baby giraffe
elefanto an elephant elefantroo a baby elephant
90
 LESSON NINE 91
Eble pli mirinda ol la hirundo
estas alia birdo, marbirdo (en
Angla lingvo: Arctic Tern), kiu
vivas dum la somero en la
Arkta regiono, kaj dum la vintro
en la Antarkto! Tiu birdo, do,
neniam konas la nokton; por
i, iam estas tage.

Hirundo kun idoj, e la nesto

sub tegmenta e farmdomo

Pri Stataj Parkoj

La ideo pri tatparkoj venas Al ni en Britujo mankas
al ni el Usono. La plej rimar- leonoj ; sed anka ni havas jam
kinda el la pioniraj tatparkoj niajn tatparkojn danke al —
estas tiu Yellowstone ( =
de longa laborado kaj klopodado
"Flava tono") en Wyoming, de multaj entuziasmuloj. Du
kiu estas publika parkego jam el grandaj estas tiuj de
la plej
de 1872, kaj enhavas pli ol 3,800 Nord-Kimrujo kaj de la Laga
kvadratmejlojn. (Tio signifas, ke Regiono. Tiuj parkoj portas,
i estas duone tiel granda, kiel kaj iam portos, nekalkuleblan
la tuta lando Kimrujo). Gi plezuron al la Brita popolo kaj
estas fama pro belegaj pejzagoj al eksterlandanoj kiuj vizitas nin.
kaj pro varmegaj akvofontoj. Hi konservos por iam la plej
belajn regionojn de nia lando;
En multaj landoj nun ek- en ili ni iam libere studos la
zistas similaj naturparkoj, en naturon, kaj uos ripozon en
kiuj la bestaro kaj birdaro belegaj irkaaoi.
ricevas protektadon. Ekzemple,
en Sud-Afriko la grandega
tatparko Kruger, tra kiu homoj
veturas laii vojoj, apud kiuj
ludas leonoj, irafoj kaj ele-
fantoj.
92 ESPERANTO

Vidao en la tatparko de Nord-Kimrujo: safaro, kun afidoj,

anta la aha montaro Snowdonia
 LESSON NINE 93
Vocabulary
ago—age klopodas —busies oneself
akurata
tual
—prompt, punc- about,
oneself
tries hard, exerts

akvo —water aquatic) konas — knows,

(cf. is ac-
ankora — (continuing)
still quainted with
Antarkto —Antarctic konservas — preserves
Arkto —Arctic kredas — believes (cf.

atendas — expects
waits-for, creed) kredeble— pro- ;

bovo — one head of bably ("beUevably")

cattle;
bovido — calf kurioza — curious, interes-
celo—aim, destina-
goal, ting
tion kvadratmejlo — square mile
iam—always mejlo — mile
irkaaoj — surroundings migras— migrates, wanders
(
'
things-round-about'
' neniam— never
danko — gratitude, thanks —than '

ol
danke — thanks
al pejzao — landscape
to
do — then
therefore, —most plej interesa plej
eble — possibly —most interesting ;

ekzemplo — example ek- —more

; pligranda pli
zemple —
;

example bigger
enhavas
— for
contains pro —
'has-in': the sake on
for of,
flava— yellow
fonto —fountain
behalf
rimarkas — notices rimar-
of, for
;

for—away, distant kinda — noteworthy

hirundo — swallow —jumps saltassomer- (cf.

jam— already: jam de sault)

since sentas — sentebla feels ;

kalkulas — counts, calcu- perceptible

lates afo — sheep; afido — lamb
kampo— kamparo
field; — tute ne
tute entirely ;
countryside "entirely not", not at all
Kimro —^Welshman; Kim- vivas — lives
rujo —Wales

Exercise 9a
u bovido estas pli granda ol afido? u
vi vidas pli
printempo ol dum la
da afidoj^ kaj bovidoj dum la
atuno? u vi havas katidon a hundidon? oni u
94 ESPERANTO
ofte vidas florqjn en ja kamparo dum somero? u
ni havas statparkojn? u
leonoj, irafoj kaj elefantqj
ludas tie? Kio estas leonido? Kio estas irafido? Kio
estas elefantido ? Kio estas leonaro ? Kio estas elefantaro ?
Kio estas rimarkinda pri la birdmigjado ? Kio estas videbla
en la kamparo dum printempo ? Cu la birdmigrado estas
mirinda fenomeno? Cu la tatparkoj estas vidindaj?
u ili portas nekalkuleblan plezuron al la Brita popolo ?

Cu la uzado de Esperanto estas pli facila ol la uzado

de aliaj lingvoj ? Kiun vi pli amas : la kantadon a la
dancadon ?

Exercise 9b
What do you know about bird migration? Which is
the taller: a puppy or a kitten? Do you see herds of
elephants in the country? Do flocks of birds migrate
during autumn? Is the national park a praiseworthy
idea? What is noteworthy about the national park in
Wyoming? Which is the biggest national park in the
world? What is probably the most astonishing pheno-
menon about bird migration?

Note: —la
birdmigrado =
bird migration; la
kantado =
singing la dancado
; =
dancing. The word
La is often used (but not translated) when a noun in
the singular is employed in a general sense. It is, how-
ever, usually omitted in titles of books and magazine
articles, and its use appears to be optional with the
names of the seasons.
 LESSON TEN
PAO POR VnUNOJ
(Women's Page)

The Infinitive

—When we merely wish name an action or

115. to
—that without reference person or time
state is, to
we use a form of the verb called the In English Infinitive.
we usually — but not always — use TO indicate the to
infinitive,but in Esperanto, as in French and other
languages, it is shown by a distinctive ending. In French
there are four such endings, but in Esperanto ALL
Infinitives end in -I:

esti to be paroll to speak

manl to eat sidi to sit
trinki to drink starl to stand

Note. —Do not confuse this TO with al, which expresses

direction only. Do NOT say AL manl for eat. to

116. —
In Esperanto, as in English, there are a few
verbs which need another verb in the infinitive to
complete their meaning. E.g., we do not say: "I must
something", 'T can something", or 'T am able some-
thing"; but

I must DO something
I can DO something
I am able TO DO something
This DO —with or without TO — the Infinitive,
is and
is translated by farl:
Mi DEVAS farl ion
I must (am obliged to) DO something
Mi POVAS farl ion
I can (am able to) DO something
95
96 ESPERANTO
Prepositions with an Infinitive
117. —The ending -ing in English is very often equal
to an infinitive; so a preposition before an infinitive in
Esperanto usually translated by the corresponding
is

preposition in English plus a word ending in -ing:

Anstata: ANSTATA ripozl, li laboris

INSTEAD OF restlNG, he worked

ANSTATA iri hejmen, mi iris en

kafejon
INSTEAD OF goING home, I went into
a cafe

Krom: Li vizitis min KROM viziti vin

He visited me BESIDES visitING you
KROM kanti U voUs fajfi
BESIDES singING he wanted to whisde

Por: Mi ne havas la tempon POR ludl

I haven't the time TO PLAY (FOR
playING)
Oni bezonas horojn POR preparl
manon
You (one) need hours TO PREPARE a
meal

Jen kelkaj ekzercoj POR helpl viri-

non
Here are some exercises TO HELP a
woman
J^ote. —
Por with an infinitive means in order to, and
is not usually translated.

Sen: si maris dek mejlojn SEN irI el la

domo
She walked ten miles WITHOUT goING
out of the house
 LESSON TEN 97
Li foriris SEN dirl ion
He went away WITHOUT sayING any-
thing

Mi ne povas movi la tablon SEN farl

bruon
I cannot move the table WITHOUT
makING a noise

The Ending -US

1 1 8. —The endings -as, -is, -os are used to express a
fact:

Mi estAS viro I am a man

Mi donIS la monon al li I gave the money to
him
Ni atendOS vin We shall wait for you

There are three endings, because when we speak of

facts we are interested in the time of the action or state.

When, however, we express a supposition a flight —

—
of fancy a mere thought we use the one ending—
-us because, as the action or state is imaginary anyway,
time does not usually enter into it:

Ho, se nur mi estUS rica!

Oh, if only I were rich! (I am not; so it is just fancy)

Ho, se nur mi havUS la propran domon!

Oh, if only I had my own house! (But I haven't)

1 19. — It is used particularly in Conditional Sentences,

where the fulfilment of an action or state is dependent
i.e.

on another supposed, imagined condition:

Se mi estUS rica, mi loUS en Kanado
If I were rich, I should live in Canada
Se li sciUS tion, li ne venUS
If he knew that, he would not come
D
gS ESPERANTO
120. —
As in English, it is also used as a polite form to
express a wish or request as if it were just a passing
thought
Mi volUS aceti tiun jupon!
I should like to buy that skirt!

u mi povUS
Could I
havi tason da teo?
have a cup of tea ?
u povUS
vi prunti al mi du pundojn?
Could you lend me two pounds?

Afi&xes as Independent Words

1 21 .
—Many of the prefixes and suffixes whose sense
permits may be used as independent roots, taking the
appropriate ending. Here are the most important of
those so far learned.
MALON
Li faris la He did the OPPOSITE
MALE, mi venos kun vi ON THE CONTRARY,
I shall come with you
La INA intuicio The FEMININE intui-
tion
Mi vidis ETAN muson Isaw a TINY mouse
Li EGE miris He was GREATLY sur-
prised
Mi estas ANO I am a MEMBER
Kie estas la EJO? Where is the PLACE?
Tie estas la UJO There is the CON-
TAINER
ARO da infanoj A PARTY of children
ARO da birdoj A FLOCK of birds
ARO da cevaloj A HERD of horses
La proksima ERO estos The next ITEM will be . .

Mi forgesis la ILOJN I forgot the TOOLS

Li iris tien kaj REEN He went there and BACK
INDA je pli bona sorto WORTHY of a better fate
Mi ne INDAS tian Iam not WORTH such
honoron an honour
TIO ne estas EBLA That is not POSSIBLE
EBLE ni farus same POSSIBLY we should do
the same
 LESSON TEN 99
—
122. Similarly, the use of the particles (i.e. words
—
normally used without an ending correlatives, pre-
positions, etc.) may also be enlarged by the use of an
appropriate ending. Actually, a very great number of
words can be derived in this way; here is just a small
selection to give you some idea of the wealth of words
latent in quite a small vocabulary.

ciam, always ciamA, permanent, constant

tiam, then tiamA, of that time
tiamULO, a man of that time
a contemporary
tie, there tieA, of that place, local
tieULO, a native of the place
why
kial, kialO, reason
anta, before antauA, previous
antaE, previously
antaULO, predecessor
irka, about irkal, to surround
irkaAO, surroundings
ekster, outside eksterA,^ outer, external
eksterAO, outer part
super, above superA, superior
superULO, a superior
NEsuperEBLA, insuperable
nun, now nunA, present, instant
ne, no, not nel, to deny, say no to
neEBLA, impossible
jes, yes jesi, to reply in the affirmative

KIES AND TIES

—
123. kies (kee-ess)= whose; ties (tee-ess) = that
one's, of that one (over there).
These two words, then, show POSSESSION as
follows

KIES libro estas tiu? Eble i estas TIES

Whose book is that ? Perhaps it is that one's
1 00 ESPERANTO
KIES filo vi estas? Mi neniam sekvas TOES
Whose son are you? opinion
I never follow that one's
opinion
La lando, KIES gastoj ni estas
The country whose guests we are
Li estas persono, KIES bezono estas pli granda
ol via
He is a person whose need is greater than yours

Ties is not used as much as kies, but it is sometimes

found with the meaning of THE LATTER'S:

Johano renkontis Arturon kaj TIES amikon

John met Arthur and the latter's friend
 LESSON TEN lOI
Text
PAGO POR VIRINOJ

hfon vf farus, se vi ncevus /2,000?

u
^ u aetus
vi
vojaus
vi
domon?
irka
idealan
a
Cu
la
vi aetus belan pianon,
]uksan atomobilon?
mondo?
u dedius monon
vi
u al la
vi helpus iun helpindan
societon?
edukado de viaj infanoj?
u donusbezono
son©,
vi
kies
monon
du
Sendu
estas
al per-
pli
al ni viajn ideojn. Post
semajnoj, ni presos la plej
granda ol via? interesajn el ili.

Jen kelkaj korpaj ekzercoj

por helpi la virinon kiu
To^ Cstc'-ic/a- deziras esti kaj resti bela.

1. Por la brusto 4. Por la kolo

kaj brakoj. kaj ultroj.

2. Por la trunko. 5. Por la spino,

dorso kaj kruroj.

f}*^ 3. Por la brakoj, 6. Por la piedoj,

manoj, fingroj, kaj ventre. kruroj kaj dorso.
102 ESPERANTO

Jiiam da hufly vi Hiohsas cpx Uf%u tagof

Estas mirinde, kiom da paoj profesiulo maris 100 mejlojn

iutage^ faras virino, kies laboro en unu semajno sur la golf-
estas tute en la hejmo. Golf- ludejo, dum
lia edzino "sidis"
en la Li ege miris kiam
domo.
li trovis, ke si fakte marsis
iutage 10 mejlojn 50 mejlojn —
en unu semajno! Dum dek
jaroj, do, tiu dommastrino
marsis pli ol 20,000 mejlojn,
sen iri el la domo. Ni devas
konfesi, ke la inoj ofte maras
pli, Por prepari kaj
ol la viroj.
baki unu kukon, ekzemple,
virino ofte faras 300 paojn. Tio
estas grava malparo de energio,
kaj do en moderna kuirejo,
kiun oni zorge planis, oni ne
bezonas fari pli ol 50 paojn.

JsxnvslictcJ e^v ui ke/tfur

—
Por pari tempon:
N-o 323
dum askultas al la radio,
vi
manikuru la manojn. Dum vi
rigardas la televidon, brosu
viajn harojn.

N-o 324 —
Por forpreni^ inkon
de tapio: uzu varman lakton.
la
Oni devas tuj veri la lakton sur
la inkmakulon, kaj lavi per pura
tolo.

"each-daily", every day. -"away-take", remove.

 LESSON TEN 103

KuuiADo t'n cmvjo

inaj kuiristinoj, kies arto fritas (rapide, je alta tempera-
estas tre subtila, ankora obeas ture, kaj en iomete'* da graso.)
regulojn, kiujn Konfucio pro- Oni anas la kuirmetodon la
poms jam anta 2,500 jaroj Tio ! la manao—ekzemple, grasan
ajnas stranga; sed se ni lous en porkaon oni stufas, sed mal-
inujo, eble ni farus same kiel grasan porkajon oni fritas.
la tieuloj.
La Konfucio, oni devas
Oni manas efe legomojn. iam spici la manaojn. La celo
Viando (porkao, bovidajo, tre de la spicado estas, forpreni
malofte safajo) estas altekosta, malagrablajn odorojn (ekzemple
do oni malmulte manas gin. fian odoron) kaj emfazi la
naturan guston de la manao.
La inoj neniam boligas Ofte oni bezonas horojn por
manaojn— ili rostas, stufas prepari manon, sed nur kelkajn
en tre malmulte^ da akvo) kaj minutojn por mani gin.

•>iijfe=5^

» multe da
— "muchly of", a lot of. —
So malmulte da a small quantity of.
* iom — somewhat; iom da—a little of; iomete —
da a very little, only a trace.
I04 ESPERANTO
Vocabulary
N.B.—Verbs are now given the form.
in Infinitive
aceti — buyto legomo — vegetable (for
askulti — to the
listen table)
bezono — need; bezoni — makulo — spot immacu- (cf.

to need late)
boligi — (something)
to boil mari — walk to
brako— arm mano — hand
brosi — brush
to mastro — master, manager
brusto — breast
chest, dommastrino — house-
dedici — dedicate,
to wife set
aside obei — obey to
devi — be obliged; mi
to pao —pace, stride
devas — must go
iri I piedo — pedal) foot (cf.

dorso— back dorsal porko—

(cf. porkao — pork
fin) pig;
ege —extremely preni — take to
ekzerco— exercise — print presi to
fari— do, make
to to proponi — propose to ofifer,

friti— to fry regulo— rule

graso — fat — remain resti to
gusto — taste ani — change to
haro— (one) hair; haroj pari — spare; to save,
or hararo- -head of hair malpari — waste to
hejmo— home — stew stufi to
kies —whose subtila — subtle
kolo — neck — (cfultro — shoulder
collar)
konsilo — advice tapio — carpet
konsileto— tip — person-of-that
tieulo
korpo — body place
kruro — leg — cloth tolo
kuirist(in) o — cook —immediately tuj
kuko — cake ventro -stomach, abdomen
lakto — milk veri —
(cf. lactic)pour to
la —according along viando — meat
to;
(a street, river, etc.) zorgo — care; zorgi — to
lavi — wash to take care

Exercise loa

uu vojaus irka
aetus vi idealan domon, se vi ricevus £2,000?
vi la mondo ? Cu vi dedius monon al
 LESSON TEN IO5

la edukado de viaj infanoj? Cu vi donus monon al

persono, kies bezono estas pli granda ol via? Cu vi
aetus belan pianon, au luksan atomobilon ? Cu vi
helpus iun helpindan societon? Kion vi farus? Cu vi
deziras esti kaj resti bela? Ni devas konfesi, ke la inoj
ofte maras pli ol la viroj. Kie oni ne bezonas fari pli ol
kvindek paojn? Kion oni povas fari dum oni askultas
al la radio ? Kion oni devas fari por forpreni inkon de la
tapio? Kion oni povas fari por esti bela? Kiom da
mejloj dommastrino maras sen irj el la domo? Kies arto
estas tre subtila ? Se ni lous en Cinujo, cu ni eble farus
same kiel la tieuloj?

