LECTURE NOTES IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH II

CHAPTER 3: DATA COLLECTION AND DATA ANALYSIS

2ND QUARTER COVERAGE

PREPARED BY: DANIELA ERIKA MARIE S. TEMPLADO

LESSON 1: Quantitative data collection?

o Data collection is the process of collecting and gathering information on variables of

interest, in an established systematic way to respond to the research being studied.
o Numerical data can be collected by means of observation, interview, questionnaires,
scales, physiological measurement, experimentation, surveys.
We use statistical data collection to:
✓ Quantify attitudes, behaviors, opinions, or explain relationships among variables.
✓ Generalize a result a larger sample population.
✓ Reject or accept a hypothesis.

NOTE: Tanan information na inyu na gather, na collect, pina-agi sa observation, interview,

questionnaires, or unsa pa na dinha na type sa data collection instruments, kay e translate into
numbers. ‘’Quantifying attitudes, behaviors, opinions, to explain relationships among
variables using statistical analysis.’’

1.1 POPULATION AND SAMPLE

o Population is a larger group of individuals or a large collection of individuals or objects

that are selected to participate in a study.
o Sample is a smaller collection of units from a population used to determine truths about
the population.
o Sampling is the process of selecting a number of individuals for a study in such a way
that the individuals represent the larger group from which they are selected.
NOTE:
✓ POPULATION- ang group of people na gusto ninyu studyhan, ang tibuok PANI NA
population nila. Diri mo magkuha or mag select og sample na mao nay mahimong
respondents sa inyung study,
 ✓ SAMPLE- ang group of respondents na inyu na NAPILI, OR NA SELECT GIKAN SA INYU
TARGET POPULATION.
✓ SAMPLING- ang process (different kinds of methods in selecting the respondents of your
study) sa pag pili og mahimong respondents sa inyo study. Ang pamaagi sa pag select
kinsa ang mahimong target, or people na inyu studyhan to gather data from.

1.2 TYPES OF SAMPLING METHODS

o PROBABILITY SAMPLING: Uses randomization and takes steps to ensure all members of
a population have a chance of being selected.

Variations of Probability Sampling:

• Simple Random sampling- allows every member of the population to have an
opportunity or chance of being selected. To conduct this technique, you can use
tools like random generators (excel).
• Stratified sampling- population is divided into subgroups and members are
randomly selected from each group.
• Systemic sampling- uses a specific system to select members such as every 5th
person on the list.
• Cluster random sampling- divides the population into clusters, all members from
the selected cluster are considered as samples.
NOTE:
✓ RANDOM SAMPLING- Let’s say sa 100 members sa imu target population. Magpili ka
dihag sample respondents. Ang pamaagi sa pagpili kay dili ‘’assigned’’ kundi, random.
Pwede mugamit ug mga tools like random generators para sa pag pili.

Example: You want to select a simple random sample of 150 students of school
x. Then you assign a number to every student of the school and using a random number
generator to select 150 numbers.

✓ STRATIFIED SAMPLING- Divide the population into subgroups (called strata) based on
the characteristics. For example, strata could be: income bracket, age range, job role.
Based on the overall proportions of the population, you compute how many people
should be sampled from each subgroup. Then use random sampling to select a sample
from each stratum.

Example: A company has offices in 12 cities across the country. You can’t travel
to every office to collect your data; therefore, you use random sampling to select
5 offices. These 5 offices are your clusters and you randomly select from these clusters.

✓ SYSTEMIC SAMPLING- Instead of random selection, ang sample is being selected by

applying regular intervals. Such as sa usa ka population. Pananglitan, naa kay 100
members sa imu population, mag sugod kag pili sa imu respondent at any number point.
 For example, mag sugod ka sa ika 5th member sa population, nya pananglitan
imu gi set nga interval kay by 5. So, imu pag select sa next sample kay ika 5th count
since sa 5th member na imu na select.

Example: Choose a sample of size 15 from N = 150, using systematic random sampling.
Step 1: Determine k, k= 10, this means that you have to include every 10th member of
the population after choosing a random start.
Step 2: You can randomly select a starting point, let’s say 5, from number 5 every 10th
person on the list is selected:
5,15,25, 35, 45, 55,65, 75, 85, 95, 105, 115, 125, 135 and 145.

