Table of Contents

 Chapter 9: CELL BIOLOGY...........................................................................................................3

 Definitions........................................................................................................................................3
 Cell...................................................................................................................................................3
 Cell is derived from the Latin word "cellula" which means "a little room".......................3
 The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665............................................................3
 Cytology is the study of all aspects of a cell.......................................................................3
o Types of Cells....................................................................................................................................3
 Prokaryotic cells..............................................................................................................................3
 Eukaryotic cell.................................................................................................................................3
 Similarities.......................................................................................................................................3
» 1. both have DNA as their genetic material.....................................................................................3
» 2. both are membrane bound............................................................................................................3
» 3. both have ribosomes....................................................................................................................3
» 4. similar basic metabolism.............................................................................................................3
 Differences.......................................................................................................................................3
» 1. Eukaryotes have a nucleus...........................................................................................................3
» Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles................................................................................3
» Eukaryotes are large in size.............................................................................................................3
» Eukaryotes have complex DNA......................................................................................................3
» Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are all eukaryotes....................................................................3
 Plasma Membrane............................................................................................................................3
o Composition of Plasma Membrane....................................................................................................3
 Fluid Mosaic Model.........................................................................................................................3
o Functions of Plasma Membrane.........................................................................................................3
 Transport of Material.......................................................................................................................3
 Differentially permeable membrane................................................................................................3
 Maintenance of concentration gradient:..........................................................................................3
 Endocytosis:.....................................................................................................................................4
» Phagocytosis....................................................................................................................................4
» Pinocytosis.......................................................................................................................................4
 Transmission of nerve impulses:.....................................................................................................4
 Cytoplasm........................................................................................................................................4
o Protoplasm..........................................................................................................................................4
o Organelles and Inclusions..................................................................................................................4
o Cytosol...............................................................................................................................................4
 True solution:...................................................................................................................................4
 Colloidal solution:............................................................................................................................4
o Function of Cytoplasm.......................................................................................................................4
 Nucleus.............................................................................................................................................4
o Nucleus...............................................................................................................................................5
o Mononucleate:....................................................................................................................................5
o Binucleate:..........................................................................................................................................5
 Nuclear membrane...........................................................................................................................5
 Nucleolus..........................................................................................................................................5
 Chromosomes...................................................................................................................................5
o Number of Chromosomes:.................................................................................................................5
 Nucleoplasm.....................................................................................................................................5
o Functions of Nucleus..........................................................................................................................5
 Mitochondria....................................................................................................................................5
o Structure of Mitochondria..................................................................................................................5
o Chemical Composition of Mitochondria............................................................................................5
o Formation of New Mitochondria.......................................................................................................6
 o Functions of Mitochondria.................................................................................................................6
 Golgi Apparatus (Learn from Youtube)...........................................................................................6
o Structure of Golgi Apparatus.............................................................................................................6
 Lysosomes........................................................................................................................................6
o Structure of Golgi Apparatus.............................................................................................................6
 Chapter 9: CELL BIOLOGY
 Definitions
 Cell
 Cell is derived from the Latin word "cellula" which means "a little room".
 The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665.
 Cytology is the study of all aspects of a cell.
 Types of Cells: Unicellular and Multicellular
 Prokaryotic cells
 Single Celled microorganisms i.e. Bacteria and Achaea
 Prokaryotic cells are single-celled microorganisms known to be the earliest on
earth. Prokaryotes include Bacteria and Archaea.
 Eukaryotic cell
 Nuclear membrane that surrounds the nucleus with a well-defined
chromosome
 The eukaryotic cell has a nuclear membrane that surrounds the nucleus, in
which the well-defined chromosomes are located.
 Similarities
 1. both have DNA as their genetic material
 2. both are membrane bound
 3. both have ribosomes
 4. similar basic metabolism.
 Differences
 1. Eukaryotes are large in size
 2. Eukaryotes have complex DNA
 3. Eukaryotes have a nucleus
 4. Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles
 5. Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are all eukaryotes
 Plasma Membrane
 Most outer boundary of cell that separate a cell from surrounding environment.
o Cell membrane is the most outer boundary of the cell. It is a barrier that separates a cell from its
surrounding environment
 1. Composition of Plasma Membrane
 1. Lipids
 1. Phospholipids
 2. Cholesterol
 2. Proteins
 3. Carbohydrates
 2. Fluid Mosaic Model
 The fluid mosaic model describes the cell membrane as a tapestry of several types of
molecules (phospholipids, cholesterols, and proteins) that are constantly moving. This
movement helps the cell membrane maintain its role as a barrier between the inside
and outside of the cell environments
 3. Functions of Plasma Membrane
 Transport of Material
 Transport all materials
 Differentially permeable membrane
 The plasma membrane allows only selective substance to pass through it.
 Maintenance of concentration gradient:
 The plasma membrane regulates the flow of materials and ions. So, it
maintains a definite concentration gradient. Lipid soluble substance easily
cross the membrane. Similarly, much small gas molecules, water, glucose, etc.
are neutral compounds. So, they easily cross the membrane. On the other
 hand, ions are the charged particles. So, they cannot cross membrane. Thus,
there is unequal distribution of substance between inside and outside the cell
 Endocytosis:
 Endocytosis is the process by which cells take in substances from outside of
the cell
 Phagocytosis
o Solid material is taken inside
 Pinocytosis
o Liquid material is taken inside
 Transmission of nerve impulses:
 the neurons (nerve cells) transmit the nerve impulses from one part of the
body to the other part. It takes coordination in the body.