Exercise lob
What would you do if you were rich ? What should I
do to save time ? What can you do without going out of
the room ? Could I have a cup of tea ? What would you
do if you forgot the tools ? Can I go there and back ?
What could be the reason? What could you do before-
hand? What can I do to help? Must I do it at the present
time? What must you do to prepare food? What can
I do without walking?
 LESSON ELEVEN
LA VIVO DE EINSTEIN
(The Life of Einstein)

The Reflexive Pronoun

124. The majority of verbs show that someone or
something (the Subject) does something to someone or
something (the Object)
Subject Verb Object
La knabo trinkas la laktoN
The boy drinks the milk

Now with some verbs it is possible to do the action

not only to someone or something else, but also to one's
self: In such cases, MYSELF, YOURSELF, YOUR-
SELVES, OURSELVES are translated as ME, YOU,
US:
Mi
 LESSON ELEVEN 107

La viro
io8 ESPERANTO
refer to it. E.g. in the second example it would be wrong

to say Li diris, ke SIA hundo . because hundo is a

. .

Subject.

-IG-
127. —
The sufHx -ig- is used to form words expressing
the causing or bringing about of the action or state
indicated in the root or formation to which it is attached.
=
As an independent word igi to cause.
kompleta complete kompletlGi to (cause to be)
complete
seka dry seklGi to (cause to be) dry
pura clean purlGi to clean, cleanse,
purify
klara clear klarlGi to explain, clarify,
elucidate
nigra black nigrlGi to blacken
ruga red rulGi redden (make red)
to
blanka white blanklGi to whiten
facila easy facillGi to make easy, faci-
Htate
Sana healthy sanlGi to make well, heal
kun with kunlGi connect,
to unite,
join together
sub under sublGi to subdue, overwhelm
nulo nought nulIGi to nullify, annul,
cancel

-IG- WITH VERBS

128. —Verbs which express an act that is caused to
something or someone are called causative verbs. The
suffix -ig- is used to form causative verbs from non-
causative verbs:

fali to fall fallGi to fell (a tree, etc.)

kui to lie kuIGi to lay (cause to lie)
timi to fear dmlGi to frighten (cause to fear)
 LESSON ELEVEN IO9

dari go on darlGi to continue (cause to go on)

to
iri togo irIGi to propel (cause to go)
miri to marvel mirlGi to astonish (make one mar-
vel)
veni to come venlGi to summon (cause to come)

129.— In some cases, English uses the same verb for

the non-causative and causative senses, but note that in
Esperanto we use -ig- for the latter:
boli to boil bolIGi to boil (cause to boil)
droni to drown dronlGi to drown (kill by drowning)
(perish)
bruli to burn brulIGi to burn (set on fire)
(be on fire)
flosi to float f losIGi to float (cause to float)

.I-
130.— The suffix -ig- is used to form words indicating
that the state expressed in the root has come into being.
As an independent word -ii=^ to become.

From adjectives:
Evidenta evident evidentlGi to become evident
malseka wet malseklGi to become wet
malpura dirty malpurlGi to become dirty
pala pale palli to grow pale
plena full plenli to become full
From nouns, prepositions, affixes and adverbs:
amiko a friend amiklGi to become friends
lumo a light lumlGi to become (grow) light
edzo a husband edzIGi to marry (become a hus-
band)^
(edziiiIGi= become a wife)
kun with kunli to unite, become joined
ano a member anli to join (a society, etc.)
From verbs:
sidi to sit sidli to become seated
stari to stand starli to get on one's feet, stand
up
no ESPERANTO
-I- With Verbs
131. —The suffix -i- is used in particular with verbs
that showthat the action is done to something or someone,
in order to show that the action is taking place without
affecting anyone or anything other than the Subject:

naski to bear, give birth to naskli to be born

eduki to educate (someone) eduklGi to be educated
montri to show (something) montrlGi to appear, be
shown
detrui to destroy (some- detruIGi to be des-
thing) troyed
komenci to begin (some- komencIGi to be
thing) started
fini to finish (something) finlGi to come to an
end
renkonti to meet (someone) renkontli to come to-
gether
trovi to find (something) trovIi to be found

-EC-
132. —
The suffix -ec- is used to form abstract nouns
expressing the quality or characteristic of that indicated
in the root; like the English -ness, -hood, -ship:

bona good bonECo goodness

patrino a mother patrinECo motherhood
amiko a friend amikECo friendship
juna young junECo youth, youthfulness
mistero a mystery misterECo mysteriousness, the
mystery
relativa relative relativECo relativity
granda great, large grandECo greatness, magni-
tude
vera true verECo truth
ebla possible eblECo possibility
bonkora kind bonkorECo kindness
 LESSON ELEVEN III

-IST-
133. —The suffix -ist- is used to denote one who
occupies himself, either professionally or as a hobby,
with the thing or matter named in the root:

dento a tooth dentlSTo a dentist

tajpas types tajpISTo a typist (male) a lady
typist would be tajpISTino
arto art artlSTo an artist
instruas teaches instruISTo a teacher
scienco science sciencISTo a scientist
muziko music muziklSTo a musician
laboras works laborlSTo a labourer, workman
plumbo lead plumblSTo a plumber
(metal)
urnalo newspaper urnallSTo a journalist

-ISM-
134. —
The suffix -ism- denotes a doctrine, practice, or
school of thought (like -ism) :

katoliko a Catholic katoliklSMo Catholicism

kanibalo a cannibal kaniballSMo cannibalism
Angla English AngllSMo an anglicism
internacia inter- internacilSMo internation-
national alism
112 ESPERANTO
Text
DATREVENO DE EINSTEIN
REVOLUCIISTO DE LA SCIENCO
Londono, \4an de Marto
Hodiaii, la 14a de Marto,
estas la datreveno^ de granda
homo. Je tiu i tago, en la jaro
1879, naskiis Albert Einstein.
Li edukiis en Munchen kaj en
Aarau. En frua juneco evidenti-
is lia genio pri matematiko.
Lia onklo tre simple klarigis al li
pri algebro; kaj la eta knabo, sen
ia helpo, solvis tutan libron de
algebra] problemoj. Li eniris*
la universitaton de Zurich, kaj
deziris farii instruisto. Sed
fakte, en 1902, li fariis teknika
fakulo en la Svisa Patentejo.
La Junulo kiu revoluciigis
la Sciencan Mondon
En 1903 li edziis^ al Slava
fralino; sed poste oni nuligis
tiun geedzion, kaj en 1916 li
reedziis, sia kuzino Else.
al
Unu naskiis al ili. Dum
filino
sia libera tempo li konstante
studis la misterecon de la uni-
verso, kaj doktoriis* la e
universitato de Zurich. Fine, en
la memorinda jaro 1905, h
verkis plurajn gravegajn arti-
kolojn. La efa el ili estis tiel
originala, ke e
grandaj scien-
cistojne povis kompreni gin.
Nur en 1915 H kompletigis sian
"eneralan Teorion pri
Relativeco."
La grandeco de tiu teorio kon-
sistas en ke i radikale
tio:
anis niajn konceptojn pri la
leoj de la universo, Ni trovas,
ke la principoj de Newton kaj de
Eklid estas nur oportunajoj,
kaj ne reprezentas la realan
verecon! Ni devas, do, kvaza
rekomenci de la komenco: kaj
longa laborado estas ankora
necesa por plene esplori iujn
eblecojn^ de tia grandioza teorio.
Germanujo forpelis* sian
grandan Filon
De 1914 is 1933 Einstein
laboris en sia patrolando Ger-
manujo, La registaro' de Hitler
atakis lin car li estis Judo; do en
1933 li lasis Germanujon kaj
elmigris,unue al Svislando, poste
al Usono. Li lois en Princeton,
kie li mortis je la 18a de Aprilo,
1955.
humila, simpla Homo
Einstein:
Krom sciencisto, Einstein estis
anka bona muzikisto, per
piano kaj violono. Li havis,
cetere, profundan religian sen-
 LESSON ELEVEN "3
ton. Persone, li estis homo dukis al situacio, en kiu la
simpla kaj humila, de granda homoj povas detrui sin per
bonkoreco^. iuj homoj ne nur atombomboj. urnalisto ^ iam
respektis, sed amis lin. Li diris, demandis al Einstein: vi "u
ke se li povus revivi sian vivon, povas antadiri^S kiajn armilojn
li preferus esti simpla laboristo, oni uzos en tria mondmilito?"
ekzemple plumbisto. Politike, li Li respondis: "Ne; sed mi ja
estis socialisto kaj pacifisto, kiu povas antadiri, kiajn armilojn
abomenis militon. Dum la lastaj oni uzus en kvara mondmilito
jaroj li malgajiis^, car li timis, rokojn kaj bastonojn!"
ke liaj propraj eltrovoj^" kon-

'"return-of-the-date" : birthday, anniversary.

^ "went-in", entered.
' "became-a-husband" married. For a : woman it would be "edziniis".
* "became-a-doctor" graduated,
:

'ebla + eco: "possibility".

°for-pelis: drove away.
' "group of rulers": government.

*"good-heartedness": kindness.
'mal-gaj-i-is: became sad.
^"el-trovo: finding-out, discovery,
'^anta-diri : "before-say" foretell.
114 ESPERANTO
Vocabulary
—
armilo armament morti — to die
—
bastono stick naski — to give birth to;
detrui — destroy
to naskii to —
become-
fako — compartment, de- born
partment (of know- —
nulo nought; nuligi —
ledge, etc.) ; fakulo nullify
specialist onklo — uncle
farii — to become oportuna — convenient
grandioza —sublime, mag- oportunaoj things of—
nificent
convenience
humila —humble —
to drive, chase
instrui — teach;
to instru-
peli
away
isto — teacher — lead
ja — indeed! certainly!
plumbo (metal)
rather
plumbisto plumber—
Judo—Jew —
povi to be able; can
klara —clear; klarigi regi —to govern, control;
make-clear, explain registo —one who gov-
—
krom apart from, except erns ; registaro — gov-
—
kuzo cousin ernment
—
kvaza as if, as it were, verki — to compose, write
"sort of" (a work)
lego law— violono violin (note
—
milito war spelling)

Exercise iia
Kion vi diris al vi? Kial ili lavas sin? u
i admiras
sin ? Kiam vi lavis vin ? u Einstein edziis al sia kuzino ?
dum
Kion li faris dum sia libera tempo? Kion vi faras
via libera tempo? Kiam
kompletigis sian
Einstein
teorion? En kio konsistas la grandeco de tiu teorio?
u ni anis niajn konceptojn pri la universo ? ^Dum
kiuj jaroj Einstein laboris en sia patrolando? ^vi u
opinias, ke la homoj detruos sin per atombomboj? u
oni nuligis la unuan geedzion de Einstein? Al kiu li
edzigis? Kiu klarigis al^ Einstein pri algebro? u
Einstein estis sciencisto? u
li estis plumbisto? li u
estis socialisto kaj pacifisto?
 LESSON ELEVEN II5

Exercise iib
Did you wash yourself? Did they wash themselves?
Why did it lick itself? When did Einstein marry his
cousin? When was Einstein born? Where was he edu-
cated ? Who explained what to Einstein ? Who felled the
tree? Did he drown the dog? Did she boil the water?
Has the play begun? He began to sing. He finished the
work. The work came to an end. Was Einstein full
of goodness? Does Esperanto lead to friendship? Are
you a typist? Are you a teacher? Are you a dentist?
 LESSON TWELVE
KELKAJ REKLAMOJ
(A Few Advertisements)
Participles

135. —
You have seen that a noun can be made into an
adjective by simply changing the ending -O to -A:
florO —a flower florA — floral

However, if we wish to give some idea of action to the

simple describing word, we use the fuller ending -ANTA;
florANTA — flowering, flourishing

Note that it remains an adjective describing a

still

noun, although it from an ordinary adjective in

differs
that it also suggests action. A word ending in -ANTA
(English -in^) is called an imperfect participle. There is

also a PERFECT PARTICIPLE ending in -INTA

(English -ed, -en, etc.)
falANTA— falling fallNTA—fallen
flugANTA— flying fluglNTA— flown
kreskANTA—growing kresklNTA—grown
mortANTA —dying mortlNTA— dead
pasANTA— passing pasINTA— passed, past
pendANTA— hanging pendlNTA—hung, hanged
Mi vidis falANTAn arbon— I saw a falling tree
Li sidis sur fallNTA arbo — He sat on a fallen tree

Mi vidis mortANTAn muson— I saw a dying mouse

si trovis mortlNTAn muson — She found a dead
mouse
—
Rapide pasANTAj tagoj Quickly passing days
Ne parolu pri pasINTAj jaroj Do not speak of —
past years
Note. —Like adjectives, the participles take -N and/or
-J when required.
 LESSON TWELVE "7
The Perfect Tense
136. — In order to emphasise that an action is finished
and complete, we use EngHsh the perfect participle
in
with have {has^ had) to show the time. In Esperanto, we
also use the perfect participle, but make use of EST AS,
ESTIS, ESTOS to show the time:

The present perfect tense:

Mi estAS fallNTa I HAVE fallen (

= 1 am
having-fallen)
Vi estAS fallNTa You HAVE fallen
Li estAS faUNTa He HAS fallen
si estAS faUNTa SheHAS fallen
i estAS faUNTa ItHAS fallen
Ni estAS fallNTaj We HAVE fallen
Vi estAS fallNTaj You (plural) HAVE fallen
m estAS faUNTaj They HAVE fallen

The past perfect tense:

Mi estIS faUNTa I HAD fallen

Vi estIS faUNTa You HAD fallen
Li estIS faUNTa He HAD fallen
si estIS faUNTa She HAD fallen
i estIS faUNTa ItHAD fallen
Ni estIS faUNTaj We HAD fallen
Vi estIS faUNTaj You (plural) HAD fallen
m estIS faUNTaj They HAD fallen

The future perfect tense

Mi estOS faUNTa I SHALL HAVE fallen

Vi estOS faUNTa You WILL HAVE fallen
Li estOS faUNTa He WILL HAVE fallen
si estOS faUNTa She WILL HAVE fallen
i estOS faUNTa It WILL HAVE fallen
Ni estOS faUNTaj We SHALL HAVE fallen
Vi estOS faUNTaj You (plural) WILL HAVE
fallen
m estOS faUNTaj They WILL HAVE fallen
 i8 ESPERANTO
Note: I. — In such sentences, HAVE is never trans-
lated by HA VI, which means to have in the sense of to
possess. Used with -INTA,
estAS^have, has
estIS = had
estOS= shall/will have

2. —The participle, like an adjective, takes -J if the

Subject is plural (Ni estas falintaj).

ONTA
I37---There is also a third participle in Esperanto, not
found in EngHsh. This is used to describe an action which
has not yet started but is on the point of starting, and it
gives the idea of about to or going to :

La viro irONTa en la domon estas mia edzo

The man ABOUT TO go into the house is my husband
La arbo estis falONTa
The tree was ABOUT TO fall
La fantomo estas aperONTa
The ghost is ABOUT TO appear
Mi venos en la venONTa vintro
I shall come in the coming winter (about-to-come
winter)
EstONTa tempo
Future time (about-to-be time)

La, sinjoro estas ia sinjoro estas La sinjoro estas

falOnta falAnta falInta
 LESSON TWELVE 119

Participle-Nouns
138. —
The participles can take the ending -O in place
of -A, and such nouns indicate a person performing the
action (English -er, -or) :

ami to love amANTO lov^r

detrui to destroy detruANTO destroyer
helpi to help helpANTO helper
komenci to begin komencANTO beginner
krei to create kreANTO creator
legi to read legANTO reader
loi to dwell loANTO dweller, inhabitant
protekti to protect protektANTO protector
okupi to occupy okupANTO occupier, occup-
ant
venki to conquer venkANTO conqueror, victor
vendi to sell vendANTO seller, vendor
posedi to possess posedlNTO one who has pos-
sessed
korespondi to korespondlNTO one who has
correspond corresponded, correspon-
dent
konduki to conduct kondukONTO one who is
going to conduct, conductor
vojai to travel vojaONTO one who is going
to travel

JU . . . DES . . .

