Grade 7 9 Mathematics Rule Book Grade 7 To 9

Mathematics
Rule Book
for
Grades 7 to 9
2
Mathematics Rules
Index:
1. Prime numbers, multiples and factors p 3
2. Rounding off p 4
3. Expanded notation p 4
4. Place value p 5
5. Greater than, smaller than, equal to p 5
6. PEDMAS p 5
7. Addition p 6
8. Subtraction p 6
9. Fractions p 7
10. Time p 8
11. 2D shapes p 9
12. Data handling p 13
13. Multiplication p 14
14. Division p 15
15. 3D objects p 16
16. Geometric patterns p 18
17. Symmetry p 18
18. Decimals p 19
19. Capacity, volume p 20
20. Mass p 20
21. View point p 20
22. Transformations p 21
23. Percentage p 22
24. Temperature p 23
25. Profit and loss p 23
26. Perimeter, area p 23
27. Lines p 25
28. Graphs p 25
29. Probability p 26
30. Algebraic expressions p 26
31. Exponents p 27
32. Theorem of Pythagorus p 28
33. Simple and compound interest p 28
Grade 7 to 9: Mathematics Rules

3
1. Prime numbers, multiples and factors:
Prime number: A number that can only divide by one and

itself, such as 1; 2; 3; 5; 7; 11
Multiple: A number that may be divided by another a

certain number of times without a remainder,
such as 4; 8; 12; 16
Factor: A number or quantity that when multiplied

with another produces a given number or
expression. Example: the factors of 8 are 1; 2;
4; 8.
LCM: Lowest Common Multiple refers to the lowest
multiple of which a set of numbers can both
go into. Example: 3 and 6. The LCM is 6.
HCF: Highest Common Factor is the highest factor

of a set of numbers. Example: 6 and 9. The
HCF is 3.
Integer: Is a number that can be written without a

fractional part. Example: 2; 50; 190
Rational number: Is a number that can be made by dividing

1
two integers. Example: 1.5 and (integers
3
and decimals are rational numbers)
Irrational number: Is a number that cannot be written as a

simple fractions. Example: √9 (square roots
are irrational numbers)
Whole number: Is a number without fractions, like an integer.

Example: 3; 9; 2; 100

4
2. Rounding off
Rule: If the number to the right is 5 or more, then it rounds up.

Example: 659 rounds up to 660
365 rounds up to 370
Rule: If the number is less than 5, the number to the left stays
the same and the number to the right becomes a 0.
Example: 432 changes to 430
624 changes to 620
Number Round off to Round off to the Round off to the

the nearest 10 nearest 100 nearest 1 000
5 395 5 400 5 400 5 000
6 698 6 700 6 700 7 000
8 106 8 110 8 100 8 000
3. Expanded notation:
Rule: Break a large number into its units, tens, hundreds,

thousands, etc.
Example: 4 365 is written as 4 000 + 300 + 60 + 5

3 100 is written as 3 000 + 100
Number Thousands Hundreds Tens Units

5 395 5 3 9 5
6 698 6 6 9 8
2 321 2 3 2 1
1 472 1 4 7 2
8 106 8 1 0 6
But
5 395 = 5000 + 300 + 90 + 5

5
4. Place Value:
Place is the value of the underlined digit in terms of units, tens,

hundreds, thousands, etc.
Example: 13 455 the underline place value is 3 000 (Th place

value)
9 422 the underlined place value is 400 (H place value)
7 91 the underlined place value is 90 (T place value)
5. Greater than, smaller than or equal to
> means greater than.

< means less than.
= means equal to.
Example: 500 > 400

300 < 900
50 x 2 = 100
6. PEMDAS
P E M D A S
() Exponents x ÷ + -
This is the order of operations when we work out sums.
Rule: First work out the numbers between brackets, then work
out exponents or roots or squares, division,
multiplication, addition and subtraction.
Example: (5 x 3) + 20 – 4 = a
15 + 20 – 4 = a
35 – 4 = 31
a = 31