 Cytoplasm
o The fluid inside a cell but outside the cell's nucleus. Most chemical reactions in a cell take place
in the cytoplasm. It is composed of water, salts, and various organic molecules.
 Protoplasm
 Cytoplasm is all the contents inside the cell membrane excluding the nucleus. And
protoplasm includes cytoplasm, plus, the nucleus of the cell.
 Organelles and Inclusions
 It contains different cell organelles like mitochondria, golgi bodies, endoplasmic
reticulum, lysosomes, etc. It also contains insoluble inclusions like insoluble waste
and storage products
 Cytosol
The soluble part of the cytoplasm is called cytosol. It forms the ground substance of
the cytoplasm. Chemically, it has about 90% water. It contains all fundamental
molecules of the cells. These molecules are present in two forms:
 True solution:
 The small molecules and ions from true solution.
 Colloidal solution:
 Colloid, any substance consisting of particles substantially larger than atoms
or ordinary molecules but too small to be visible to the unaided eye;
 Function of Cytoplasm
 It acts as storage house. Most important compounds like starch are stored in the
cytoplasm.
 Some metabolic processes like glycolysis (breaking of glucose) take place in the
cytoplasm
 The cytoplasm contains several cell organelles like mitochondria, golgi bodies,
endoplasm reticulum, lysosomes, etc. These cell organelles perform many important
functions of the cells.
 Cytoplasm shows streaming movements. Streaming movement is an active. Mas
movement of cytoplasm. Many free-floating organelles like mitochondria move in the
cytoplasm due to these streaming movements.
 Nucleus
o Nucleus was discovered by Robert Brown in 1831. It is a prominent body in many cells. It
looks dark than that of surrounding cytoplasm. The shape of nucleus may be irregular or
spherical. It controls the life activities of the cell. It is generally present m the centre of
animal cell.
  Nucleus
 Chemically, the nucleus is composed of four parts: nuclear membrane, nucleoli,
nucleoplasm and chromosomes.
 Mononucleate:
 Generally, the cells have one nucleus. Such cells are called mononucleate.
 Binucleate:
 The cells with two nuclei are called Binucleate.
 Nuclear membrane
o The nuclear membrane is a double layer that encloses the cell's nucleus, where the
chromosomes reside. The nuclear membrane serves to separate the chromosomes from the
cell's cytoplasm and other contents.
 Nucleolus
o It is darkly stained body within the nucleus. It is without any membranous boundary which
separates it from the other nuclear material. The nucleus may contain one or more, nucleoli.
Nucleolus synthesizes and stores ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
 Chromosomes
o Chromosomes are threadlike structures made of protein and a single molecule of DNA that
serve to carry the genomic information from cell to cell. In plants and animals (including
humans), chromosomes reside in the nucleus of cells.
 Number of Chromosomes:
 The cells with two nuclei are called Binucleate.
 All the individual of the same species has constant numbers of chromosomes. These
chromosomes remain constant generation after generation
 Man has 46 chromosomes.
 Frog has 26 chromosomes.
 Chimpanzee has 48 chromosomes.
 Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) has 8 chromosomes.
 Onion has 16 chromosomes.
 Nucleoplasm
o It forms soluble nuclear sap (soluble fluid) inside the nucleus.
 Functions of Nucleus
 Nucleus performs following functions:
 It controls all the activities of the cells.
 It controls the transfer of hereditary characters from parents to offspring.
 The three types of RNAs, i.e. mRNA, tRNA, rRNA are synthesized in the nucleus.
These RNAs are involved in the synthesis of proteins.
 Mitochondria
o Mitochondria are very important organelles. They are present only in Eukaryotic cells. They
are involved in the manufacturing and supply of energy to the cell. Therefore, mitochondria
may be called power house of the cell.
 Structure of Mitochondria
 Mitochondria has two layers. The outer membrane is smooth. The inner membrane
forms many infoldings is called cristae.
 Chemical Composition of Mitochondria
 They are composed of lipids and proteins. The mitochondrial matrix contains a large
number of enzymes coenzymes, organic and inorganic salts. Mitochondria also
contain DNA and Ribosomes. So, mitochondria can synthesize their own proteins.
  Formation of New Mitochondria
 Mitochondria are self-replicating organelles. It means new mitochondria are formed
by the division of the old mitochondria.
 Functions of Mitochondria
 It plays an important role in energy production through oxidative phosphorylation.
 It is involved in the detoxification process in hepatocytes.
 It helps in regulating the metabolic activities of the cell.
 It promotes the cell growth and multiplication of cells.
 It is responsible for ATP production (the energy currency of the cell).
 Golgi Apparatus (Learn from Youtube)
o Golgi apparatus was discovered by Golgi in 1898. Golgi apparatus are Present only in
eukaryotic cells.
 Structure of Golgi Apparatus
 Mitochondria has two layers. The outer membrane is smooth. The inner membrane
forms many infoldings is called cristae.
 Lysosomes
o Golgi apparatus was discovered by Golgi in 1898. Golgi apparatus are Present only in
eukaryotic cells.
 Structure of Golgi Apparatus
 Mitochondria has two layers. The outer membrane is smooth. The inner membrane
forms many infoldings is called cristae.