139. —The expression "the the (more/

(more/less) . . .

less)", used in the comparison between two acts or states,,

is translated by ju (pli/malpli) . . . des (pli/malpli)

JU PLI vi rigardos gin, DES PLI vi atos gin

THE MORE you look at it, THE MORE you will
like it

JU PLI rapide, DES PLI bone

THE quicker, THE better
JU PLI mi legas gin, DES MALPLI mi komprenas
gm
THE MORE I read it, THE LESS I understand it
120 ESPERANTO
JU MALPLI mi laboras, DES MALPLI mi volas
labori
THE LESS I work, THE LESS I want to work

140. — Occasionally des is used alone in the sense

ALL THE MORE, SO MUCH THE MORE:
Mi kuris DES PLI rapide
I ran ALL THE quicker

DES PLI bone

SO MUCH THE better

AJN
141. —The word ajn
used to give a generalizing
is

sense to expression. Placed after a correlative

the
beginning with k-, it corresponds to the English -ever:

kiu ajn whoever, whichever kie ajn wherever

kio ajn whatever kiam ajn whenever
kia ajn whatever kind of kiom ajn however much
Li atendu, kiu AJN li estas
Let him \vait, whoEVER he is
Kion AJN vi trovas, vi rajtas reteni
WhatEVER you find, you may keep (retain)

Mi iros, kia AJN estos la vetero

I shall go whatEVER the weather is like

Li sidas, kie AJN livolas

He sits wherEVER he wants (to)

Kiam AJN li venos, li estos bonvena

WhenEVER he comes, he will be welcome
142. —When ajn is used with a correlative beginning

with i-, it is usually translated by any {at all, whatever)

iu ajn any (one) ie ajn anywhere

io ajn anything iam ajn any time
ia ajn any kind of iom ajn any amount
 LESSON TWELVE 21

Mi ne AJN en la cambro
konis iun
I know ANYone (at all) in the room
did not
Donu al mi ion AJN por trinki
Give me ANYthing (at all) to drink
Mi estas preta iri en ia AJN vetero
I am ready to go in ANY kind of weather

Li povas dormi ie AJN

He can sleep ANYwhere

-IL-

143. —The suffix -il- is used to denote the instrument

by which the action expressed by the "root" is carried
out:
trancas cuts trancILo a knife
losas locks slosILo a key
kudras sews kudrlLo a needle
kombas combs komblLo a comb
gladas irons gladlLo an iron
boligas boils boliglLo a boiler
kuiras cooks kuirlLo a cooker

EK-
144. —The prefix ek- is used to denote the beginning
of an action, or to show that it is just momentary:
vidi to see EKvidi to catch sight of
iri to go EKiri to set oflf, start
dormi to sleep EKdormi to fall asleep
loi to live, dwell EKloi to take up one s

residence
bruli to burn, be on EKbruli to catch fire
fire
pensi to think EKpensi to have an idea to
occur to (one)
posedi to possess EKposedi to take possession of
flugi to fly EKflugi to take wing, take
flight
brili to shine EKbrili to flash
rigardi to look (at) EKrigardi to glance (at)
 122 ESPER ANTO
Text

KELKAJ REKLAMOJ

KornjehjCUAtbj-

'kjoj ciuj \tvjcL(mturj -

Uzu "FULMO" aeroplan-servojn Per niaj "flugantaj
!

atobusoj", kiuj ekflugas je iu horo, vi atingos iun ajn

parton de la mondo, plej rapide kaj komforte. je
minimuma kosto
Kun plezuro ni aranos anka vian eksterlandan
ferion en la venonta somero. Ni garantias, ke iu el
niaj multaj vojaplanoj nepre plaos al vi!

FULMO AEROPLANSERVOJ — OLD AM STRATO

LONDONO

NOVAJ GEEDZOJ!
Balda vi ekposedos vian
hejmon, kaj estas aetontaj
meblaron. Pripensu tion: i
estas akompanonta vin dum la
tuta vivo! Do: ne oferu la
avantaojn de longa spertado
por pari iom da mono. Niaj
spertegaj laboristoj konas nur
unu kvaliton: la PLEJ
BONAN! Ju pli vi rigardos
iun ajn meblon el nia fabriko,
des pli vi atos gin.
Ni invitas vin kontroli
tion per la propraj okuloj
parU vizitu nian magazenon!

"roEALHEJMO"
MEBLISTOJ — BRISTOL
 LESSON TWELVE 123

Vestoj por Viroj kaj Virinoj

Por la nova sezono —

Neta, eleganta kostumo el
pura lano, perfekte sidanta
e ultroj kaj talio, kaj bone
konservanta sian koloron.
En nigra, ruga averda.
Tagas al iaj figuroj, sed
precipe flatas la junan, sveltan

Por liberaj horoj —

Ekpensu nun pri la somero!
uu gin en i tiu dupeca
sportkompleto, bele aspek-
tanta, el blua abruna lano.
La jako havas 3 a
4 poojn,
la via plao; kaj la pantalono
estas memtenanta, danke al
nia speciala, patenta zono

"STELO"-MODOJ LONDONO PARIZO

124 ESPERANTO

ELEKTRO
via silenta

HELPANTO
Por modernigi vian
hejmon, elektrigu gin!
Preska iu hejmo
nun havas elektran
gladilon, fajron a
boligilon.^ Sed nur
kiam vi ekhavos lav-
mainon, glaciran-
kon, kuirilon^, suilon,
kc. nur tiam
plene uos la avanta-
ojn de elektro, la
mirakla servanto.
—^A/VW—
Niakomerco estas
kreskinta el unu
simpla butiko; ni nun havas 128 butikojn tra la tuta
lando. Ni staros iam je via servo en venontaj jaroj,
kiel en la pasintaj

BRITA ELEKTRA KO MPANIO

"instrument-for-causing-to-boil" kettle.
cooker.
—kaj ceteraj: and the rest.
 LESSON TWELVE 125

Vocabulary
aspekto — appearance ; as- pantalono trousers—
pekti — appear, look to (Note singular)
:

like —
plai to please. Tio pla-
atingi — reach
to attain, as min placas
(tio al
butiko — shop mi) — I that
like
bruna — brown posedi — possess
elektro — electricity poo— pocket
fabriki— manufacture to preska — almost
fabriko — a factory propra — own
(one's)
flati— to flatter ruga — red
fulmo— lightning sezono— season
glacio — ice sui — to suck suilo —;

gladi — iron
to (clothes) vacuum cleaner
jako—jacket sperti — to experience;
ju pli . des
. .the pli . . sperto — one experience
spertado — experience
.

more the more

. . . . . .

—
kontroli to check (NOT (general, continuous)
control) svelta —slim
kreski— to grow sati—to appreciate, think
lano— wool highly of
magazeno— big store pari — to spare, save
mem— self talio—waist
neta —neat tagi — be suitable;
to
nepre— without fail tauga — suitable
fitting,
oferi— to sacrifice (NOT teni— hold
to
offer) verda — green
okulo — eye vesto — of clothing
article
pasi — pass (by)
to zono — belt

Exercise 12a
Per niaj "flugantaj atobusoj" vi atingos iun ajn
parton de la mondo. Ni aranos vian eksterlandan ferion
en la venonta somero. vi estas acetonta meblaron? u
Ju pli vi rigardos iun ajn meblon el nia fabriko, des pli
vi atos gin. u
vi havas elektran gladilon? Cu vi havas
elektran lavmasinon ? Kie estas via elektra sucilo ? En kiu
cambro trovias via kuirilo ? Cu via kuirilo estas elektra ?
u la elektro estas mirakla servanto? Nia komerco estas
126 ESPERANTO
kreskinta el unu simpla butiko. Ni staros ciam je via
servo en venontaj jaroj, kiel en la pasintaj. Ju pli vi uzos
niajn servojn, des pli da mono vi paros. Ju pli rapide
vi vojaos, des pli bone. Ju pli eleganta estas la kostumo,
des pli iflatas la junan, sveltan virinon. Balda ni
ekposedos novan domon. Ni ekiris frue por atingi la
butikon.

Exercise 12b
The aeroplane has flown northwards. Our business is

growing very quickly. It has grown from a small shop.

We are at your service as in past years. I have seen
your store. We had already bought our furniture. He
was about to travel to Germany. He set off early. What
will you do in the coming winter ? The more I look at it,
the less I like it. The slimmer I am, the better. Where is
the key? Do you possess a knife? I haven't a comb. He
passed in front of the woman without a glance.
 LESSON THIRTEEN
PAO DE FLANK-OKUPOJ
(Hobbies Page)

Verbs Preceding their Subjects

145. —
When the verb precedes its Subject in Enghsh,
we use the word THERE
or IT to introduce or draw
attention to the Subject. Neither of these words is
translated in Esperanto.

Estas bildo sur la muro

There is a picture on the wall
Estis multaj hundoj en la parko
There were many dogs in the park
Estos pli da viroj ol virinoj tie
There will be more men than women there
Note. —This use of THERE should not be confused
with tie, which means "there" in the sense of: in that
place.

146. Estas mi
It is I

Estis Maria, ne Arturo, en la ardeno

It was Mary, not Arthur, in the garden

Estos lundo morgan

It will be Monday tomorrow
Note. —This use of IT should not be confused with
i, which stands in place of a noun.

The Introductory 'It'

147. —
As mentioned in (146), the word IT is trans-
lated only when it represents some definite noun. In the
following sentences IT introduces and is equal to the
part beginning with 'that* or with an infinitive:
127
128 ESPERANTO
Estas vere, ke vi estas=Ke vi estas frua estas
frua vere
It is true that you are early That you are early is true
(IT = that you are early)

Ne estas eble, nei la=Nei la ekziston de Dio

ekziston de Dio ne estas eble
It is not possible to deny To deny the existence of
the existence of God God is not possible
(IT=to deny the existence of God)

Placis al si, ke vi povis=Ke vi povis resti placis

resti al si
It pleased her thatyou were That you were able to stay
able to stay pleased her
(IT = that you were able to stay)

Note that because the IT is not translated, what is an

adjective in English (It is true\ It is not possible) becomes
an adverb in Esperanto (Estas verE; Ne estas eblE).

MEM
148. —
The word mem is used to throw emphasis on
the noun or pronoun it follows:

Mi mem ne estas surda

I myself am not deaf
Li mem ne povas iri
He himself cannot go
Mi renkontis la reon mem
Imet the king himself
La kato mem rifuzis trinki gin
The cat itself refused to drink it
Ni mem neniam auskultas al la radio
We ourselves never listen to the wireless
si parolis al la viroj mem
She spoke to the men themselves
Mi volas paroli al li mem
I wish to speak to him himself
 LESSON THIRTEEN 129

149. ^Note that although mem is translated by

MYSELF, HIMSELF, OURSELVES, THEMSELVES,
etc., it is in no way reflexive and should not be confused
with si (125). As a matter of fact, it is often used with the
reflexive pronoun to give added emphasis, but it is not
translated in English:

Li razas sin mem

He shaves himself. (No one else does it)

150. Mem is also used as a prefix to show that a

condition is independent by itself without outside help:

memevidenta self-evident (without further expla-

nation)
meminstruita self-taught (without the aid of a
teacher)
memstara independent (by itself without support)

KAJ
—
. . . KAJ . . ., A A . . . . . ., NEK . . . NEK . .

151. ^The words kaj, aii and nek are used in pairs
as follows kaj . . . kaj . . .
: = both . . . and . . .

Si estas KAJ bela KAJ bona

She is BOTH beautiful AND good
a a »=either or
. . .

AU
It will
. .

pluvos A neosOR
EITHER
. . .

rain
, . .

snow
nek . . . nek . . . =neither . . . nor . . .

Li estas NEK
NEK malrica rica
He is NEITHER rich NOR poor
JEN ... JEN .. .

152. —The word jen is also repeated to give the

meaning now . . . now . . . {sometimes . . . sometimes . . .)

Mi vizitas JEN teatron JEN kinon

I visit NOW (sometimes) a theatre, NOW (sometimes)
a cinema
E
130 ESPERANTO
u u . . . . . .

153. — By analogy the word cu is repeated to give the

meaning whether or

U U OR
. . . . . .

knabo, knabino, la infano estos bonvena

WHETHER a boy girl, the child will be welcome

But perhaps
U
second
it is

being understood)
more usual to find U A . . . (the

Mi
I
A
UWHETHER
ne scias,
do not know
iri (cu) resti
to go OR (whether) to
stay

-ESTR-
154. —The suffix -estr- is used to denote the person in
charge, the head man. It is much used as an independent
word to translate ''boss'\
lernejo a school lernejESTRo a headmaster
urboa town urbESTRo a mayor
ardeno a garden ardenESTRo head of the
garden
lando a country landESTRo a sovereign
imperio an empire imperiESTRo an emperor
poto post, mail-service potESTRo a postmaster

-EM-
155. — The suffix -em- is used to denote a disposition,
inclination or proneness to do that which is expressed in
the root. Emi is much used as an independent word to
translate ''to be inclined to".
parol! to speak, talk parolEMa talkative
ludi to play ludEMa playful
labori to work laborEMa diligent
batali to fight batalEMa pugnacious
kvereli to quarrel kverelEMa quarrelsome
plendi to complain plendEMa querulous, com-
plaining
pari to save (up) parEMa thrifty
suspekti to suspect suspektEMa suspicious (by
nature)
timi to fear timEMa timid
 LESSON THIRTEEN I3I

FU-
156. —Fui = to spoil, botch, make a mess of, bungle
either intentionally or through lack of attention or
through stupidity:

Vi certe FUOS plurajn

You will certainly SPOIL (make a mess of) a number
LiFUIS cion
He BUNGLED everything
Fuulo = bungler.

157. Fus- is used as a prefix with this meaning:

FUfotografisto^a bungling photographer
132 ESPERANTO
Text

PAGO DE FLANKOKUPOJ
La amatora fotografisto

BIRD-FOTOGRAFADO

—La
e
birdoj estas konstruontaj
jam konstruantaj siajn —
nestojn. u e iam
grafi birdojn
vi penis foto-
la nesto? Por tio,
oni bezonas nek altekostan^
aparaton, nek profesian lertecon
e fufotografisto sukcesos, se li
havas unu virion: pacienco!

Komencanto prudente elektos

birdon kies nesto kuas a
sur tero asur akvo —
ne en alta
arbo. Birdoj estas tre suspek-
temaj kaj timemaj; tial, oni
devas uzi kaejon. La bildo
Galinolo e la nesto
{foto de unu el niaj legantoj)
montras konstrui simplan
kiel
skeleton, kiun oni kovras per
dubckolora^ sak-tolo, kun truo Kiam vi estas preta fari la
por la lenso. Ekfiksu la kaejon fotojn, prenu multajn plakojn
je longa distanco de la nesto, (vi certe fuos plurajn!), notli-
kaj movu gin iutage pli prok- breton, kaj —
amikon! Kiam vi
simen, is, fine, i estas staranta estas sidanta komforte en la
nur 2 a3 metrojn for de la kaejo, la amiko formaras, kun
nesto. bruo.

La birdo ne povas
kalkuli i vidas, ke unu
:

homo foriras, kaj i ne

suspektas, ke alia homo
ankora ^ restas en la
kaejo. Gi do revenas
al la nesto, kaj vi povos
fari multajn belajn
—
fotojn se la fortuno
Faldebla skeleto Kaejo preta, favoras vin!
de kaejo kun kovrilo

'highly-costing" : expensive. "doubtfully-coloured" : drab.

 LESSON THIRTEEN 133

En via gardeno: PRINTEMPAJ TASKOJ

3. KONSTRUADO de ROKARDENO
Laborema ardenamanto Inter rokplantoj oni
belaj
kaptos nun okazon por kon-
la havas vastan elekton. Hi
tre
strui rokardenon. Tia gardeno estas tre rampemaj, do necesas
bonege utiligos negrandan spa- severe regi ilian kreskadon.
con, kaj iaj plantoj provizos Multajn rokplantojn oni
tre kontentigajn^ rezultojn kaj — povas anka meti en potojn
la kvanto, kaj la kvalito. kaj starigi jen en pordejoj, jen
La bildo montras kiel kuigi en fenestroj, kie ili kreskos kaj
la rokojn. Ne uzu tro da rokoj floros e dum la vintro.
Malmultaj sufias.

KONSTRUADO dc ROKGAODENO

Apartigu la rokojn Klinu Iq rokojn jene,

per roketoj a brikoj kaj plenigu la inter-
spacojn per humo

Nur malmulte da Per simpla aparato, oni

roko restu videbla! povas konstrul ankau
akvoFaleton.

Vizito al Kew viziton al Kew, venontan saba-

La afabla invito de la ton je la 2.30 p.t.m. La kondu-
ardenestro, la anoj de nia konto estas nia Prezidanto,
ardenista klubo faros oficialan S-ro Green.

'making-satisfied": satisfactory
1 34 ESPERANTO
Vocabulary
aparta —separate; apart- —
necesa necessary
— separate
igi to —
peni to try, endeavour
arbo — tree plako —(phot.) plate
bruo— noise —
pordo door; pordejo —
certa — certain doorway
elekti— choose
to preta — ready
faldi— fold to proksima — near
galinolo — moor-hen prudenta — wise
sensible,
grundo — soil rampi — crawl
to
humo— humus sufia — sufii —
sufficient;
kai — hide (something)
to to suffice
klini — slope (some-
to tero — earth, land
thing) timi — fear
to
konstrui — build
to tro— too much, too many
kovri — cover
to truo — hole
kvanto — quantity utila—useful ;— utiligi uti-
kvalito — quality lise
lerta— clever, skilful vasta — wide
meti — put, place
to virto — virtue

Exercise 13a
Por fotografi birdojn, oni bezonas nek altekostan
aparaton, nek profesian lertecon. Nek la kvanto nek la
kvalito estas kontentiga. La nesto devas esti a
sur tero
a sur akvo. Li estas a
tro prudenta, a
tro timema.
Oni povas meti ilin a
en potojn a
en la ardenon. Gi
estas kaj necesa kaj utila. Birdoj estas kaj suspektemaj
kaj timemaj. La kaejo estas kaj simpla kaj malaltekosta.
Oni povas starigi ilin jen en pordejo jen en fenestro.
Vi sukcesos, cu vi estas profesia fotografisto, fu- u
fotografisto. u
birdoj estas tre suspektemaj kaj timemaj ?
Cu vi estas tre laborema? Cu rokplantoj estas tre ram-
pemaj? Cu vi estas lernejestro? a
potestro? Cu la
ardenestro invitis la anojn de nia ardenista klubo?
Kiom da plakoj vi fuis?
Exercise 13b
He is neither good nor bad. Neither near nor far.