6
7. Addition
Column method: Step 1: Put the numbers underneath each

other.
Step 2: Add them from right to left: 5 + 4 = 9
Step 3: Our answer is 919.
6 2 5
+ 2 9 4
9 1 9
Estimation method: Step 1: Round off your numbers to the
nearest 10 / 100 / 1000 (check what the
question asks you to do), 625 rounds off to
600 and 294 rounds off to 300.
Step 2: Put the numbers underneath each
other.
Step 3: Add them from right to left: 0 + 0 = 0;
0 + 0 = 0; 600 + 300 = 900.
6 0 0
+ 3 0 0
9 0 0
8. Subtraction:
Column method: Step 1: Put the numbers underneath each

other.
Step 2: Subtract them from right to left.
6 2 5
+ 2 9 4
3 3 1

7

nearest 10 / 100 / 1000 (check what the
questions asks you to do), 625 rounds off to
600 and 294 rounds off to 300.
Step 2: Put the numbers underneath each
other.
Step 3: Subtract them from right to left.
6 0 0
+ 3 0 0
3 0 0
9. Fractions:
1 Numerator – how many parts we are using.
2 Denominator – into how many equal parts the

whole is divided.
1
Common fractions:
2
4
6
5
Improper fractions:
4
1
Mixed number: 3
4
1 3
Equivalent fractions: is equal to
2 6

8
Operations with fractions:

1
of 200 = a
2
(200 ÷ 2) x 1 = 100
Addition and subtraction rule: The denominators have to be the

same before you can add or
subtract them.
2 3 3 2
Example: + =a - =a
4 8 4 8
2 4 3 3 6 2
( x2= )+ =a ( x2= )- =a
4 8 8 4 8 8
4 3 7 6 2 4
+ = - =
8 8 8 8 8 8
10. Time:
Digital time: Analogue time:
A century = 100 years.

A decade = 10 years.
There are 365 days in 1 year.
There are 366 days in a leap year.
There are 52 weeks in 1 year.
There are 30 / 31 days in a month.
There are 7 days in a week.
There are 24 hours in 1 day.
There are 60 minutes in 1 hour.
There are 60 seconds in 1 minute.
12-h: 24 –h:
01:00 PM 13:00
02:00 PM 14:00
03:00 PM 15:00
04:00 PM 16:00
05:00 PM 17:00
06:00 PM 18:00
07:00 PM 19:00
08:00 PM 20:00
09:00 PM 21:00
10:00 PM 22:00
11:00 PM 23:00
12:00 PM 24:00

9
11. 2D shapes:
Polygons: are 2D shapes that are enclosed by three or

more straight sides.
Quadrilaterals: are 2D shapes with four straight

lines that are enclosed.
Properties of 2D shapes:
Shape: Number of Number of Number of
equal sides: equal angles: parallel lines:
Square 4 4 2
Rectangle 2 4 2
Circle 0 0 0
Triangle 3 3 0
Parallelogram 2 2 2
Rhombus 2 2 2
Pentagon 5 5 0
Hexagon 6 6 3
Octagon 8 8 4

10
Types of triangles:
Equilateral triangle – all sides are equal and all angles are equal.
Scalene triangle - all three sides are different in length and all
three angles are different in size.
Isosceles triangle – two sides are equal and two angles are equal.
Right-angled triangle – has one 90 degree angle.
Triangles can be congruent or similar:
Congruent: Triangles are congruent if their corresponding

sides or angles are equal.
SSS: all three sides are equal.
SAS: side, angle side. Two sides and one angle are
equal.
ASA: angle, side, angle. Two angles and one side are
equal.

11
Similar: Triangles are similar if they are the same shape,

but not necessarily the same size (not all equal
sides or equal angles)
Angles inside 2D shapes:
Right angle: an angle of 90 degrees.
Acute angle: an angle which is between 0 and 90 degrees.
Straight angle: an angle which is 180 degrees.
Obtuse angle: an angle which is between 90 and 180 degrees.
Reflex angle: an angle which is between 180 and 270 degrees.
Revolution: an angle of 360 degrees.

12
How to draw an angle:
We use a protractor to draw an angle. We start on the 0 line and

mark our angle with a dot, remove the protractor and use a rule to
draw the lines.
Rules of angles:
Corresponding angles are equal.
Vertically opposite angles are equal.
Alternate interior angles are equal.
Alternate exterior angles are equal.
The pair of interior angles on a transversal line are supplementary.
Complementary angles are when the sum of two angles add up to

90 degrees.
Adjacent angles have a common arm and vertex and are

supplementary.

