Motion is defined as some kind of a change in the position of an object with time.

Different kinds of motion

1. Rectilinear Motion 5. Random Motion
2. Oscillatory Motion 6. Circular Motion
3. Vibratory Motion 7. Periodic Motion
4. Curvilinear Motion 8. Rotational Motion
Rest: When the position of an object does not change, it is said to be at rest.
Note: An object can be in motion as well as at rest at the same time if observed from different
places.
for eg. The school building is at rest for us but for someone watching from space, it is in motion
because Earth is in motion.

SLOW OR FAST
How do you decide which object is moving slow and which one is moving fast?
 The most convenient way to find out which of the two or more objects is moving faster is to
compare the distances moved by them in a unit time.
 The distance moved by objects in a given interval of time can help us to decide which one is
faster or slower.

UNIFORM AND NON-UNIFORM MOTION

 Uniform motion: A motion in which object covers equal distances in equal intervals of time,
it has uniform motion. Speed of such an object is always constant.
 Non- uniform motion: If an object covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time, it is
said to be in non-uniform motion. Speed of such an object is not constant. For eg. A car
moving on a busy road.

SPEED
Distance covered by an object in a unit time is called the speed of the object.

Speed is the total distance covered divided by the total time taken. Thus,
Speed = Total distance covered / Total time taken

MEASURING SPEED

Speedometer: It is the instrument that records the speed of a vehicle in km/h

Odometer: The instrument that records/ measures the distance covered by a vehicle.

MEASUREMENT OF TIME

1. Most common devices to measure time are clocks and watches.

2. All working clocks make use of periodic motion.
3. One of the most well-known periodic motions is that of simple pendulum.
4. A simple pendulum consists of a small metallic ball or a piece of stone suspended from a rigid
stand by a thread
5. The metallic ball is called the bob of the pendulum.
6. Pendulum at rest in its mean position. When the bob of the pendulum is released after taking it
slightly to one side, it begins to move to and fro.
7. The to and fro motion of a simple pendulum is an example of a periodic or an oscillatory motion.
8. The time taken by the pendulum to complete one oscillation is called its time period.

Time period = Time taken for __ oscillations / Number of oscillations

UNITS OF TIME AND SPEED

1. The basic unit of time is a second. Its symbol is s
2. Larger units of time are minutes (min) and hours (h).
3. Since the speed is distance/time, the basic unit of speed is m/s
It could also be expressed in other units such as m/min or km/h.
The symbols of all units are written in singular.
For example, we write 50 km and not 50 kms, or 8 cm and not 8 cms.
How many seconds are there in a day and how many hours in a year?

MEASURING SPEED
S. No. Name of the animal Speed in km/h Speed in m/s
1 Falcon 88.8 m/s
2 Cheetah
3 Rabbit
4 Blue fish
5 Human
6 Squirrel
7 Domestic mouse
8 Giant tortoise
9 Snail

DISTANCE TIME GRAPH

1. While going for a school picnic, Paheli decided to note the reading on the odometer of the bus
after every 30 minutes till the end of the journey. Following is the odometer reading at different
times of journey.
Table 13.5 Odometer reading at different times of the journey
Time (AM) Odometer reading Distance from the starting point
8:00 AM 36540 km 0 km
8:30 AM 36560 km 20 km
9:00 AM 36580 km 40 km
9:30 AM 36600 km 60 km
10:00 AM 36620 km 80 km

QUESTIONS
Q.1 Plot a distance-time graph using the given data.
Q.2 How far was the picnic spot from the school?