It is neither the door nor the window^. You can choose

 LESSON THIRTEEN 1 35
either one or the other. The resuks are good, both in
quantity and in quaHty. Now he runs, now he walks.
I do not know whether to go, or to stay. Who is the
mayor? Do you know the headmistress? The kitten is
very playful. He is very quarrelsome. He makes a mess
of everything.
 LESSON FOURTEEN
LETEROJ AL LA REDAKTISTO
(Letters to the Editor)

Indirect Speech

158. —When we say what the Subject is or does in a

simple sentence, it is called DIRECT speech:

Mi estas viro
I am a man

When the expression comes through another person,

or repeated by the Subject,
is it is called INDIRECT
speech

Mi diras, ke mi estas viro

I say that I am a man
Note that the part underlined is the original DIRECT
sentence.

159. Statements: Note that the INDIRECT state-

ments come after KE (that)

La virino amas lin

The woman loves him
Li diras KE la virino amas lin
He says THAT the woman loves him
Mi opinias KE la virino amas lin
I think THAT the woman loves him
Ni scias KE la virino amas lin
We know THAT the woman loves him
Note. — In English we often omit THAT; i.e. 'He says

the woman loves him', but ke is always included in

Esperanto.
136
 LESSON FOURTEEN I37

160. Questions. —Note that we sometimes use IF

WHETHER English, but we always
U
instead of
in Esperanto
in
—never SE:
use

u vi amas min?
Do you love me?
Mi demandas U vi amas min
I ask whether (if) you love me
Hi volas scii U vi amas min
They want to know whether (if) you love me
Kiu vi estas?
Who are you?
Mi demandas kiu vi estas
I ask who you are
Kien li iras?
Where is he going (to) ?
Mi scivolas kien li iras
I wonder where he is going (to)?

KiamUvenos?
When will he come?
Mi ne scias kiam li venos
I do not know when he will come
Kial si ridas?
Why she laughing?
is

Mi ne povas imagi kial si ridas

I cannot imagine why she is laughing

161. —
W^hen the first verb of 'saying', etc. is in the past
tense, English has a complicated rule known as SE-
QUENCE OF TENSES. In such cases the second verb
(i.e. the verb of the DIRECT part) must also be put in

some form of the past tense to agree. There is no such rule

in Esperanto, and the second verb retains the tense it
would have in a DIRECT sentence:
La virino amAS lin
The woman LOVES him
Li dirlS KE la virino amAS lin
He SAID THAT the woman LOVED him
138 ESPERANTO
Vi scilS KE la virino amAS lin
You KNEW THAT the woman LOVED him
u vi amAS min?
Do you LOVE me?
Mi demandlS U vi amAS min
I ASKED whether (if) you LOVED me
Kiu vi est AS?
Who ARE you?
Mi scivolIS kiu vi estAS
I W ONDERED who you WERE

As vou see, after SAID, KNEW, ASKED, the direct

LOVE/LOVES becomes LOVED in the indirect, but
Esperanto uses amAS in both. In the last example ARE
becomes WERE, but in Esperanto we use estAS in
both.

162. —When the DIRECT verb is in the past tense or

perfect, HAD is commonly used in the INDIRECT
sentence
Li prenIS la libron
He TOOK (HAS TAKEN) the
book
Li dirlS K£ li prenlS la libron
He SAID THAT he HAD TAKEN the
book

163. —When the DIRECT verb is in the future tense,

we use SHOULD and WOULD in the INDIRECT
sentence
Mi venOS lundon
I SHALL come on Monday

Mi dirlS K£ mi venOS lundon

I SAID THAT I SHOULD come on
Monday
 LESSON FOURTEEN 1 39
U
WILL
vi legOS?
you read?
Mi demandlS CU vi legOS
I ASKED whether (if) you WOULD read

Passive Participles
164. — Corresponding to the three participles ending
in -ANTA, -INTA and -ONTA (Lesson 12), we have
three passive participles ending in -ATA, -ITA and
-OTA:

165. -ATA shows that the action is still in progress,

or that the state is still applicable:

amATa homo = a man, person, who is (now, still)

loved
konATa lando = a known country, a country which
everyone knows
estimATa sinjoro=Dear Sir (one who is esteemed)

166. -ITA shows that the action has finished, been

completed
presITa paperfolio=a sheet of paper which has
been printed

farlTa laboro=work which has been done

io perdITa= something lost, which has been lost

167. -OTA shows that the action has not yet been
started

konstruOTa doino = a house which has yet (is

going) to be built

farOTa laboro=work which has yet to be done

io elpensOTa= something which has yet to be
thought out
140 ESPERANTO
Compound Tenses
168. —The three passive participles are compounded
with ESTAS, ESTIS and ESTOS to show that the
action is brought about by the Subject of the corres-
ponding active sentence:
Mi estimas lin Li estas estimATa DE mi
I esteem him He is esteemed BY me
Li respektas min Mi estas respektATa DE li
He respects me I am respected BY him

Mia patro edukis Mi estis edukATa DE mia

min patro
My father educated I was educated BY my father
me
Si uzis la biciklon La biciklo estis uzATa DE
She used the bicycle si
The bicycle was used BY her
Li faros la laboron La laboro estos farATa DE
He will do the work U
The work will be done BY him
Li helpos vin Vi estos helpATa DE li
He will help you You will be helped BY him

169.—
ni detruis la La domo estas detruITa
domon DE ili
They (have) des- The house has been destroyed
troyed the house BY them
irurgo operaciis Mi estis operacilTa DE
min hirurgo
A surgeon operated I was (had been) operated on
on me BY a surgeon

Tio mirigis min Mi estis miriglTa DE tio

That astonished me I was (had been) astonished
BY that
 LESSON FOURTEEN I4I

170.—
i estas kantonta La himno estas kantOTa
la himnon D£ si
She is about to sing The hymn is about to be sung
the hymn BY her

Li estis kisonta sin si estis kisOTa D£ li

He was about to kiss She was about to be kissed
her BY him

171. —Note that BY is translated by DE. To show the

'instrument' with which an action is done, we usually
useWITH in English, and it is translated by PER:

La hundo estis batata DE la knabo PER bastono

The dog was beaten BY the boy WITH a stick
La bildo estas desegnita PER krajono
The picture has been drawn WITH a pencil

Passive Participles as Nouns

172. —The passive participles are also used as nouns,
as follows:

ami to love amATO loved-one

dungi to employ dungATO employ^^
instrui to teach instruATO train^^

pagi to pay pagATO pay^^

koni to know, be ac- konATO acquaintance
quainted with
mortigi to kill mortiglTO one who has been
killed

venki to conquer venklTO one who has been

conquered, vanquished
elekti to choose elektOTO one who is going
to be chosen
viziti to visit vizitOTO one who is to be
visited
142 ESPERANTO
For revision, translate the following street signs, etc.,
and having checked them by the Key, try to re-translate
them into Esperanto :

NUR POK VOJO VOJO DOMO LOKO POR

KONSTRUOTA
NEFUMANTOJ FERMITA R PA RATA
I VENDOTA
PREEJO

UNUDIREHTA STRATO^
— -Zi
DANGERO!
ENIRO MALPERMESATA rtzervih LABOR ISTOJ L^ HtJ/^Dol I

5UR LA VOJO

LASORANTO CIAM VOLU

BEZOMATA MALDEKSTREN LA PAaoW! FRAPI
en citlit -< C 1i
BuTiKO! t1
EMIRl
10

173.-
ration
 LESSON FOURTEEN I43

FI-
iy5. Fi! as an interjection means Fie\ Shame\

Fi al vi!
Shame on you!

176. —As a prefix, fi- denotes looseness of morals, lack

of principles, depravity

homo a person Flhomo an unprincipled scoun-

drel
woman FIvirino a slut, bad woman
virino a
menso mind Flmensa foul-minded
vorto a word FIvorto a bad, foul word
rakonto a story FIrakonto a dirty, smutty story
144 ESPERANTO
Text
LETEROJ AL LA REDAKTISTO
Virinoj kiel registoj? u kukolo jam enMarto?
Estimata Sinjoro!
Estimata Sinjoro!
Via korespondinto J.L. estas
malprava se li opinias, ke virinoj Hodia miekvidis grandetan,
mondon grizan birdon, kaj arn,iko opiniis,
regos ja
viroj. iam en la
pli sage ol
mondhistorio, ke i
ebla en Marto?
estas kukolo. u tio estas
kiam virinoj estis landestroj, kun
absoluta potenco, tiuj virinaoj Via,
same batalemaj, kruelaj
estis tiel P.M. (Exeter).
kaj stultaj, kiel viroj. Nenio
indikis, ke ili amas paeon, Virinoj
kriis, ke fihomo kiel Hitler estas Dulingvaj Infanoj
—
heroo dum li estis sukcesa. Ili Respektata Sinjoro!
adoras venkanton sed pri la — Mi estis estro de Brazila
venkitoj ili ne multe agrenas
lernejo por Anglaj infanoj. Mi
sin.
estis mirigita kiam mi rimarkis,
Fidele via,
kiel glate funkcias la instruado
R.F. (Wigan) en du lingvoj. Infanoj nur
kvinjaraj lernis legi per Angla-
Estimata Sinjoro! lingvaj libroj en la mateno kaj
per Portugallingvaj libroj en
Mi konsentas kun S-ro J.L.
La^ viro estas ofte detruanto, la posttagmezo. La infanoj
sed la virino estas iam
kreanto.
ajne apartigis la matenan kaj
Virinoj, enerale, amas la hom-
posttagmezan laboron inter du
aron — viroj emas malami gin.
fakoj de la menso.
Sincere via,
Via,
(S-ino) P.J. (Bristol).
J.M.C. (Plymouth)

Sinjoro!
Rasaj antajuoj^ Mi bedaras, sed ml ne
Sinjoro konsentas, ke edukado en du
lingvoj kauzas nenian malutilon
Mi estis operaciita de Irlanda
infano. Mi estis edukata
al
irurgo, kies helpanto estis
trilingve (Angle, France kaj
Hinda kuracisto. La malsane-
Itale). Mi loas jam de 15 jaroj
jestro estis Judo. Inter miaj
en Britujo, sed malgra tio, mi
flegistinoj estis fralinoj el Trini-
dad, Afriko kaj Nederlando.
parolas iujn tri lingvojn, e
laAnglan, per iom "fremda'
Post tiu sperto, miaj rasaj
elparolado^ kaj mi emas mis-
antajuoj estas tuj detruitaj. paroli kaj uzi nekorektajn parol-
Fidele via, turnojn*. Tio estas malavantao
E.P.K. (Derby). por mi. Neniu infano devus

* —
"the man" i.e., men in general. literally : "pre-judgments" —prejudices,
' "speaking-out": pronunciation. turns-of-phrase.
 LESSON FOURTEEN 145
studi duan lingvon, anta ol li televidaj prezentajoj de Shakes-
havas almena 15 jarojn, Multaj peare iam estos aaj anka, ke
;

ja parolaas e la propran, televido ruinigos la "vivan"

gepatran* lingvon! teatron. Amba opinioj ajnas
Fidele via, almi malpravaj.
M.G. (Glasgow). La efa eco de televido estas
ia iom intima prezentmaniero.
Televido —kaj Surduloj Tio ne estas favora
scenoj; sed, aliaflanke,
al grandaj
i estos
Estimata Sinjoro! granda avantao en multaj
iu blindulo posedi
rajtas aliaj scenoj, precipe kiam mono-
radioaparaton. Mi
pro- volas logoj okazas.
poni, ke iu surdulo devus Pri la "viva" teatro: kiam la
posedi televidan aparaton. Mi radio estis elpensita', oni diris,
mem ne estas surda, sed oni ke tio estos mortobato al
diras, ke la surduloj estas e koncertejoj. Sed kio okazis?
pli izolitaj, blinduloj.
ol la La publika intereso pri muziko
Televidaj dissendoj estas granda ege pligrandiis, kun la rezulto,
beno al Publika monkolekto
ili. ke la koncertejoj nun estas iam
devus komencita por pro-
esti plenplenaj'. Sir Barry Jackson
vizi aparatojn por niaj surduloj. diris, ke televidaj prezentajoj
Sincere via, nur stimulos publikan intereson
(F-ino) L.M. (Torquay) pri Shakespeare kaj fine sendos
la homojn al la teatro, car la

Televido —kaj vivanta aktoro iam nepre allo-

gos ph forte, ol lia "ombro"
Shakespeare sur la televida ekrano.
Respektata Sinjoro! Via,
Via teatra kritikisto diris, ke T. W. (Stratford-on-Avon)

*"of mother and father": mother tongue.

'"thought out": invented.
'Emphasising by repetition, a trick borrowed from Italian. Effective if not over-
done. Two words at least have become firmly established: plenplenax "chock
full", eu\d finftne: "at long last."
146 ESPERANTO
Vocabulary
amba — both (cf. ambi- malgra — in spite of
dextrous) —
monologo soliloquy
antau ol : see para. 187, —
ombro shadow
p. 150 operacio — operation
almenau —at least (surg.) operacii — to
bati — tobeat bato — a blow
; operate
bedari — regret to opinii— think, have an
to
beno — blessing opinion
agreno — worry;
grief, —
paco peace
agreni — worry
sin to —
potenco power
oneself prava — right an opi-(in
ekrano — screen nion)
flegi— nurse the
to sick provizi — provide
to
fidela— faithful —right do some-
raj to (to
fralo — bachelor frali- ; thing) ; — have rajti to
no— spinster young lady. ;
the right; Vi rajtas
Used a as Misstitle: fumi — you may smoke
* hirurgo — surgeon raso — race (of mankind)
indiki — indicate
to redakti — edit to
jui— judgeto saga — wise
krei — create
to stulta—stupid
krii— to shout tuj—immediately
kukolo — cuckoo venki — conquer
to

Exercise 14a
Cu vi opinias, ke virinoj regos la mondon pli sage ol
viroj ?Nenio indikis, ke ili amas paeon. Virinoj kriis,
ke fihomo kiel Hitler estas heroo. Mia amiko opiniis, ke
i estas kukolo. Mi ne konsentas, ke edukado en du ling-
voj kazas nenian malutilon al infano. Mi volas proponi,
ke ciu surdulo devus posedi televidan aparaton. PubHka
monkolekto devus esti komencita. Li diris, ke televidaj
prezentaoj de Shakespeare iam estos acaj. Li diris, ke
televido ruinigos la "vivan" teatron. Cu Hitler estis
venkita? Cu virino estas kreanto detruanto? Mi a
estismirigita kiam mi rimarkis, kiel glate funkcias la
instruado en du lingvoj. Mi estis edukata trilingve.
Surduloj estas pli izolitaj ol blinduloj.
Now often spelt kirurgo.
 LESSON FOURTEEN I47

Exercise 14b
Did you think that women were wiser than men ? Did
you say that he was foul-minded? Who said they were
hags? The town has been destroyed. I was astonished to
see you. A pubHc collection should be started. When was
radio invented? By whom was it invented? He was
esteemed by everyone. She was loved by all. I was
operated on by an Irish surgeon. The weather was
rotten.
 LESSON FIFTEEN
PAO POR LA SEMAJNFINO
(Week-end Page)

Word-Building
177. — Points on word-building have been given from
time to time, and much of the following is just a r6sum6.
The methods of word-building used in Esperanto are
similar to those found in other languages, except that
in Esperanto they are much more consistently applied.

178. —By changing the grammatical ending the one

root may be used in various ways:
erarl, to err erarO, error
erarA, mistaken erarE, by mistake
lokO, locality lokl, to locate
lokA, local lokE, locally
armA, charming carmO, charm
arml, to charm carmE, charmingly

179.—A prefix is used to alter the meaning given in

the root, but gives an associated meaning:
bona — good MALbona bad
patro — father BOpatro —father-in-law
veni — come
to REveni —return
180. — A used
suffix is to add to the meaning given in
the root:
trovi, to find trovAJo, a find
trovEBLa, findable trovINDa, worth finding
nova, new novAJo, news
novEGo, newness novULo, novice
cevalo, horse cevallNo, mare
evallDo, foal evalEJo, stable
148
 LESSON FIFTEEN 1 49
i8l. —A preposition may be prefixed to a word as in
English

POSTskribo TRANSmeti ELiri ENiH

postscript transpose to exit to enter

182. — Many of the particles are used with grammatical

endings

NURa TIAMa ANTAUa POST©

mere of that time previous afterwards

183. —
Finally, as in English, two or more simple words
are used together as 'compound' words; the rule being
that the chief word stands at the end. The majority of
compounds are made up of two nouns one being —
dependent on the other. If they were not so combined,
the position of the two would be reversed and they would
be joined by a preposition.

librosranko (ranko por libroj), bookcase

manoambro (ambro por manoj), dining-
room
dormoambro (ambro por dormoj), bedroom
akvofonto (fonto de akvo), spring
mortobato (bato de morto), death-blow
patrolando (lando de la patroj), fatherland

184. —The ending -o is usually omitted from the first

word, if the resultant compound is easy to pronounce, e.g.
bancambro (cambro por banoj), bathroom
infanambro (cambro por infanoj), nursery
okulvitroj (vitroj por la okuloj), eyeglasses,
spectacles
stacidomo (domo de la stacio), station (building)
horsignalo (signalo de la horo), time signal
semajnfino (fino de la semajno), week-end
150 ESPERANTO
185. —Words are normally compounded without a
hyphen, but in unusual compounds or those difficult to
distinguish, a hyphen may be used at the discretion of
the writer^ e.g.:

junul-gastejo, youth hostel; sak-tolo, sackcloth;

krucvort-enigmo, crossword puzzle; ski-sporto,
sport of skiing.