13
12. Data handling:
Data: Data is information that you collect and you can

represent this data in the form of a table or graph or
chart.
For example:
Here are some marks for a Mathematics Test out of 20 for 11
learners:
5; 6; 7; 5; 8; 9; 5; 8; 4; 5; 9
Mode: Is the number that is repeated most often in a data set.

The mode for this data set is 5.
Median: Is the middle number of a data set. You must first

arrange the data set in ascending order.
The median for this data set is: 5
4; 5; 5; 5; 5; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 9 (arranged in ascending order)
Range: Is when you subtract the lowest number from the

highest number in the data set.
The range for this data set is: 9 – 4 = 5
Average: Is when you add all the numbers in the data set
together and divide them by the total amount of
numbers in that data set.
The average for this data set is:
4 + 4 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 9 + 9 = 59
59 ÷ 11 = 5,3 which rounds off to 5

14
13. Numeric patterns:
For numeric patterns, you must identify the rule first, then you can
complete the pattern.
Example 1: 5; 10; 15; _______; ________

We are counting in 5’s, so our rule is as follows:
Rule = +5
Now we can complete the pattern: 20; 25
Example 2:
Y 1 2 3 4
X 2 4 6 8
We are counting in 2’s, so our rule is as follows:
Rule = + 2
14. Multiplication:
Column method: Step 1: write the numbers underneath each

Other.
Step 2: Multiply the bottom right number with
all the top numbers from right to left.
Step 3: Multiply the next bottom number with
all the top numbers from right to left.
Step 4: Remember to carry over numbers to
the left.
Step 5: add all the numbers together to get
your final answer.
2 5
Example:
x 1 4
1 0 0
+ 2 5 0
3 5 0

15
Estimation method: Step 1: Round the numbers off to the nearest

10, 100 or 1 000 (check what the question
asks).
Step 2: Then use the column method to work
out your answer.
Example: 25 rounds off to 30 and 14 3 0

x 1 0
rounds off to 10.
0 0
+ 3 0 0
3 0 0
Factor method: Use factors to multiply. Factors are numbers that
divide exactly into another number (factors of 8
are 1; 2; 4; 8).
Step 1: First find the factors of the 2nd number.
Step 2: Then put brackets around the numbers you
are multiplying first.
Step 3: You can break the first number into its
units, tens and hundreds to make it easier to
multiply, then add all the answers together again.
Example: 342 x 42 = (Find factors of 42: 6 x 7 or 2 x 3 x 7)

(342 x 2) x 3 x 7 = (put brackets around the numbers
you are multiplying first)
(684 x 3) x 7 = (work out the next part in brackets)
(2052 x 7) = (break the 1st number up)
(2000 x 7) + (50 x 7) + (2 x 7) = 14364
15. Division:
Prime numbers: a number that has only two factors. It can

only be divided by itself and 1.
Examples: 2; 3; 5; 7; 11; 13; 17; 19 …
Composite number: a number with more than 2 factors.

Examples: 4; 6; 8; 10; 12 …

16

nearest 10, 100 or 1 000 (check what the
questions asks).
Step 2: Do the inverse operation (divide
changes to multiply) to work it out.
Example: 497÷19 = (497 rounds off to 500 and 19 rounds off to 20)
500 ÷ 20 = (now do the inverse operation and ask: how
many times does 20 go into 500 or 20 x _____ = 500)
= 50
Long division method:
16. 3D objects:
Vertex
Edge
Face

17
Shape: Number of Number of Number of

edges: vertices: faces:
12 8 6
2 0 3
1 1 2
9 6 5
8 5 5
Nets of a 3D shape:
Nets are flat patterns that you can cut out, fold and glue together
to make a model of a 3D object.

18
17. Geometric patterns:
We use drawings to find out what the pattern is, so that we can
estimate what the next drawing would look like and the amount it
would contain.
We use this information to complete a table and find a rule for that
specific pattern.
Example: The rule for the above drawings is: +3

Drawing: 1 2 3 4
Amount of 1 4 7 10
blocks:
18. Symmetry:
Line symmetry: a shape has a line of symmetry if it can be divided

into two identical halves by a dashed line.
Examples:
Rotational symmetry: a shape has rotational symmetry if you can

rotate it so that it fits onto itself before it
completes a full turn.