✓ CLUSTER RANDOM SAMPLING- It involves dividing the entire population into subgroups,
just make sure that the subgroups have the same characteristics to the rest of the other
sample.

Example: A company has offices in 12 cities across the country. You can’t travel
to every office to collect your data; therefore, you use random sampling to select 5
offices. These 5 offices are your clusters and you randomly select from these clusters.

o NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING: Does not rely on the use of randomization techniques to

select members.
Variations of Non- Probability Sampling:

• Convenience or accidental sampling- members of units are selected based on

availability.
• Purposive sampling- members of a particular group are purposefully sought after.
• Snowball sampling- This is a sampling technique, in which existing subjects
provide referrals to recruit samples required for a research study.
NOTE:
✓ CONVENIENCE OR ACCIDENTAL SAMPLING- the researcher selects his respondents
based on what is readily or ‘’conveniently’’ accessible population.
✓ PURPOSIVE SAMPLING- respondents are chosen ‘’on purpose’’. The researcher relies on
his judgment in selecting the respondents he would like to include in his study. The
respondents are selected based on the qualities that the researcher wants to find out in
his/her study.
✓ SNOWBALL SAMPLING- purely based on referrals. Mag pili og sample and researcher,
ang iya gipili, iya nasad pangutan.an as pa sya maka kita ug laing respondents or sample
na pariho ug qualities sa sample na iya nang na select. Magtika daghan iya respondents
hangtud magtika daghan sad ang e refer sa iya na sample. Mutubo na murag ‘’snowball’’
kadako iyang sample, kutob sa makit-an na sample na appropriate sa iyang study.
1.3 DIFFERENT INSTRUMENTS FOR DATA COLLECTION

o Observation
- Structured
- Define what is being observed.
- Decide how the observation will be made: recorded and coded.
- Use a checklist for the observation and categorizing the different behaviors of the
subject/s.
o Interview
- ‘’Yes’’ or ‘’no’’ questions.

o Questionnaires / Surveys
- Design of the questionnaire should provide the required data, data that can be
analyzed and used, and unbiased response.
- Makes use of scales. Scales list an ordered series of categories of a variable and
then assigns a numerical value on each item.

NOTE: Below is an example of a survey questionnaire. This type of questionnaire is useful for
descriptive and correlational research designs, kay ang questionnaire is designed man to
describe something, or find any link/connection/correlation among variables.

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

The aim of this questionnaire is to gather relevant data to the betterment of in-person
classes in terms of teaching-learning experience, extracurricular activities, class schedules, and
facilities. The data will be used to improve the services of ACLC College of Ormoc City, Inc. for
the incoming senior high school and college students.

CHECK THE CORRESPONDING BOX FOR YOUR RESPONSE.

PLEASE BE GUIDED A-AGREE; N- NEUTRAL; D-DISAGREE

QUESTIONS A N D
TEACHING-LEARNING
EXPERIENCE
1. Display photos, audio clips,
and video presentations
during class discussions
make lessons easier to
understand.
2. Group activities make
learning fun, interactive,
and easier to comprehend.
3. Students focus more when
projects and assignments
are assigned individually
instead of by groupings.
4. Notes are helpful to better
comprehend topics.
5. Instructors should display
authority inside the
classroom but should also be
equally approachable for
inquiries.
EXTRACURRICULAR
ACTIVITIES
6. Sports events and
intramurals allow students
to showcase their talents
and skills as well as socialize
with their peers.
7. Planning school events such
as English month celebration
promote student leadership.
8. Involvement in seminars,
symposium, and trainings
contributes to the academic
growth of students.
9. E-games such as Mobile
Legends, Call of Duty and
the like should be included
as activities to enhance
technological skills of
students
10. Participation to Division
and/or Higher Levels boosts
the confidence of the
students towards their
skills.
SCHOOL FACILITIES
11. Well-lit and airconditioned
rooms is more favorable for
students to learn.
12. Projectors and Smart TVs
are interactive tools for
learning.
13. Computer laboratories with
1 computer to 1 student
ratio helps improve the
skills of the students
 14. Laboratories such as Science
Lab, Culinary Lab and the
like must be well-equipped.
15. Courts such as basketball
and volleyball courts are
great areas for student’s
leisure.
CLASS SCHEDULES
16. Classes should be done on a
Mon-Fri (everyday) basis.
17. Classes can optimize
student’s comprehension
when conducted for only 3-
4 days a week.
18. Online classes make topics
and modules more
accessible to students.