Past Extending into Present

186. —
An action or state having its origin in the past
but extending into the present is expressed by the present
tense (instead of by the perfect as in English)

Mi estAS malsana jam de tri tagoj

I HAVE BEEN for three days (and still am)
ill

Li atendAS jam de du horoj

He HAS BEEN waiting for two hours (and is still
waiting)
si estAS i tie jam de kvar semajnoj
She HAS (already) BEEN here for four weeks (and is

still here)
Ni sciAS pri i jam de longa tempo
We HAVE KNOWN about it for a long time
Ili loAS en Londono jam de kvin jaroj
They HAVE BEEN living in London for five years
(and are still living there)

Note. —^JAM is generally added to emphasise the

connection with the past.

ANTA OL
187. —To show that one condition
precedes another,
we use the combination anta ol to translate before in
the sense of ere, earlier than :

Li foriros ANTA OL vi revenos

He will leave (go away) BEFORE you come back
(ere you return)
 LESSON FIFTEEN I5I

Vi edziis ANTA OL mi edziis

You married BEFORE (earlier than) I married
ANTA OL li parolis, li tusis
BEFORE he spoke, he coughed

ANTA OL with an Infinitive

188. —To translate the idiom befou — ing, we use
anta ol with an infinitive:

Mi laboros ANTA OL ripozl

I shall work BEFORE restING
Li lavis siajn manojn OL manl ANTA
He washed his hands BEFORE eatING
ANTA OL skribi, li plenigis sian font-plumon
BEFORE writING, he fountain-pen
filled his

-UM-
189. —The suffix -um-
has no defined meaning, but is
used to show some act or object related to the root. It is
sometimes used to coin words for the occasion where the
meaning is clear, but it is mainly used with a few well-
known roots. Here are the most common:
aero air aerUMi to air, aerate
akvo water akvUMi to water (a garden)
aminda lovable amindUMi to make love to
cerbo brain cerbUMi to rack one's brains
folio leaf, page (of foliUMi to thumb one's way
book) through (a book)
kalkano heel (of kalkanUMo heel (of a boot)
foot)
kolo neck kolUMo a collar
malvarma cold malvarmUMo a cold, chill
okulo eye okulUMi to make eyes at
plena full plenUMi to fulfil
proksima near proksimUMa approximate
vento wind ventUMi to fan
152 ESPERANTO
-END-
190. —The suffix -end- denotes that which is to be done
or has to be done:
pagi to pay pagENDa payable, due, has to be
paid
lerni to learn lernENDa has to be learned
solvi to solve solvENDa to be solved
trovi to find trovENDa has to be found

EKS-
191. —The prefix eks- is used like the English ex to
denote late, formerly :

oficiro an officer EKS-oficiro an ex-officer

studento a student EKS-studento a former student

edzo a husband EKS-edzo an ex-husband
edzino a wife EKS-edzino an ex- wife
edzio a marriage EKS-edzio a divorce

Eksigi = to put out of office, dismiss

Eksii^to withdraw from office, resign

jYote. —Although it is not absolutely necessary to use

a hyphen with eks, it is perhaps clearer to do so with the
longer words.

PRA-
192. —The prefix pra- has two uses: i. to denote
remoteness in time:

biciklo bicycle PRAbiciklo a primitive bicycle

arbaro forest PRAarbaro a primeval forest
homo man PRAhomo a primitive man
and 2. distant (in time) relationship:

avo grandfather PRAavo great grandfather

nepo grandson PRAnepo great grandson
 LESSON FIFTEEN I53

MIS-
[93. —The prefix mis- is used like the English mis-
to denote an error:
informi to inform MlSinformi to misinform
kompreni to under- MlSkompreni to misunder-
stand stand
loko a place MISloki to misplace, mislay
pao a step MlSpao a false step
prononci to pro- MISprononci to mispro-
nounce nounce
uzi to use MISuzi to misuse

-ING-
194. —
The suffix -ing- is used to denote a holder for
one of the objects named in the root. Often the object
is held firmly by one end only.
kandelo a candle kandellNGo a candlestick
pluino a pen plumlNGo a penholder
toro a torch torcINGo a torch-holder
fingro a finger fingrlNGo a thimble
glavo a sword glavINGo a scabbard
It is not greatly used other than in the above words,
but ingo is useful as an independent word meaning
holder, socket or sheath. Do not confuse it with -uj-, which
denotes a container for a quantity of the objects named:
cigaredlNGo a cigarette-holder
cigaredUJo a cigarette box

-NJ.
195. —The suffix -nj- is used after the first few letters
of a feminine name to form a short aflfectionate name:
patrino mother paNJo mummie
onklino aunt oNJo auntie
avino grandmother aviNJo grannie
Maria Mary MaNJo May
^54 ESPERANTO
-ej.

patro father pajo daddy

Johano John JoCjo Johnny
Vilhelmo William VilCjo Bill, Billy
 LESSON FIFTEEN 155

Text

PAGO POR LA SEMAJNFINO

NoTu: Solvoj de la sol-
vendaj problemoj staras e
la fino de la libro.

Krucvortenigmo

Horizontale; 1. efa ambro en domo. 4. Unua sezono de la jaro estas la

—tempo. 6. Ronda platajo por gramofono. 7.
12. Plena de viveco kaj vigleco.
Boligi malrapide.
Nombro
9. La tuta
da jaroj,
loantaro de iu lando. 15.
tra kiuj oni vivas. 17. Koloro de leterkesto. 20. Izolita peco de tero. 23. Akiri
(NUR RADIKO). 24. Lataj, malplaaj sonoj. 25. Kuiri kukon. 26. La enlo-
gantoj de Britujo.
Vertikale: 2. Homo amata. 3. Frato de la patro a
patrino. 4. Demandas iun
servon. 5. Ido de homo (NUR RADIKO). 8. Vivis en certa loko. 9. Prepozicio
kiu montras la Hon. 10. Presita paperfolio (NUR RADIKO) 11. Difinita arti-
kolo. 13. Estu amika al! 14. Membro. 16. Sufikso kiu montras frakcion.
18. Uzinda. 19. Ricevi por mono. 2L irkarigardi por io perdita. 22. Reo
de la bestoj.
156 ESPERANTO
Spritajoj

La granda filozofiisto Hegel de e pli granda sciencisto,

diris e la fino de
vivo: sia Faraday. Amiko demandis al la
"El iuj miaj eks-studentoj, maljuna Davy: "La via opinio,
nur unu komprenis min kaj — kiu estas la plej grava el iuj
li w/5komprenis min!" viaj eltrovaoj?" Davy respon-
dis: "Mia plej grava eltrovajo
—
estas tio ke mi trovis Michael
Sir Humphry Davy, la glora Faraday."
scicncisto, estis la protektanto

Bild-Enigmoj

Tiu prabiciklo estis

—
uzata jam en kiu jam?
Jen silueto de konata
lando. Kiu lando?
u
(a)
la objekto estas
ventumilo?
1805? 1819? 1853? (b) muzika instrumento
(c) fajr-avertilo?

La fralino kiu okulu-

mas vin portas popol-
Tiu bovo estas deseg-
nita de
u la konstruao estas
(a) teatro?
kostumon el (a) infano? (b) fabriko?
(a) Hispanujo? (b) prahomo? (c) pregejo?
(b) Jugoslavujo? (c) Afrika nigrulo?
(c) Grekujo?
 LESSON FIFTEEN 157

/ tie vi cerbumas!

Problemo 1. Problemo 2.

Smith: "La plej altaloko en Esploristo jus reveninta de la

Britujo estas ja la pinto de Ben Norda Poluso diris:
Nevis. Trovenda nun estas la
"Mi multe suferis de mal-
plej malalta loko."
varmumoj."
Jones: "Evidente! e la mar-
u vi kredas lin?
bordo."
u li estas prava?

Problemo 3.
En Rejkjavik, Islando, estas
tre malvarme dum la longa
vintro. Tamen, la loantoj sen-
tas sin tute varmaj en la hejmo.
Kial?
158 ESPERANTO
Vocabulary
— acquire
akiri to —
lauta loud
— warn; avertilo
averti to nivelo —
level
—alarm ——
peco piece
bordo— border, edge perdi to lose
cerbo —brain; cerbumi —
pinto peak, tip
to rack one'sbrain plata —
flat
desegni — draw, design poluso —
Pole (of the
difini— to define; difinita Earth)
— definite rondo — circle
enigmo — puzzle silueto — silhouette, out-
—
fali to fall line
—
folio leaf sprito — wit; sprita —
frakcio— fraction witty ; spritao witti- —
frapi— knock
to cism, "wisecrack"
fumi— smoke
to varma —warm malvarm- ;

futo— (measure)
foot umo — cold the head in
gardi — guard
to vendi — to sell
kesto— chest,box; leter- vigla — keen
alert,
kesto— pillar-box voli— wish, be willing
to
kruco— cross vorto— word

Exercise 15a
u vimiskomprenis min? Li iam miskomprenas
spritajojn. Si misprononcas iujn vortojn. Cu la esplo-
risto suferis pro* malvarmumo? Kion portas la fralino,
kiu okulumas vin ? Kio estas ventumilo ? Cu vi cerbumis
pri la krucvort-enigmo ? La mezuro estas nur proksi-
muma. Cu la krucvort-enigmo estas solvenda? Cu
la plej malalta loko estas nun trovenda? Kiam la konto
estas pagenda ? Kio estas la diferenco inter studento kaj
eks-studento ? Li volis esti eks-edzo, kaj si volis esti
eks-edzino; do ili aranis eks-edzion. Se li mem ne
eksios, ni eksigos lin. Cu i
estas prabiciklo ? Kio estas
prahomo ? Cu via praavo ankora vivas ? Cu vi havas
pranepon? De kiu ajn flanko la vento blovas ni estas
irmataj. Mi volonte akceptos vin, kiam ajn vi venos.
Per niaj aeroplanoj vi facile atingos iun ajn parton de
la mondo.
*Some Esperantists say "suferas pro", others prefer "suferas de".
 LESSON FIFTEEN 1 59
Exercise 15b
The collars are in the box. I have already fulfilled your
orders. When is the bill payable? Here is one problem
which has to be solved. He is now an ex-officer. My
great grandmother will soon be eighty. He often misuses
the word. I shall love you whatever you do. I shall give
it to him, whoever he is. I did not see anyone at all.

I am ready to eat anything.

 LESSON SIXTEEN
DIVERSAOJ EL LA TUTA MONDO
(World-Wide Miscellany]

Adverbial Participles
197. —A common form in English is the sentence with
a participial phrase tacked on (here in italics)
Wishing to speak to him, I visited his house
Seeing him in the garden, I called to him
Whistling melodiously, he went upstairs
Having a good brain, he mastered everything
Intending to stay, we stood in the corridor

The Esperanto form is similar, but the participle ends

in -E:
DezirantE paroli al li, mi vizitis lian domon
VidantE lin en la ardeno, mi vokis al li
FajfantE melodie, li iris supren
HavantE bonan cerbon, li venkis cion
IntencantE resti, ni staris en la koridoro

This participial phrase can be expanded into a

complete sentence, whose Subject is identical with that
of the main clause (sentence)
Mi deziris paroli al li Mi vizitis lian domon
/ wished to speak to him / visited his house
Mi vidis lin en la ardeno Mi vokis al li
/ saw him in the garden / called to him
Li fajfis melodie Li iris supren
He was whistling melo- He ^vent upstairs
diously
Li havis bonan cerbon Li venkis cion
He had a good brain He mastered everything
Ni intencis resti Ni staris en la koridoro
We intended to stay We stood in the corridor
160
 LESSON SIXTEEN l6l

The rule in Esperanto, then, is as in good EngHsh;

i.e.,the participial phrase must always relate to the
Subject of the main clause.

198. —The perfect participle is likewise used as in

English
Mi estis skribinta la leteron Mi eliris
/ had written the letter / went out
=SkribintE la leteron, mi eliris
Having written the letter, I went out
Li estis fininta la laboron Li hejmeniris
He had finished the work He went home
=FinintE la laboron, li hejmeniris
Having finished the work, he went home

199. —The participle ending in -ONTA is similarly

used:
Mi estis skribonta leteron Mi sercis plumon
/ was about to write a letter / looked for a pen
= SkribontE leteron, mi sercis plumon
About to write a letter, I looked for a pen
Li estis enironta la cambron Li tusis
He was about to enter the room He coughed
=EnirontE la cambron, li tusis
About to enter the room, he coughed

200. —
The passive participles are also used to form
participle phrases:
Li ne estis rimarkita Li forlasis la domon
He was not noticed He left the house
=Ne-rimarkitE, li forlasis la domon
Unnoticed, he left the house
La manoj estas lavataj La manoj estas
The hands are being washed malsekaj
The hands are wet
=LavatE, la manoj
estas malsekaj
(
While) being washed, the hands are wet
l62 ESPERANTO
La manoj estas lavitaj La manoj estas puraj
The hands have been washed The hands are clean
=LavitE, la manoj estas puraj
Having been washed, the hands are clean

La manoj estas lavotaj La manoj estas mal-

The hands are about to be puraj
washed The hands are dirty
= LavotE, la manoj estas malpuraj
About to be washed, the hands are dirty

The Object Predicate

201. —The word Predicate comes from the Latin
predico, meaning 'preach', and is used in the sense of
something said the Subject or Object. The
about
OBJECT PREDICATE, then, is something said about
the Object. It usually takes the form of a noun, adjective,
or participle. The main point to remember is that -N
is NOT added to the Predicate, because esti (to be)
can be understood.

A Noun
La societo elektis min (esti) Prezidanto
The society elected me (to be) President

Ni juis la viron (esti) fripono

We judged the man (to be) a rascal
Li nomis sian filon Petro
He called his son 'Peter' (gave him the name of Peter)

An Adjective

Ili trovis lin (esti) sana kaj vigla

They found him (to be) well and lively

Li farbis la pordon bruna

He painted the door brown (for it to become brown)
si montris sin (esti) preta kaj volonta
She showed herself (to be) ready and willing
 LESSON SIXTEEN 163

A Participle

Mi aiidis la birdon (esti) kantanta

I heard the bird (to be) singing
si vidis lin (esti) kuranta
She saw him (to be) running
Li pentris sin sidanta
He painted her sitting (while she was sitting)

Indirect Commands
202. —
The ending -U is used in Indirect Speech after
verbs Hke WANT,
WISH, or alhed verbs hke ORDER,
TELL, WARN, ADVISE, ASK, etc. where in Enghsh
we use the Infinitive after the Object:
164 ESPERANTO
Mi diris al KE li restu
li

Mi petis al K£ li restu
li,

Mi ordonis al li, KE li restu

Mi avertis al KE li restu
li,

Mi konsilis al li, KE li restu

BO-
203. —The prefix bo- is used to denote relationship
by marriage, 'in-law'

patro father BOpatro father-in-law

patrino mother BOpatrino mother-in-law
frato brother BOfrato brother-in-law
fratino sister BOfratino sister-in-law
filo son BOfilo son-in-law
filino daughter BOfilino daughter-in-law
parenco relative BOparencoj 'in-laws' (relatives
by marriage)
 LESSON SIXTEEN 165
Text
DITERNAJOJ
el la tuta mondo
entilaj Banditoj Sed la rekordo apartenas al
Kirsten Flagstad. Edziniinte^
en 1927, si anoncis, ke si "por
dam" eksios el la koncertejo.
Tio, tamen, estis 27 jarojn tro
frua! Si daiirigis sian karieron,
silentante pri sia intenco eksii.
En 1949, si ^rekomencis la
"adiaadon." i-foje^ i faris
tion tre metode, komencante
per opero, kaj adiaante poste
al koncertejoj, poste al radio.
Si sukcesis diri "adia!" e
Brita kolonelo en Birmo estis al televido! Si nomis tion:
kaptita de banditoj, kiuj pos- "iom-post-ioma""* eksiado.
tulis, ke li pagu £2,000. Post
tio, li estis liberigita. Li diris,
ke la banditoj estas traktintaj
lin "kun ekstrema entileco kaj
afableco. Mi ja ne malsatis", li
diris, "nek soifis; ili donis al mi
teon, kafon, vinojn; anka
bonegajn manaojn tiel bone- —
gaj,ke mi trovis ilin tro riaj
por mia stomako."
(=Z1

Operaj Kantistoj
malrapidas, dirante Japana Rifuzo
"adia" Anta la milito, verkisto
Kantistoj bezonas longan proponis novan verkon al
tempon por malaperi. John Japana eldonista^ firmo . , .