19
19. Decimals:
5
We convert fractions into decimals, example: = 0,5
10
Method 1: Write the decimal number as a proper fraction

with the denominator 10 or 100.
2 4
Example: = = 0,4
5 10
Method 2: Use a calculator to divide the numerator by the

denominator to get your decimal.
16
Example: = 16 ÷ 22 = 0,72
22
Multiplying with decimals: The digits will move up one space to

the right when multiplied by 10 and two
spaces right when multiplied by 100.
Example: 0,005 x 10 = 0,05

0,005 x 100 = 0,5
Dividing with decimals: The digits will move down one space to
the left when divided by 10 and two
spaces when divided by 100.
Example: 0,06 ÷ 10 = 0,006

0,06 ÷ 100 = 0,0006
Adding and subtracting decimals:
We use the column method to add and subtract:

0, 5
+ 1, 3
1, 8

20
20. Capacity and volume:
Capacity: The amount a container can hold.
Volume: The amount of space something takes up.
1 cup = 250 ml
2 cups = 500 ml
1000 ml = 1 litre
1000 litres = 1 kl
21. Mass:
Mass: The amount of matter contained in an object.
How much does something weigh? A human being can weigh

80kg, butter can weigh 500g and sugar can weigh 1kg.
1000 mg = 1 g
1000 g = 1 kg
22. Viewpoints of objects:

21
23. Transformations:
Rotation: To turn a shape around a fixed point.
Example:
Reflection: To flip a shape over to form a mirror image.
Example:
Translation: To shift a shape into a new position without turning

it.
Example:

22
24. Percentage:
Percentage: ‘per cent’ means out of 100. % is the symbol for

percentage.
Converting fractions to percentage:
Try to get the fraction over 10 or 100 in order to convert the fraction
into a percentage.
Fraction: Percentage:
1 50%
2
1 25%
4
3 75%
4
Converting decimals to percentage:
Multiply the decimal or divide the decimal to get it over 100, which
will give you the percentage.
Example: 0,5 x 100 = 50, so your percentage would be 50. (50%)
Calculations with percentages:
Method 1: 25% of R150

(25 ÷ 100) x 150 = R37,50
19
Method 2: Sarah got for her Mathematics test.
20
Her percentage is worked out as follows:
(19÷ 20) x 100 = 95%

23
25. Temperature:
We measure temperature in degrees celcius in South Africa.

The symbol is: ˚C
Temperature tells us how hot or cold a substance it. A

thermometer is used to measure temperature.
26. Profit and loss:
Profit: Increase in wealth; making money.
Loss: Decrease in wealth; losing money.
Example: 10% profit on R200

(10 x 200) ÷ 100 = R20 profit
R200 + R20 = R220
20% loss on R350

(20x 350) ÷ 100 = R70 loss
R350 – R70 = R280
27. Perimeter and area:
Perimeter: The total distance along the outside edges of a

shape.
Example:
2 x (2 cm + 2 cm) = 8 cm
2 cm
2 cm

24
Area: The amount of space that a shape covers.
Example: 2 cm x 4 cm = 8 𝑐𝑚2
2 cm
4 cm
1
(4) x 2 = 4 𝑐𝑚2
2
4 cm
Surface area: The total area of all the faces of an object.
Example:
Volume: Is the amount of space an object occupies.
Example: Length x width x height

25
29. Lines:
Line segment: a part of a line that is bounded by two points.
Straight line: a straight line is a line of exactly 180 degrees.
Parallel lines: two lines are parallel if they are exactly the same
distance apart from each other.
Perpendicular lines: are lines that intersect at 90 degrees.
30. Graphs:
We use a cartesian plane for functions and graphs:
Y - axis
1 2 3 4
- 5-4-3–2- 1 1 2 3 4 5 X- axis
4 -3 -2 -1
-

26
These are examples of linear (line) functions:
These are examples of nonlinear (not a line) functions:
31. Probability:
Probability is the likelihood or chance of something happening.
Examples: There is a 50% chance that the coin will land on heads.
There are 2 blue circles and 2 red circles. What is the probability
that I would get a red circle? The probability is 50% (2 our of 4).
32. Algebraic expressions:
Variable: is the value that needs to be found (x or y)
Coefficient: is the number before the variable (5x or 5y)
Constant: is the number that has a definite value (- 3 or + 3)
Terms: Monomial is one term (3x). Binomial is 2 terms (3x

+ 3). Trinomial has 3 terms (3x + 3 -2y). Polynomial
has more than 3 terms (3x + 3 – 2y + 60).