19. Please cite difficulty/difficulties you have encountered during in-person classes.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

20.(OPTIONAL) Please fill this portion out if you want to be contacted as possible EARLY
REGISTRANT for Senior High school or College.

NAME: _______________________________________________
MOBILE NUMBER: ______________________________________
GENDER: _________________________________________
ETHNICITY: _______________________________________
SCHOOL: _________________________________________
POSSIBLE COURSE/STRAND: SHS ________________________
COLLEGE: ____________________
LESSON 2: DATA ANALYSIS/ STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

2.11 LEVELS OF MEASUREMENTS

o Nominal data- Does not organize data by order or ranking. It is only a matter of
distinguishing by name. Numbers used do not denote quantity.
o Ordinal data- Provides rank in a data. The difference in values is not constant.
o Interval data- It provides information about order and also provides an interval. By
interval, we mean to say that there is an equal distance between each data. It has
standardized differences between values.
o Ratio or ‘’scale’’- The data is continuous, ordered, has standardized differences
between values and it has a natural zero.

NOTE:
✓ NOMINAL- Organizing data that does not require ranking. You can categorize your data
by labelling them in mutually exclusive groups, but there is no order between the
categories.
EXAMPLE:
Gender: Girl, Boy, Gay, Lesbian, Bi-sexual
Color of the Eye: Black, brown, blue, green
Nationality: American, Australian, Filipino, Canadian
Religious Affiliation: Roman Catholic, SDA, INC, Methodist, Born Again Christian
Field of Specialization: Mathematics, Tech. Voc. Educ.,

✓ ORDINAL- Requires putting data in order or rank. You can categorize and rank your data
in an order, but you cannot say anything about the intervals between the rankings.
EXAMPLE:
- Top 5 Olympic medallists
- Language ability (e.g., beginner, intermediate, fluent)
- Likert-type questions (e.g., very dissatisfied to very satisfied)
- *Although you can rank the top 5 Olympic medalists, this scale does not tell you
how close or far apart they are in number of wins.

✓ INTERVAL DATA- You can categorize, rank, and infer equal intervals between
neighboring data points, but there is no true zero point. NO TRUE ZERO VALUE.
EXAMPLE:
- Test scores (e.g., IQ or exams)
- Personality inventories
- Temperature in Fahrenheit or Celsius
*A true zero means there is an absence of the variable of interest. In ratio scales, zero
does mean an absolute lack of the variable. For example, in the Kelvin temperature
 scale, there are no negative degrees of temperature – zero means an absolute lack of
thermal energy.

✓ RATIO OR SCALE- Data has natural zero. A true zero means there is an absence of
the variable of interest. In ratio scales, zero does mean an absolute lack of the
variable.
EXAMPLE:
- Height
- Age
- Weight
- Temperature in Kelvin
*For example, in the Kelvin temperature scale, there are no negative degrees of
temperature – zero means an absolute lack of thermal energy.

2.12 STEPS IN QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS

o Preparing the data- the process of changing every data into numerical information.
o Data tabulation- putting of all data in a table with the use of frequencies and
percentage distribution to organize data.
o Analyzing the data- choose between two methods: Descriptive Statistical Techniques
or Advance Quantitative Analytical Methods.

Sample Data Tabulation

NOTE: Go back to the survey questionnaire given above. Pananglitan naa namoy data na gather
gikan atu na questionnaire. Ingun ani-on na Ninyo pag tally or tabulate ang information/data
na inyu na collect. Segregating or categorizing data according to gender, ethnicity, og other
variables nan aa sa inyu questionnaire.
Total sample size: n= 22

Gender: Female= 11
Male= 11

Ethnicity White= 7
Black= 7
Asian= 2
Native American= 2
Latin= 4
 School SPC= 11
WLC= 11

Rating for teaching-learning A-GREE= 10

experience:
N-EUTRAL= 10
DISAGREE= 2

2.13 STATISTICAL TYPES of DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS

Mean

Measures of Central
Median
Tendency

Mode
Descriptive Statistics

Variance
Measures of
Variability
Standard
Deviation

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY- measures of central tendency help you find the middle,
or average, of a data set.