McCormack diris "Adia!" jam La eldonistoj resendis la manu-

en 1938, e solena koncerto en la skripton, kun letero: "Ni trovas
Albert Hall; kaj, dirinte gin vian verkon bonega. Sed se ni
unu fojon, li ripetis gin plurfoje presus gin, Lia Imperia Moto
is 1944. Entute 6 jarojn! legus gin, kaj, leginte, li ordonus,
En 1 922 Nellie Melba aperis en ke ni neniam presu ion malpli
sia "lasta" opero. En 925 si diris
1 bonan. Car tio malhelpus^ ke
"Mi finfine decidis eksii"^. En ni eldonu ion ajn dum almena
1926: "Mi kantas al vi nun por 10,000 jaroj, ni devas, kun
la lasta fojo". Sed e
en 1930 profunda bedaro, resendi al vi
si ankora estis kantanta! la manuskripton".
^"become ex-": i.e., retire. ' "having-become-a-wife".
'"this time". Cf. i-jare this year.— * "little-by-h'ttle": gradual.
'"giving-out firm": publishers. • would prevent.
i66 ESPERANTO
Geedzio^ en Cipro
En Cipro, geamantoj ne kura- monon, enerale); malria kna-
as malkai, ke ili amindumas bino, e se si estas armega,
unu la alian*. Neniu suspektas ofte devas resti fralino. La
tion anta la tago, kiam ili bogepatroj kaj boparencoj aran-
anoncas sian gefianion^. Oni as komplikan geedzigan feston,
postulas, ke la fianino alportu kiu daras unu semajnon!
doton (bovaron, domon, a

''Majstro de la Enciklopedio"

u iu persono
tutan Encyclopaedia Britannica?
tralegis la

En la 19-a jarcento, unu^° reo

de Persujo apena sukcesis
plenumi tiun taskon; poste, li
aldonis al siaj titoloj: "Majstro
de la Encyclopaedia Britan-
nica!" Sed legi la plej lastan
eldonon, kun plena kompreno,
estus preter la kapablo de unu
homo. i
ampleksas 24 volu-
mojn, kun 38 milionoj" da vortoj

Ejo por Perditajoj

iujare, la Londona publiko prelibroj; alia, topita per
postlasas 500,000 (kvincent mil) figazetoj, kiujn la posedintoj
objektojn en vagonaroj'- kaj ne kurais porti hejmen. Granda
atobusoj. La ejo en Baker ambro estas plenigita per libroj
Street, en kiu 42 oficistoj pri iuj temoj; kaj, apude,
mastrumas tiun strangan kolek- kuas sufie da okulvitroj por
ton, estas vizitinda. Oni vidas legi iujn la librojn, uzante po
jen amasojn da gantoj, apeloj, unu paro da okulvitroj por iu
fontplumoj, k.s.; jen objektojn, libro! Falsaj dentaroj, emizoj,
kiujn oni certe opinios pli boteloj da vino, futbalbotoj,
kuriozaj. Ekzemple, unu tuta infanveturiloj (!) —
io atestas
fako estas plena de biblioj kaj pri la forgesemeco de la homaro.

'
"becoming husband-and-wife": wedding.
* that they are courting one another.
*"becoming-tiances" engagement.
:

'" unu often means "one particular, a certain".

** miliono is a noun, followed by da to show quantity.
** "sets of coaches" i.e. trains.
:
 LESSON SIXTEEN 167

Vocabulary
adia —good-bye kapti —to capture
amindumi — "court," to —
kariero career
woo kurao— courage kurai ;

amplekso — extent; am- — dare, be bold

to
pleksi — cover, extend
to lasi — to leave, post- let;
to lasi—leave behind
aparteni— belong
to moto— majesty, excellency
apena— barely, only just nomo— name
aperi — appear; malaperi ordoni — order, com-
to
— disappear — mand
atesto—witness; atesti pagi — payto
to bear witness, attest paro — pair
biblio— bible parenco — relative
Birmo — Burma Persujo — Persia
boto — boot plenumi — to fulfil
apelo— hat plumo — pen
arma— charming postuli — demand, to
emizo — shirt exact
Cipro — Cyprus po — at the rate @ of,
doni — togive; aldoni — preter— beyond
add to;eldoni— publish reo — King
doto — dowry ria — rich
figazeto
— "smutty" maga- sata — of hunger;
satisfied
zine malsata — hungry
firmo — firm (comm.) soifo— thirst — to be
; soifi
fojo— a time, occasion; thirsty
trifoje— three times solena — solemn, ceremon-
futbalo— Association foot- ious
ball topi — block, stop up
to
ganto — glove teo — tea
entila — polite temo — subject, theme
imperio — empire trakti— handle
to treat,
intenco— intention verko — work of (usuallyart
kafo — coffee literary)
kanti — tosing vino —wine

Exercise i6a
Silejitante pri sia intenco eksii, i darigis sian karie-
ron. Si faris tion tre metode, komencante per opero,
l68 ESPERANTO
kaj adiaante poste al koncertejoj. Dirinte gin unu
fojon, li gin plurfoje is 1944. Edziniinte en
ripetis
1927, si anoncis, ke si "por iam" eksios el la koncertejo.
Leginte gin, li ordonus, ke ni neniam presu ion malpli
bonan. Mi trovis ilin tro ricaj por mia stomako. Si
nomis tion: "iom-post-ioma" eksiado. Ni trovas vian
verkon bonega. Oni certe opinios ilin pli kuriozaj.
Hi postulis, ke li pagu £2,000. Tio malhelpus, ke ni
eldonu ion ajn dum almena 10,000 jaroj. Oni postulas,
ke la fianino alportu doton. Li ordonis, ke si aperu
por la lasta fojo. La boparencoj aranis komplikan
geedzian feston.

Exercise i6b
Captured by bandits, he paid jf 2,000 for his release.
Finding it too rich for his stomach, he refused the food.
Having sung, he disappeared. Having offered his manu-
script to a publisher, he awaited a reply. They call
their son-in-law Peter. I found the place worth visiting.
I want you to leave your hat behind. He ordered me
to read the last edition. He advised the bandits to treat
him with extreme politeness.
 FURTHER STUDY
Having been through this book, you will be ready to
conquer new worlds; in particular you will wish to do
some reading. There are many hundreds of books in and
on Esperanto, and a complete list of those normally
stocked may be obtained from:

The British Esperanto Association, Inc.,

140, Holland Park Avenue,

London, W.ii.
The first acquisition will no doubt be a dictionary.
The Edinburgh Pocket Dictionary (Esperanto-
English/English-Esperanto), should meet all the needs
of the beginner; and for the more advanced student, the
Esperanto-English Dictionary (Butler), is a mine
of information.

There are many excellent readers for beginners, but

the following may
be particularly recommended:
Esperanto por Infanoj (In spite of the title, it is an
excellent first reader for adults, as the sentences are short
and simple and the illustrations are amusing) Esperanta
,

Legolibro (Migliorini) and Japanaj fabeloj.

Note: —The English Universities Press are preparing
a Teach Yourself Concise Esperanto and English Dic-
tionary, which will be published in 1968.

i6g
F*
170 ESPERANTO
>^
APPENDIX ONE 171
 APPENDIX II

TABLE OF AFFIXES
bo-: relation by marriage. Bopatrino: mother-in-law.
(Lesson i6).

dis-: separation, scattering. Diseti: to scatter about.

Dissendi: to broadcast. (Lesson 14).

ek-: sudden or momentary action. Ekbrili: to flash.

Ekkrii: to shout out. (Lesson 12).

eks-: former, ex-. Eksreo: ex-king. (Lesson 15).

Ji-: shameful, nasty. Figazeto: "smutty" magazine.

(Lesson 14).

ge- :both sexes together. Gepatroj : father and mother.

(Lesson 2).

mal-: opposite. Granda: big, Malgranda: small. Aperi:

appear, Malaperi: vanish. (Lesson 3).

mis-: mis-, wrongly. Miskompreni: to misunderstand.

(Lesson 15).

pra-: of great antiquity; great (in relationships). Pra-

tempo: the ancient past. Pranepo: great-grandson.
(Lesson 15).

re-: over again, back again. Resendi: to send back.

Reverki: to re-write (a book, etc.). (Lesson 5).

-ac: contemptible, disgusting. Veteraco: filthy weather.

Virinao: hag. (Lesson 14).

-ad: frequent or continuous action. Kuirado: cooking.

(Lesson 9).

-of: substance. Pakajo: package, thing packed. Sendao:

transmission (thing sent). (Lesson 8).
173
1 74 ESPERANTO
-an: inhabitant, member, adherent. Nederlandano
Dutchman. Kristano: Christian. Londonano: Lon-
doner. (Lesson 6).

-ar: collection, set of. Libraro: library. Arbaro: forest.

Homaro: mankind. (Lesson 9).

-ebl: possibility. Videbla: visible. Kredebla: believable,

probable. (Lesson g)

-ec: abstract quality. Amikeco: friendship. Boneco:

goodness. (Lesson 11).

-eg: great size, intense degree. Domego: a mansion.

Ridegi: to guffaw. Varmega: intensely hot. (Lesson 4).

-ej: place. Lernejo: school. Hundejo: dog kennel.

(Lesson 2).

-em: propensity, tendency. Parolema: talkative. Ludema:

playful. (Lesson 13).

-end: which-must-be-done. Solvenda problemo: problem

which must be solved. (Lesson 15).

-er: single unit, item. Pluvero: raindrop. (Lesson 7).

-estr: leader, manager. Lernejestro: headmaster. Hotel-

estro: hotel manager. (Lesson 13).

-et: smallness, small degree. Dometo: cottage. Varmeta:

tepid. Blueta: bluish. (Lesson 4).

-id: offspring. Katido: kitten. (Lesson 9).

-ig: causing something to be. Blankigi: to make white,

whiten. (Lesson 11).

-ig: becoming something. Blankigi: to become white.

(Lesson 11).

-il: tool, instrument. Tranilo: knife. (Lesson 12).

-ind: worthy of. Memorinda: memorable. (Lesson 9).

-ing: holder for one object. Kandelingo: candlestick.

(Lesson 15).
 APPENDIX TWO 175
-in: feminine. Onklino: aunt. Porkino: sow. (Lesson 2).

-ism^ -ist: as in English. Dentisto, socialismo, etc.

(Lesson 11).

-obi, -op, -on: occur with numerals. Trioble: triply;

Triope: three together; Triono: a third. (Lesson 8).

-uj: container. Inkujo: ink-well. Also in sense of country:

Anglo: an Englishman, Anglujo: England. (Lesson 6).

-ul:person possessing a certain quality. Riulo: a rich

man. Maljunul(in)o; an old man (woman). (Lesson 5).
-um: "stop-gap" suffix with no definite meaning. Plena:
full, plenumi: to fulfil. Okulumi: to ogle. (Lesson 15).

-jo and -njo are affectionate endings for males and

females respectively. Patro: father; Pajo, daddy;
Panjo, mummy. (Lesson 15).
 APPENDIX III

The i6 Rules: a translation of Zamenhof's own

summary of the Grammar of Esperanto

(i) There is no indefinite Article; there is only a

definite article {la), alike for all sexes, cases, and numbers.
(2) Substantives end in 0. To form the plural j is added.
There are only two cases: nominative and accusative;
the latter is obtained from the nominative by adding n.
Other cases are expressed by prepositions (genitive de,
dative al, ablative /?<rr, etc.).

(3) The Adjective ends in a. Case and number as for

substantives. The Comparative is made by means of the
word pli, the Superlative by plej; with the Comparative
the conjunction ol is used.

(4) The cardinal Numerals (not declined) are: unu,

du, tri, kvar, kvin, ses, sep, ok, na, dek, cent, mil. Tens
and hundreds are formed by simple junction of the
numerals. To mark the ordinal numerals a is added;
for the multiple, obi; for the fractional, on; for the col-
lective, op; for the distributive, the preposition /?o. Sub-

stantival and adverbial numerals can also be used.

(5) Personal Pronouns: mi, vi, li, si, gi (thing or animal),

si, ni, vi. Hi, oni; possessives are formed by adding a.
Declension as for substantives.

(6) The Verb undergoes no change with regard to

person or number. Forms of the verb time being (Present) :

takes the termination -as; time been (Past) -is; time

about-to-be (Future) -os; Conditional mood -us; Imperative
mood -u; Infinitive -i. Participles (with adjectival or
adverbial sense) active present -ant; active past -int;
:

active future -ont; passive present -at; passive past -it;

passive future -ot. The passive is rendered by a corres-
ponding form of the verb esti and a passive participle of
the required verb; the preposition with the passive is de.
177
lyo ESPERANTO
(7) Adverbs end in e\ comparison as for adjectives.

(8) All Prepositions govern the nominative.

(9) Every word is Pronounced as it is Spelt.

(10) The Accent is always on the second-last syllable.

(11) Compound Words are formed by simple junction of

the words (the chief word stands at the end). Gram-
matical terminations are also regarded as independent
words.

(12) When another negative word is present the word

ne is left out.

(13) In order to show direction towards, words take the

termination of the accusative.

(14) Each has a definite and constant

Preposition
meaning; but the direct sense does not indicate which
if
it should be, we use the preposition je, which has no

meaning of its owti. Instead ofjV we may use the accusa-

tive without a preposition.

(15) The so-called Foreign Words, that is, those which

the majority of languages have taken from one source,
undergo no change in Esperanto, beyond conforming to
its orthography; but with various words from one root,

it is better to use unchanged only the fundamental word

and to form the rest from this latter in accordance with
the rules of the Esperanto language.

(16) The Final vowel of the substantive and of the

article may sometimes be dropped and be replaced by
an apostrophe.
 APPENDIX IV

KEY TO EXERCISES
Key to Lesson ONE: Exercises on Numerals
1066: mil sesdek ses 14^5- niil kvarcent dek kvin
1789: mil sepcent okdek 1564: mil kvincent sesdek
na kvar
1815: mil okcent dek kvin 1887: mil okcent okdek sep
1666: mil sescent sesdek ses 1918: mil nacent dek ok
1588: mil kvincent okdek 1955: niil nacent kvindek
ok kvin

Exercise 2a
The father is Mr. Lang, and the mother is Mrs. Lang.
Arthur and Mary are the children. Arthur and Mary are
the son and Who
daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Lang. is

Mr. Lang? Who is Mrs. Lang? Who is Arthur? Who is

Mary? Here is the house of the Lang family. In which
room does the family eat? In which room do Mr. and
Mrs. Lang sleep? In which room do the children play?
In which room do the children sleep? In which room
does Mr. Lang read and smoke? In which room does
Mrs. Lang cook? The dog is in the kennel, and the
motor car is in the garage.

Exercise 2b
Kiu estas Sinjoro Lang? Kiu estas Sinjorino Lang?
Kiuj estas la infanoj? Kiu estas la domo de Gesinjoroj
Lang? Kiu estas la manoambro? Kiu estas la kuirejo?
Kiu estas la dormoambro? Kiu estas la infanambro?
Kiu estas la bancambro? Kiu estas la salono? En kiu
ambro la infanoj ludas? En kiu ambro la infanoj
dormas? En kiu ambro Sinjoro Lang legas kaj fumas?
179
l8o ESPERANTO
Exercise 3a
Here is the house. Here is the room. The room is
modern and comfortable. Is the room modern and
comfortable? Are the furnishings new? Mr. Lang and
Mary are sitting in the room. Are they working? Who
is sitting in a comfortable chair? \Vho is reading?
Who is sitting at the table ? Are two dolls stood (standing)

in front of her ? Are the dolls new or old ? Are they clean
or dirty? Is Mary happy? Are you happy? Are the
cupboards stood (standing) in front of Mary or behind
her? Are they big or little? Which cupboard is big?
Which cupboard is small? Is the cupboard wide or
narrow ? Is the garden beautiful or ugly ?

Exercise 3b
Kiu estas la domo? Kiu estas la cambro? Cu la
cambro estas moderna? Cu i estas komforta? Cu la
mebloj estas novaj a
malnovaj ? Cu la seo estas
komforta? Kiu sidas en la segq? Kiu laboras? Kiu
legas? Kiu sidas e
la tablo? Cu si estas kontenta?
Cu vi estas kontenta? Unu pupo estas nova, kaj unu
estas malnova. Unu pupo estas J5ura, kaj unu estas
malpura. Kiu pupo estas pura? Cu la ardeno estas
bela? Cu i estas granda a
malgranda? Cu i estas
lara amallara? Malanta Maria estas du rankoj.
Unu ranko estas granda, kaj la alia estas malgranda.
Unu ranko estas lara, kaj la alia estas mallara.

Exercise 4a
Is town large or small ? Is it a big city like London ?
the
Are the streets wide or narrow? Is it a modern town?
Where is the town hall? Is it big? Where is the art
gallery? Is it big? Where is the pubHc park? Is (there)
a flower-garden in it? \Vhere do the ladies and gentle-
men stroll ? Where do they rest ? Where do the children
play? Do you live in a house, a mansion or a cottage?
Where are the motor cars? How do the motor cars
travel? Do they travel quickly? Where is the station?
Where are the locomotives? How do the locomotives
 APPENDIX FOUR l8l

travel. Do they travel swiftly? Have you a house, a

mansion or a cottage? Has the town got big parks?
Has it got a beautiful town hall?

Exercise 4b
Kie vi loas ? u
vi loas en urbego ? i estas tie!
granda kiel Londono? Cu Londono estas malgranda
u
urbo? Cu la urbo havas fervojan stacion. Kiel veturas
la lokomotivoj ? Kie veturas la atomobiloj ? Kiel ill
veturas?
rapide a
u
vi havas atomobilon ?
malrapide?
u
i veturas

Exercise 5a
Have you learned the elements of Esperanto ? Do you
correspond with a friend abroad? Have you received a
letter? Will you soon be writing a reply? Will you thus
use Esperanto? Who wrote a letter to Mr. Lang? From
which country did he receive a letter? What did his
Norwegian friend write about? Where does he live?
Where does Mr. Lang live ? Who saw an announcement
in the revue "Esperanto"? What did he write? Are you
a husband? a wife? Are you a railway- worker ? What
are you? Do you know Esperanto? Which other lan-
guages do you know? Are you a youth? A girl (young
woman) ? Are you a sportsman ? Do many youth hostels
exist in Norway? What has the town not forgotten
about? Will Mr. Lang write a reply soon? What will
he send ?

Exercise 5b
Cu vi korespondas kun amiko en eksterlando? Cu vi
jam ricevis leteron? Kion li skribis? Kie li loas? Cu li

loas en Norvegujo ? Kie la amiko de S-ro Lang vidis la

anoncon? Kion li skribis? Cu li skribis en Esperanto?
Cu S-ro Lang balda respondos ? Pri kio li skribos ? Kion
li sendos ? Kio estas viaj cefaj interesoj ? Cu vi estas
sportulo? Kio vi estas? Cu vi ofte relegas leterojn? Cu
S-ro Lang ofte relegas la leteron?
1 82 ESPERANTO
Exercise 6a
Where will you be going for your holiday? Will you
think of (consider) Switzerland ? What sort of a country
is it ? What is the air like ? Do invalids go there ? Where

do they come from? How shall we go to Switzerland?