27
33. Exponents:
2 x 2 x 2 = 23 or a x a x a = 𝑎3
23 = 8
Exponential laws:
a n ⋅ a m = a n+m
an / am = an -m
(bn) = bn⋅m
m
bnm =b (n )
m
b = n√b
1/n
b-n = 1 / bn
b =1
0
0n = 0 , for n>0
b =b
1
1n = 1
Factorisation:
Using factors to simplify an equation:
Example: 2x - 6𝑥 2 = 2x (1 – 3x)

28
34. Theorem of Pythagorus:
𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
a 𝑎 2 = 32 + 42
3
𝑎2 = 9 + 16
a = √25
a=5
4
35. Simple and compound interest:
Simple interest: I = Prt (I is the interest, P is the principal

amount, r is the rate and t is the time)
Example: I invest R200 at 15% for 2 years.

I = R200 x 15% x 2
I = R60 (Interest is R60 which I must add
on to the R200 I had invested)
Compound interest: M = P(1 + 𝑖)𝑛 (M is the final amount, P

is the principal amount, i is the interest
rate and n is the number of years
invested.
Example: I invest R200 at 10% for 3 years.

M = R200 (1+ 10%)3
M = R439,10

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Mathematics

Grade 7 to 9: Mathematics Rules

1. Prime numbers, multiples and factors:

Prime number: A number that can only divide by one and

Multiple: A number that may be divided by another a

Factor: A number or quantity that when multiplied

HCF: Highest Common Factor is the highest factor

Integer: Is a number that can be written without a

Rational number: Is a number that can be made by dividing

Irrational number: Is a number that cannot be written as a

Whole number: Is a number without fractions, like an integer.

Grade 7 to 9: Mathematics Rules

Rule: If the number to the right is 5 or more, then it rounds up.

Number Round off to Round off to the Round off to the

Rule: Break a large number into its units, tens, hundreds,

Example: 4 365 is written as 4 000 + 300 + 60 + 5

Number Thousands Hundreds Tens Units

Grade 7 to 9: Mathematics Rules

Place is the value of the underlined digit in terms of units, tens,

Example: 13 455 the underline place value is 3 000 (Th place

5. Greater than, smaller than or equal to

> means greater than.

Example: 500 > 400

This is the order of operations when we work out sums.

Grade 7 to 9: Mathematics Rules

Column method: Step 1: Put the numbers underneath each

Column method: Step 1: Put the numbers underneath each

Grade 7 to 9: Mathematics Rules

Estimation method: Step 1: Round off your numbers to the

1 Numerator – how many parts we are using.

2 Denominator – into how many equal parts the

Grade 7 to 9: Mathematics Rules

Operations with fractions:

Addition and subtraction rule: The denominators have to be the

Digital time: Analogue time:

A century = 100 years.

Grade 7 to 9: Mathematics Rules

Polygons: are 2D shapes that are enclosed by three or

Quadrilaterals: are 2D shapes with four straight

Grade 7 to 9: Mathematics Rules

Right-angled triangle – has one 90 degree angle.

Triangles can be congruent or similar:

Congruent: Triangles are congruent if their corresponding

SSS: all three sides are equal.

Grade 7 to 9: Mathematics Rules

Similar: Triangles are similar if they are the same shape,

Angles inside 2D shapes:

Right angle: an angle of 90 degrees.

Acute angle: an angle which is between 0 and 90 degrees.

Straight angle: an angle which is 180 degrees.

Obtuse angle: an angle which is between 90 and 180 degrees.

Reflex angle: an angle which is between 180 and 270 degrees.

Revolution: an angle of 360 degrees.

Grade 7 to 9: Mathematics Rules

How to draw an angle:

We use a protractor to draw an angle. We start on the 0 line and

Corresponding angles are equal.

Vertically opposite angles are equal.

Alternate interior angles are equal.

Alternate exterior angles are equal.

The pair of interior angles on a transversal line are supplementary.

Complementary angles are when the sum of two angles add up to

Adjacent angles have a common arm and vertex and are

Example 1: 5; 10; 15; _; __