• MEAN- the sum of a variable's values divided by the total number of values.
- DATA SET: 22, 19, 18, 23, 20, 25, 22, 20, 18, 18
- 22+ 19+ 18+ 23+ 20+ 25+ 22+ 20+ 18+ 18= 205
- 205/ 10= 20.5 (MEAN)

• MEDIAN- the middle value of a variable.

- 20 (MEDIAN)

• MODE- the value that occurs most often.

- 18 (MODE)
MEASURES OF VARIABILITY
o Measures of variability (or the measures of spread) aid in analyzing how spread the
distribution is for a set of data.
o Measures of variability (or the measures of spread) aid in analyzing how spread the
distribution is for a set of data.

• Range- the difference between the highest and lowest values in a data set.
• Variance- average distance from the mean.
• Standard deviation- average of squared distances from the mean.

***END OF 2ND QUARTER***

 PRACTICAL RESEARCH II
2ND QUARTER LONG TEST

SECTION:
NAME:
Directions: Print this and the succeeding pages, and submit. Aside from this page, you will
also be answering on a separate bond paper for your Test III. Don’t forget to staple all papers
together. Unstapled papers will not be accepted.

I. Classify each according to types or levels of measurement: (20 PTS.)

1. Ages of students in the college (in years). =

2. Ages premature babies in the maternity hospital (in hours). =
3. Color of eyes of people. d. Colors of Spectrum of light. =
4. Rankings of football players. =
5. Temperatures inside the room (in Celsius). =
6. Temperatures inside the high cold cooling device in a labor (in Kelvin). =
7. Nationalities of the workers of POGO in the Philippines. =
8. Salaries of non – teaching employees in VSU. =
9. Weights of boxes of fruits. =
10. Time result in a car race. =

II. Encircle the letter and word of the correct answer. (20 pts.)

1. A grocery store is interested in knowing how many times a customer visits the store
in a month. They decided to ask every eight customers on a specified day to
complete a short survey including information about how many times they have
visited the store in the past months. What kind of a sampling design is this?

a. cluster c. simple random b. stratified d. systematic

2. Mara, wanted to determine the average number of books that professors have in
their office. She randomly selected three buildings on the different campuses and
asked each professor in the selected buildings how many books are in his or her
office. Sara surveyed 35 professors. What type of random of sampling is this?

a. simple random sampling c. stratified random sampling

b. cluster random sampling d. systematic sampling

3. A school chooses 111 randomly selected players from each of its sports to participate
in a survey about sports at the school. What type of random of sampling is
performed?
 a. simple random sampling c. stratified random sampling
b. cluster random sampling d. systematic random sampling

4. Which of the following is not a method of data collection in conducting study?

a. questionnaires c. focus group b. interviews d. correlation

5. Which of the following techniques illustrates simple random sampling?

a. Numbering all the elements of a school where the study will be conducted and
then used a random number generator to pick schools from the table.
b. Listing the names of the school by district and choosing a proportion from within
each district at random.
c. Randomly selecting a district and then sampling all schools within the district.
d. Choosing volunteer schools to participate in the study sample.

6-8. Enumerate the three measures of central tendency.

9-10. Enumerate at least two (2) measures of variability.

III. Answer each question in 3-4 sentences. Write or encode answers on separate
sheets of short bond paper. Don’t forget to staple all papers together. (10 pts.
Each)

1. What is the significance of finding the measures of central tendency and measures
of variability in analyzing your data?
2. Why is it important to make sure that you are using the correct sampling technique
in selecting your sample?
3. Why is it important to make sure that you are applying the correct type of statistical
analysis in analyzing your data?
4. Which yields/give more accurate and reliable research findings, quantitative
research or qualitative research?
5. Why is research important?