Shall we use an aircraft ? Shall we travel across Switzer-
land? Eastwards, southwards, northwards, or west-
wards? Shall we go to Austria? Italy? Yugoslavia?
Germany? France? Where do you come from? Do you
livein London? Manchester? Glasgow? Are you a
Londoner? A Mancunian? Glaswegian? Where do
Canadians live? Australians? Dutchmen? Irishmen?
Swiss? Turks? Russians? Japanese? Do you speak
German? French? English? Esperanto? Who speak
Italian? Swedish? Danish? Does Esperanto resemble
Italian? Is it a beautiful language? Be intelligent, and
speak Esperanto.

Exercise 6b
u
Svislando?
vi jani pensis pri via ferio?
Cu
Cu vi
ke en Svislando vi trovos kvar
vi scjas,
jam pensis pri

oficialajn lingvojn ? Cu vi parolas la Germanan lingvon ?

La Francan lingvon? La Italan lingvon? La Rumanan
lingvon? La Nederlandan lingvon? La Rusan lingvon?
u vi estas Londonano?^Manestrano? Glasgovano?
Kiel ni iru al Svislando? Cu ni veturu per atomobilo,
biciklo, atobuso, a
fervojo? Cu ni veturu trans
Svislandon al aliaj landoj ? Kien ni iru ? Norden, suden,
orienten a
okcidenten?

Exercise 7a
What the weather like in your town? Does it often
is

rain ? Does it often snow in Spain ? Does it often rain in

Cannes? What is the summer like in Italy? Is it warm or

cold? Is it constantly raining in Manchester? What is a
raindrop? What is a snowflake? What is a hailstone?
Does it snow during June in England? Does it snow during
February in Austria? During which month does it rain
 APPENDIX FOUR 183

in France? Is it cold during the winter in Scotland?

What kind of weather does one usually get during the
autumn What is the spring like in Paris?
in Italy?
What do they say about the weather in Cannes? Have
you learned the calendar in Esperanto? Which month
comes after March ? Which month comes after August ?
Have you also learned the days in Esperanto ? Which day
comes after Tuesday ? During which days does one usually
work?

Exercise 7b
estas la vetero en Parizo dum la somero?
Kia u
estas varme, a u estas malvarme? Cu ofte neas
en via urbo? Cu vi legas la veterprognozon ? Cu ordi-
nare estas varme dum la tago, kaj malvarme dum la
nokto? Oni diras, ke estas sune en Italujo dum Marto.
Cu oni ofte vidas neon en Hispanujo? Kiu monato
venas post Januaro? Kiuj monatoj estas en la printempo?
La somero? La atuno? La vintro? u oni ordinare
laboras dum dimanco ?

Exercise 8a
What time is it ? At what time shall we hear the dance
music sextet? How much do you know about atomic
energy ? At what time do you usually hear the news at:

eight a.m., one p.m., six p.m., or nine p.m.? Did you
hear the items "How much does an ideal house cost?"
and "When will every woman have an ideal house?"
Yesterday was the first of May which day have we to-
:

day ? How many plays do you see in one week ? How many
concerts do you hear in one month? Come on Monday
or Tuesday. We shall come on Wednesday at eleven
o'clock. The film will last for two hours. Did you see
the play two years ago ? How many weeks ago did you
hear a symphony orchestra? Will you be free at ten
o'clock ? Will you be free in ten minutes ? What will you
hear at a half past six ? What will you see at a quarter
to eight ?
184 ESPERANTO
Exercise 8b

Je kioma horo vi adas la veterprognozon ? Kiam vi

adis la novajojn? Cu vi venos lundon a
vendredon?
Ni adis orkestron je la tria horo. Ni adis gin jam
dudekon da fojoj. Ni venos je duono post la kvara a
kvarono anta la kvina. Kio estas duono de ses? Kio
estas kvarono de dek-duo? Anta tri tagoj mi vidis
teatrajon. Post sep semajnoj mi ricevos permeson. Kiom
da horlooj vi havas ? Ni adis unu horon da muzikajoj
per gramofondiskoj.

Exercise 9a
Is a calf bigger than a lamb ? Do you see more lambs
and calves during the spring than during the autumn ?
Have you a kitten or a puppy? Does one often see
flowers in the country during summer? Have we got
national parks? Do lions, giraffes and elephants play
there? What is a young lion? What is a baby giraffe?
What is a baby elephant? What is a group (pride) of
What is a herd of elephants ? What is remarkable
lions ?
about bird migration? What is visible (to be seen) in
the country during spring? Is bird migration a marvel-
lous phenomenon? Are national parks worth seeing?
Do they bring incalculable pleasure to the British people ?
Is the use of Esperanto easier than the use of other
languages ? Which do you love more singing or dancing ?
:

Exercise 9b
Kion vi scias pri birdmigrado? Kiu estas la pli alta:
hundido a katido? Cu oni vidas elefantarojn en la
kamparo? Cu birdaroj migras dum la atuno? Cu la
tatparko ladinda ideo? Kio estas rimarkinda
estas
pri la statparko en Wyoming? Kiu estas la plej granda
tatparko en la mondo? Kio kredeble estas la plej
mirinda fenomeno pri la birdmigrado?

Exercise loa
Would you buy an ideal house, if you received £2,000?
 APPENDIX FOUR 1
85
Would you voyage (take a voyage) round the world?
Would you dedicate money to (set aside money for) the
education of your children ? Would you give money to a
person whose need is greater than yours? Would you
buy a beautiful piano? or luxurious motor car? Would
you help some "worthy" society? What would you do?
Do you wish to be and remain beautiful? We must
confess that the female often walks more than the men
(males). Where do you not need to make more than
fifty paces? What can one do while one listens to the
wireless? What must one do to remove ink from the
carpet ? What can one do to be beautiful ? How many
miles does a housewife walk without going out of the
house. Whose art is very subtle? If we lived (were to
live) in China, would we possibly (might we) do the
same as the natives?

Exercise lob
Kion vi farus, se vi estus ria? Kion mi devus fari
por spari tempon ? Kion oni povas fari sen iri el la
ambro ? u mi povus havi tason da teo ? Kion vi farus,
se vi forgesus la ilojn? Cu mi povas iri tien kaj reen?
Kio povus esti la kialo? Kion vi povus fari antae?
Kion mi povas fari por helpi ? Cu mi devas fari gin je
la nuna momento? Kion oni devas fari por prepari
manaon? Kion mi povas fari sen marsi?

Exercise iia
What did you say to yourself? Why do they wash
themselves? Does she admire herself? When did you
wash yourself? Did Einstein marry his cousin ? What did
he do during his free (spare) time? What do you do
during your spare time? When did Einstein complete
his theory? In what consists the greatness of that theory?
Did we change our concepts of the universe? During
which years did Einstein work in his fatherland ? Do you
think that the people will destroy themselves with (by
means of) atom bombs? Was the first marriage of
1 86 ESPERANTO
Einstein annulled ? Whom did he marry ? Who explained
to Einstein about algebra? Was Einstein a scientist?
Was he a plumber? Was he a socialist and pacifist?

Exercise iib
Cu vin? Cu ili lavis sin? Kial
vi lavis i lekis sin?
Kiam Einstein edziis al sia kuzino? Kiam Einstein
naskiis? Kie li edukii^s? Kiu klarigis kion al Einstein?
Kiu faligis la arbon? Cu li dronigis la hundon?
boligis la akvon? Cu la teatrao jam komenciis? Li
u i

komencis kanti. Li finis la laboron.^La laboro finiis.

u Einstein estis plena de boneco? Cu Esperanto kon-
dukas al amikeco? Cu vi estas tajpist(in)o? Cu vi estas
instruist(in)o? Cu vi estas dentisto?

Exercise 12a
By means of our "flying buses" you will reach any part
of the world. We will arrange your holiday abroad in
the coming (next) summer. Are you about to buy
furniture ? The more you look at any piece of furniture
from our factory, the more you will like it. Have you got
an electric iron? Have you got an electric washing
machine? Where is your electric vacuum cleaner? In
which room is to be found your cooker? Is your cooker
electric? Is miraculous servant? Our
electricity a
business has of) one simple shop. We
grown from (out
shall always be at your service in years to come, as in
the past. The more you use our services, the more
money you will save. The quicker you travel, the better.
The more elegant the costume is, the more it flatters
the young, slim woman. Soon we shall take possession of
a new house. We
set off' (started) early to reach the
shop.

Exercise 12b
La aeroplano estas fluginta norden. Nia komerco estas
kreskanta tre rapide. i
estas kreskinta el malgranda
butiko. Ni estas je via servo kiel en pasintaj jaroj. Mi
 APPENDIX FOUR 187

estas vidinta vian magazenon. Ni estis jam aetintaj

niajn meblojn. Li estis vojaonta al Germanujo. Li
ekiris frue. Kion vi faros en la venonta vintro? Ju pli
mi rigardas gin, des malpli mi atas gin. Ju pli svelta
mi estas, des pli bone. Kie estas la losilo? u
vi posedas
tranilon? Mi ne havas kombilon. Li pasis anta la
virino sen ekrigardo.

Exercise 13a
To photograph birds, you need neither expensive
apparatus nor professional skill. Neither the quantity
nor the quality is satisfactory. The nest must be either
on land or on water. He is either too prudent or too
timid. You can put them either in pots or in the garden.
It is both necessary and useful. Birds are both suspicious
and timid. The hide-out (hiding-place) is both simple
and cheap. You can stand them sometimes in a porch,
sometimes in a window. You will succeed whether you
are a professional photographer or a bungler in photo-
graphy. Are birds very suspicious and timid? Are you
very diligent? Are rock plants apt to creep? Are you a
headmaster? or a postmaster? Did the head of the
gardens invite the members of our gardening club.
How many plates did you spoil?

Exercise 13b
Li estas nek bona nek malbona. Nek proksima nek
malproksima. iestas nek la pordo nek la fenestro.
Vi povas elekti a unu a la alian. La rezultoj estas
bonaj, kaj la kvanto kaj la kvalito. Jen li kuras, jen li
maras. Mi ne scias, u a
iri resti. Kiu estas la urbestro?
Cu vi konas la lernejestrinon? La katido estas tre
ludema. Li estas tre kverelema. Li fuas ion.

Exercise 14a
Do you think that women will rule the world more
v/isely than men? Nothing indicated that they loved
peace. Women cried that an unprincipled scoundrel like
l88 ESPERANTO
Hitler was a hero. My
friend thought that it was a
cuckoo. I do not agree that education in two languages
causes no sort of harm to a child. I wish to propose
that every deaf person should (ought to) possess a tele-
vision receiver. A public fund should be started. He said
that television presentations of Shakespeare would
always be rotten. He said that television would ruin the
"live" theatre. Was Hitler conquered? Is a woman a
creator or destroyer? I was astonished when I noticed
how smoothly the teaching in two languages worked.
I was educated in three languages. Deaf people are
more isolated than blind people.

Exercise 14b
u
diris,
vi opiniis, ke virinoj estas pli
ke li estas fimensa? Kiu diris,
saaj
ke ili
ol viroj ?
estas
Cu vi
virinaoj ?

La urbo estas detruita. Mi estis mirigita vidi vin

Publika kolekto devus esti komencita. Kiam la radio estis
elpensita? De kiu i
estis elpensita? Li estis estimata de
iu. iestis amata de iuj. Mi estis operaciita de Irlanda
irurgo. La vetero estis aa.

Lesson 14 —Key to Street Signs, etc.

1. Only for Non-smokers. 8. Danger! Workmen on

the Road.
2. Road Closed. 9. Beware of ("guard your-
self against") the dog!
3. Road Being-repaired 10. Worker wanted in this
(under repair). Shop.
4. House To-be-sold. 11. Keep left ("always to-
wards the left").

5. Site for to-be-built 12. Please turn ("be-willing

church. to turn") the page.
P.T.O.
6. One-Wav Street: 13. Reply requested
Entry Forbidden. (R.S.V.P.).
14. Please knock("be-willing
7. Table Reserved. to knock") and enter.
 APPENDIX FOUR 1
89
Lesson 15 —Solution to Crossword Puzzle
|'5|5ft|Lro N|OB|lP|R.ri N|
1 90 ESPERANTO
Exercise 15a
Did you misunderstand me? He always misunder-
stands witticisms. She mispronounces all the words.
Did the explorer suffer from a cold ? What does the young
lady who is making eyes at you wear? What is a fan?
Did you rack your brains over the crossword puzzle?
The measure is only approximate. Has the crossword
puzzle to be solved? Has the lowest point now to be
found? When is the account payable? What is the
difference between a student and an ex-student? He
wanted to be an ex-husband, and she wanted to be an
ex-wife; therefore they arranged a divorce. If he himself
will not resign, we shall dismiss him. Is it a primitive
bicycle? W^hat is a primitive man? Is your great grand-
father still alive (still living) ? Have you a great grandson ?
From whichever side the wind blows we are sheltered.
I shall willingly accept you whenever you come. By
means of our aeroplanes you will easily reach any part
of the world.

Exercise 15b
La kolumoj estas en la skatolo. Mi jam plenumis
viajn ordonojn. Kiam la konto estas pagenda ? Jen unu
problemo, kiu estas solvenda. Li nun estas eks-oficiro.
Mia praavino balda havos okdek jarojn. Li ofte misuzas
la vorton. Mi amos vin, kion ajn vi faros. Mi donos gin
al li, kiu ajn li estas. Mi ne vidis iun ajn. Mi estas preta
mani ion ajn.

Exercise i6a
Keeping quiet about her intention to resign, she
continued her career. She did that very methodically,
beginning with opera, and saying goodbye afterwards to
concert halls. Having said it once, he repeated it many
times till 1944. Having married in 1927, she announced
that she would "permanently" withdraw from the
concert hall. Having read it, he would order us never to
print anything less good. I found them too rich for my
stomach. She called that: a "little by little" resignation.
 APPENDIX FOUR I9I

We find your work excellent. One will certainly think

them more curious. They demanded that he pay £2,000.
That would stop (prevent) us from publishing anything
for at least10,000 years. The fiancee is required to
bring a dowry. He ordered her to appear for the last
time. The in-laws arranged a complicated wedding
celebration.

Exercise i6b
Kaptite de banditoj, li pagis ^^2,000 por sia liberigo.
Trovante gin tro ria por sia stomako, li rifuzis la
manaon. Kantinte, li malaperis. Proponinte sian
manuskripton al eldonisto, li atendis respondon. Hi
nomas sian bofilon Petro. Mi trovis la lokon vizitinda.
Mi volas, ke vi postlasu vian capelon. Li ordonis, ke mi
legu la lastan eldonon. Li konsilis ke la banditoj traktu
lin kun ekstrema entileco.
192 ESPERANTO
APPENDIX V

ESPERANTO ASSOCIATIONS
The following are the addresses of other national
Associations (see p. 169) in the English-speaking
countries

Australian Esperanto Association,

P.B. 2122 T,
Elizabeth Street,
Melbourne.

Canadian Esperanto Association,

(Mr. Kenneth Price),
47 Avenue Road,
Toronto 5,
Ontario.

New Zealand Esperanto Association

P.O. Box 181,
Upper Hutt.

Indian Institute of Esperanto,

P.O. Box 604,
—
New Delhi i.
South African Esperanto Association,
P.O. Box 1 05 1 6,
Johannesburg.

Esperanto Information Centre,

156 Fifth Avenue,
New York, N.Y. 100 10,
U.S.A.
 GENERAL VOCABULARY
Note. —
Correlative Words and Affixes are given in
separate tables. Days and Months appear in Lesson
7, Pronouns in Lesson 3, Numerals in Lesson i.
These classes of words are therefore not included
in the General Vocabulary.
Words are given here in the form of Roots only,
except for those (e.g. adia, al) which are complete
,

in themselves.
abomen': abominate ampleks': extent, size
absolut': absolute animal': of animal king-
aet': buy dom
adia: good-bye anka: also
aer' : air ankora still (continu-
afabl': kind ing)
afer' : affair, matter anonc': announce
ag': age anstata: instead of
ajn: see para. 141 Antarkt': Antarctic
akir': acquire anta: before, in front of
akompan': accompany aparat': apparatus
akrobat': acrobat apart': separate
aktual': topical, up-to-date apartig': divide, separate
akurat': prompt, punctual apartament': flat
akv': water aparten': belong
al: to, towards apena: only just, barely
algebr': algebra aper': appear
ali': other apud beside, near to
:

al-log' : attract aran': arrange

almenau: at least arb': tree
alt': high Arkt': Arctic
am': love armil': armament
amas': mass art': art
amator': amateur artikol': article (written)
ambasador': ambassador aspekt': appearance
amba: both atend': wait-for, expect
amik': friend atest': witness, testimony
amindum': woo, "court" ating': reach, attain

193
194 ESPERANTO
atom': atom bord': edge, border; mar-
a: or; a . . . a: either bord': seaside
... or bot': boot
aud ' : hear hotel': bottle
autobus': omnibus bov': one head of cattle;
atomobil': motor car bovid': calf
askuh': Hsten brak': arm
atun': autumn brik': brick
avanta': advantage bril' shine
aventur': adventure bros': brush
avert': warn bru': noise
aviad aviate' : ; aviadil ' brun': brown
aeroplane brust': chest, breast
butik': shop
bak' : bake
balda: soon
eel': aim, goal
baled': ballet
centr': centre
ban': bathe
cerb': brain; cerbum':
bandit': bandit
rack one's brains
baston': stick
cert': certain
bat': beat (bato: a blow)
ceter': remaining; cetere:
batal battle
' batalema
: ;

besides, for the rest

truculent
beda- cign' : swan
bedar': regret;
Cipr': Cyprus
rinde: unfortunately
bel': beautiful
ben': blessing agren': worry, grief; ag-
best': beast, animal reni sin worry oneself
:

bezon' need, require : ambr': room

bibli': bible apel': hat
bibliotek': Hbrary (build- car: because
ing) arm': charm
bicikl': bicycle e: at
bild': picture ef: chief, main
Birm': Burma emiz': shirt
blind': blind ci: particle showing proxi-
blov': blow (wind) mity : tiu seo : that chair
blu':blue ci tiu seo: this chair
bol': boil; bolig': cause to in': Chinese
boil irka : round (about)
bon': good irkaaoj : surroundings
 GENERAL VOCABULARY 195
u: interrog. particle, cor- divers': diverse, different
responding to English do: then, therefore
whether: Mi dubas, u dol': sweet
livenos: I doubt whe- dom': house
ther he will come don': give; aldon': add;
da of (quantity) multe
: : eldon': publish
da mono: "muchly of dorm': sleep
money" i.e. a good — dors': back (physical)
deal of money dot': dowry
danc': dance dub': doubt
danger': danger dum during, while
:

dank': gratitude; mi dan-

kas I am grateful, thank;
: ec: even
dank(e) al: thanks to eduk': educate
dat': date (calendar) edz': husband; edzii: get
dar': endure, last; dare: married (of a man);
continually darig' ; : edzinii get married (of :

continue something a woman)

de of, from, since (of time)
: egal': equal
jam de du jaroj : for 2 ekran': screen
years now ekspozici': exhibition
decid': decide ekster: outside
dedi': dedicate ekstrem': extreme
dekstr': right (hand) ekzempl': example; ek-
demand': ask zemple: e.g.
denov' once again
: ekzerc': exercise
des: seejw ekzist': exist
dent': tooth el: out of
desegn': draw, design elefant'* elephant
detru': destroy elegant' : elegant
dev' must, be obliged
: elekt' : choose
dezir': wish, desire elektr' : electricity
difin': define emfaz': emphasize
Di': God; Diservo: divine en in :

service energi': energy

dir': say enigm': puzzle
direkt': direction entuziasm': enthusiasm
disk': disc, gramophone esper': hope
record esplor' explore, research
:

distanc': distance estim': esteem

distrikt': district est': be, is, are, am
1 96 ESPERANTO
evident': evident, obvious flug': to fly
foj': time, occasion; tri-
fabrik' : factory; (as a verb) foje 3 times por la la?ta
:
;

manufacture fojo: for the last time

facir : easy foli': leaf
fajr': fire font': fountain
fak' department, com-
: for: away, distant
partment; (metaph.) forges': forget
branch of knowledge fortepian': pianoforte
fakulo: specialist fort': strong
fakt': fact fotografi': photography
fal': fall frakci': fraction
fald': fold frap': knock
fam': fame frat':brother
famili': family fral': bachelor; fralin':
far': do, make; fari': be- spinster, young lady.
come Fralino (as title) : Miss
farm': farm fremd': strange, foreign;
favor': favour fremdul': a stranger
feli': happy, fortunate frit': fry
window
fenestr': frost': frost
fenomen': phenomenon fru': early
fer': iron fulm': lightning
holiday
feri': fum' smoke
:

ferm shut malferm

' : ; ' : open fundament foundation
' :

fest': festival element (of a science, etc.)

fidel': faithful funkci': function
figur': figure (physical) fu': spoil, bungle
fiks': fix fut': foot (measure)
fil': son futbal': football (F.A.)
filozofi': philosophy
fin': end gaj':^ gay, merry
fingr': finger gajn': gain, earn
firm': firm (commercial) galeri': gallery
fi':fish galinol': moorhen
flank': side gant': glove
flank-okupo': hobby garanti': guarantee
flat': flatter gard': guard; gardu vin:
flav': yellow beware
fleg': nurse the sick gast': guest
flor': flower gazet': magazine
 GENERAL VOCABULARY ^97
geni': genius (quality); horizontal': horizontal,
geniul': man of genius "across" in crossword
glaci': ice puzzle
glad': to iron clothes hor': hour; time of day
glat': smooth horlo': clock
glor': fame, glor/y hum': humus
grand': big humil': humble
grandioz': magnificent, hund': dog
superb irurg': surgeon
gras': fat (of meat)
grav': important, serious ide': idea
griz':grey ideal': ideal
grund': soil imperi': empire
gust': taste indik': indicate
garden': garden infan': child
general': general, usual ink': ink
entil': polite instru': teach
iraf: giraffe insul': island
is: until inteligent' intelligent
:

oj':joy intenc': intention

u': enjoy; uinda: enjoy- intens': intense
able inter between, among
:

interes': interest
hajl': hail; hajler': hail- intervju': interview
stone intim': intimate
har': hair; haroj, hararo: ir': go
head of hair izol': isolate
hav': have
hejmo': home ja: indeed! certainly,
help': help; malhelp': hin- rather
der, prevent jak': jacket
hero': hero jam: already, by now; jam
hiera: yesterday de Januaro: since Jan-
Hind': Indian; Hindujo: uary; i jam ne funk-
India cias: it no longer works
hirund': swallow (bird) jar': year; jarcent: century
histori': story, history je: see para. 40
hodia: to-day jen': behold! here is/are!
hom': human being; ho- jen en akvo, jen sur tero:
maro human
: race, sometimes in water,
mankind *
sometimes on land
1 98 ESPERANTO
jene: thus knab': boy
jes: yes kol': neck
ju . . . des: ju pli gaje, des kolegi': college
pli bone: the merrier, kolekt': collect
the better kolonel': colonel
Jud': Jew kolor': colour
jug': judge; antaju': komenc': commence
prejudice komerc': trade, commerce
jun': young komik': comic
komplet': complete; kom-
urnal': daily paper
pleto: outfit, set, suit of
Jus: just (past): ni jus
clothes
skribis: we have just
written
kompren' : understand
kon': be acquainted with;
kaf coffee
' : konata: well-known
kaj and kaj h
: ; kaj Ha koncept': concept, idea
frato: both he and his koncert' concert
:

brother konert' concerto (work

:

kalkul': count, calculate for soloist and orchestra)

kamen': fireplace kondic': condition
kamp': field; kampar': konduk': lead, guide
countryside kondukisto': conductor
kant': sing konfes': confess
kapabl': capable konkurs': competition
kapt': catch, capture konsent': consent^ agree
kar': dear konserv': preserve
karier': career konsil': advice; konsileto:
kart': card tip, hint
ka': hide; malka': reveal konstant': constant, con-
kaz': cause tinual
ke: that (conjunction) konstru': build
kelk': some, few; kelkaj a : kont': account
few; kelka tempo: some kontent': pleased, happy,
little time satisfied
kest' : box, chest kontrast': contrast
kimr': Welshman kimrujo ; kontra opposite
:

Wales kontrol': check, verify

klar': clear; klarig': ex- kor' heart
:

plain korp': body

klin': slope (something) kost': cost
klopod': take steps to do kostum': costume
 GENERAL VOCABULARY 199
kovert': envelope Ian' : wool
kovr': cover lar': broad
kre': create las': leave, let
kred': believe; kredeble: last': last, just gone; la
probably lasta tempo: the im-
kresk': grow mediate past; lasta-
kri': shout, cry out tempe recently :

Krist': Christ; Kristano: la: according to, along

Christian ; Kristnasko lat': loud
Christmas lav': wash
kritik': criticize lecion': lesson
krokus': crocus leg':read
krom: apart from, except legom': vegetable (for the
kruel': cruel table)
krur' leg: leg': law
kuir': cook lens': lens
kuk': cake leon': lion
kukol': cuckoo lern': learn; lernejo:
kun: with (together with) school
kur': run lert': clever, skilful
kurac' : cure, treat, care for leter': letter
kura '
: courage ; kurai : lev': raise
dare, be bold liber': free
kurioz': curious, interesting libr': book
ku': lie lingv': language
kutim': custom lit': bed
kuz': cousin log': attract
kvadrat': square; kvad- log': dwell
ratmejlo: square mile lok': place, spot
kvalit': quality long': long
kvankam: although lud': play; ludilo: toy
kvant': quantity Inks': luxury
kvaza: as if, as it were, lum': light
"sort of"; li kvaza sal-
tis: he sort of jumped magazen': big store
majstr' : master (of an art,
la: the science, craft, etc.)
labor': work makul': blot, spot
lag': lake malgra : in spite of
lakt': milk man': hand
land': land, country manikur': manicure
200 ESPERANTO
man': eat mont : mountain
manier': manner montr': show
mank': be lacking; man- morga: tomorrow
kas al li du fingroj he : mort': death
has two fingers missing most': excellency, majesty;
manuskript' manuscript : Via Rea Moto: your
map': map royal majesty
mar': sea; marbordo: sea- mov': move
side mult': much; multaj:
mars': walk many
mastr': master, manager mur' : wall
(of a house, etc.) ; mas- muze': museum
trumi: manage muzik': music
matematik': mathematics
maten': morning
mebl': article of furniture naci nation
:

miejl': mile nask': bear, give birth to;

mem: self naskigi to be born :

menci': mention natur': nature

mens': mind ne: not, no
met': put, place nebul': fog
metod': method neces': necessary
metr': metre (measure- ne': snow
ment) nek . . . nek . . : neither . . .

mez': middle nor . .

migr' wander, migrate

: nepre: without fail
mikrob': microbe, germ nest': nest, den
mikspot': potpourri net': neat
milit': war nigr': black
miir': wonder, marvel at; nivel': level
mirigi: amaze, surprise; nokt': night
mirinda : wonderful nom': name
mirakl': miracle nombr': number
mister' mysterious
: Norveg': Norwegian
mistifik': mystify not': note
mod mode, fashion
' : nov': new
mon': money nu: well then! now!
monat': month nun now, at present
:

mond': world nul': nought; nuligi: can-

monolog' monologue,: soli- cel
loquy nur: only
 GENERAL VOCABULARY 201
nutr nourish
' : ; nutrao : Parlament': Parliament
food parenc': relative
parol': speak
obe': obey part' part :

objekt': object, article pas': pass by; pasigi: cause

ofer': sacrifice to pass, spend (time)
ofic': office, post Pask': Easter
oft': often, frequent pas': step, pace, stride
okaz': happen,
occur; patent': patent
okazo occurrence, op-
: patr' father
:

portunity pec': piece

okul': eye; okulumi: make pejza': landscape
eyes at; okulvitroj: spec- pel': drive, impel
tacles pen': try, endeavour
okup': occupy pend': hang
ol: than; pli granda ol: pens': think
bigger than per: by means of
ombr': shadow, shade perd' lose
oni one, people in general
: perfekt': perfect
oni diras: they say, it is period': period
said; onidiro: rumour permes': permission
onkl': uncle Pers': Persian
oper': opera person': person
operaci': surgical opera- pet': request; mi petas:
tion please (said when mak-
opini': opinion ing a request)
oportun': convenient, pied': foot (physical)
handy pint': tip, summit, peak
ordinar' ordinary
: pionir': pioneer
ordon': order, command plac': square (in a city)
Orel': ear pla': please, be pleasing;
orkestr': orchestra tio placas min, tio plaas
al mi:
I like that
pacienc': patience plak': plate (photographic)
pac': peace plan': plan
pacifist': pacifist plank': floor
pag': pay plant' plant (veg.)
:

pa': page plat': flat

pantalon' trousers
: plej : most ;
plej granda
paper': (piece of) paper biggest
par': pair plen': full; plenumi: fulfil
202 ESPERANTO
plezur' : pleasure prezent': present (a play,
pli: more; pli granda: etc.), introduce one per-
bigger son to another
plu: further^ more prezid': preside; prezi-
plum': pen danto: chairman
plumb': lead (metal) pri: about, concerning
plur': several printemp': spring (of the
pluv': rain year)
po: at the rate of, @; pro: for the sake of, on
mi donis al 3 infanoj behalf of; mi laboras pro
po gave 3
2 pomoj: I vi I work for your sake
:

children 2 apples each mi laboras por mono: I

polus': Pole (of the earth) work for money (in order
pont': bridge to get money)
popol': people, nation profesi': profession
por : in exchange for, for profund': deep, profound
the purpose of. Com- prognoz' forecast:

pare /?ro. program': programme

pord': door proksim': near; la prok-
pork': pig; porkao: pork sima semajno next week :

port': carry, w^ear; alporti: proksimum': approximate

to bring promen': take the air (on
posed': possess foot or by vehicle)
post: after; poste: after- propon offer. propose,
wards
postul': demand, postulate propr one s own
:
;
pro-
po': pocket prao: property
post' post (G.P.O.) pot-
:
;
protekt': protect
marko: stamp proviz provide
' :

potenc': power prudent': sensible

pov': can, be able pup': doll
prav' right (in opinion)
: pur': clean, pure
precip' principally, mainly
:

pre': pray; preejo: radikal': radical

church rajt': right to something;
pren': take vi rajtas eniri: you may
prepar': prepare enter
pres': print ramp': crawl, creep
preska: almost rapid': rapid, quick
pret': ready raport': report
preter: beyond ras': race (of mankind)
 GENERAL V OCABULARY 203
reciprok': reciprocal san': healthy
redakt': edit sat': satisfied (of hunger)
reg': rule, govern, control; malsata : hungry
registaro government
: scienc': science
region': region sci': know a fact (compare
regul': rule, regulation kon')
re': king se: if
rekt': direct, straight sed: but
rekord': record (in sport, se': chair
etc.) sekv': follow
religi': religion semajn': week
respekt': respect sen: without. In com-
respond': reply pounds, means ''-less":
rest': remain sensignifa meaningless,
:

revoluci': revolution of no consequence

revu': revue, magazine sent': feel
rezerv': reserve ser': seek, look for
rezult': result serv': serve
ricev': receive sever': severe
ri': rich sezon': season
rifuz': refuse sid': sit
rigard': look at sign': sign
rimark': notice; rimark- signal': signal
inda: noteworthy silent' : silent
ripar': repair simil': similar; simili: to
ripet': repeat resemble
ripoz': rest, repose siluet' silhouette, outline
:

rok': rock simfoni': symphony

rond': circle simpl': simple, straightfor-
rost': roast ward
rug': red sinjor': gentleman (as a
Ruman': Romanche (lan- title) : Mr. (abbrev. S-ro)
guage of Switzerland) situaci': situation
skatol': box
sag': arrow skelet': skeleton
sag': wise, sage skrib': write
sak': sack^ bag skulpt': carve
salon': lounge socialist': socialist
salt': jump societ': society
salut': greet soif: thirst
sam': same sol': alone
204 ESPERANTO
solen' : solemrij ceremoni- sur: upon
ous surd': deaf
solv': solve suspekt' suspect :

sorner': summer svelt': slim

son': sound
spac': space af: sheep; afido: lamb
special': special ajn': seem
spektakl': spectacle, show an': change
spert': experience; sper- sat' appreciate, think high-
:

tulo: an expert ^
ly of
spic': spice sip': ship
spin': spine irm': shelter
sporad': sporadic, on and spar': save, spare; mal-
off par': waste
sport': sport rank': cupboard
sprit': wit; spritajo: witti- Stat': state (country)
cism ton': stone
staci' : stage (on a journey) stop': block, stop up
stacidomo: station tup step (of ladder, etc.)
'
:

(building) tuparo: staircase

star': stand ultr': shoulder
Stat' : (of affairs)
state
statu': statue tabl': table
stel' : star tag': day
stimul' : stimulate tali': waist
stomak': stomach tamen: however^ neverthe-
Strang': strange less
strat': street tapis': carpet
stud': study task': task
student': student tag': suit, be suitable
stuf stew
' : te': tea
stult':stupid teatr': theatre; teatrajo:
sub: under play
subtil': subtle tegment' roof :

SU': suck; suilo: vacuum tem': theme, subject

cleaner temp': time
sufi': sufficient ten': hold
sufer': suffer teori': theory
sukces': success ter': earth
sun': sun tim': fear
I
super: above titol': title
 GENERAL VOCABULARY 205
tor: cloth ventr': belly, abdomen
tra : through ver': true; versajna: likely
trakt': treat, handle verd': green
trans : across verk': write or create a
tre: very work of art (usu. liter-
trink': drink ary)
tro: too much vers': pour
trov': find vertikal': vertical; "down"
tru': hole in a crossword puzzle
trunk': trunk (body) vesper': evening
trup': troupe vest': article of clothing;
tuj : immediately vesti: to dress
turist': tourist veter': weather
turn': turn vetur': travel; veturilo:
tut': whole, entire; tute: vehicle
wholly; tute ne: not at all viand': meat
vid':see
vigl': alert, keen
universitat' university:
vila': village
univers': universe
vin': wine
urb': city, town
vintr': winter
Uson': U.S.A.
violon': violin
util': useful; utiligi: utilize
vir': man
uvertur': overture (mus.)
virt': virtue
uz': use
vitr': glass
viv': live
variete : variety entertain- vizit': visit

ment VO': voice

varm': warm voj': way, road; vojeto:
vast' wide:
path
veget': vegetate; vege- voja': journey
tao : vegetation vol': wish, be willing
ven': come vort': word
vend': sell
venk': conquer zon': belt, girdle
vent': wind; ventumi: aer- zorg': care; zorgi pri: care
ate; ventumilo: fan about, take care of