ENGDAN 203 Engineering Data
• Descriptive Statistics
Analysis
CHAPTER 1: OBTAINING DATA
1.1 Methods of Data Collection
1.2 Planning and Conducting Surveys
1.3 Planning and Conducting Experiments;
Introduction to Design Experiment
INTRODUCTION : BASIC STATISTICS
STATISTICS
 Is the area of science that deals with
collection, organization, analysis, and
interpretation of data.
 It also deals with methods and techniques
that can be used to draw conclusions about
the characteristics of a large number of data
points commonly called a population by
using a smaller subset of the entire data.
FOR EXAMPLE..
 You work in a cell phone factory and are
asked to remove cell phones at random off
of the assembly line and turn it on and off.
 Each time you remove a cell phone and turn
it on and off, you are conducting a random
experiment.
 Each time you pick up a phone is a trial and
the result is called an outcome.
 If you check 200 phones, and you find 5 bad
phones, then the relative frequency of
failure = 5/200 = 0.025
Statistics -is a group of methods that are used to
collect, organize, present, analyze, and interpret
data to make decisions.
Collection refers to the gathering of information or
data.
Organization or presentation involves summarizing
data or information in textual, graphical, or tabular
forms.
Analysis involves describing the data by using
statistical methods and procedures.
Interpretation refers to the process of making
conclusions based on the analyzed data.
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TYPES OF STATISTICS:
• Inferential Statistics
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
 Is a statistical procedure concerned with
describing the characteristics and properties
of a group of persons, places, or things.
 Involves gathering, organizing, presenting,
and describing data.
FOR EXAMPLE..
We may describe a collection of persons by
stating how many are poor and how many are rich,
how many are literate and how many are illiterate,
how many fall into various categories of age, height,
civil status, IQ, and many more.
Descriptive Statistics can answer the questions
like:
1. How many students are interested to take
Statistics online?
2. What are the highest and lowest scores
obtained by applicants this year?
3. What are the characteristics of the most
likable teacher according to students?
4. What proportion of CHMSU students likes
Mathematics?
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
 Is a statistical procedure that is used to draw
inferences or information about the
properties or characteristics by a large group
of people, places, or things on the basis of
the information obtained from a small
portion of a large group.
 Also called inductive reasoning or inductive
statistics.
FOR EXAMPLE..
Suppose, we want to know the most favorite
brand of toothpaste of a certain barangay and we do
not have enough time and money to interview all
the residents of that barangay, we may just ask
selected residents. With the data obtained from the
interviews, we shall draw or make conclusion as to
the barangay’s favorite brand of toothpaste.
Inferential Statistics can answer the questions like:
1. Is there a significant difference in the academic
performance of male and female students in
Statistics?
2. Is there a significant difference between the
proportions of students who prefer Coke than
Pepsi?
3. Is there a significant relationship between
amount of time studied and grades received?
4. Is there a significant difference between the
Algebra scores of 30 students before and after
taking Memory Plus for 15 days?
POPULATION AND SAMPLE
 A population consists of all elements –
individuals, items, or objects – whose
characteristics are being studied. The
population being studied is called the target
population.
 A portion of the population selected for
study is referred to as a sample.
FOR EXAMPLE..
Population – total number of CHMSU-Talisay
students during AY 2023-2024: 2500 students
Sample – first year engineering students of
CHMSU Talisay during AY 2023-2024: 90 students
ELEMENTS OR MEMBERS of a sample or population
is a specific subject or object (for example, a person,
firm, item, state or country)
Example: YOU as a member of the CHMSC
population.
VARIABLE is a characteristic or property of a
population or sample which makes the members
different from each other.
Example: in Statistics class, gender is a variable
CONSTANT is a property or characteristic of a
population or sample, which makes the members of
the group similar to each other.
Example: if a class is composed of all boys,
gender is constant.
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DATA (singular form is datum)are numbers or
measurements that are collected as a result from
observation, interview, questionnaire,
experimentation, test and so forth.
PARAMETER is any numerical or nominal
characteristic of a population. It is a value or
measurement obtained from a population. It is
usually referred to as the true or actual value.
Example: The researcher uses the whole
population of CHMSU to get the average
allowance of CHMSU students.
STATISTIC is an estimate of a parameter. It is any
value or measurement obtained from a sample.
Example: The researcher uses the sample (n =
200) to get the average allowance of CHMSU
students.
DATA TYPES:
❖ QUALITATIVE DATA are data which can assume
values that manifest the concept of attributes.
These are sometimes called categorical data.
Example: gender, nationality
❖ QUANTITATIVE DATA are data which are
numerical in nature. These are data obtained from
counting or measuring. Example: Height, test scores
Types of Variables :
• Discrete Variables
• Continuous Variables
• Dependent Variables
• Independent Variables
DISCRETE VARIABLES
 Is one that can assume a finite number of
values. In other words, it can assume specific
values only. The values of a discrete variable
are obtained through the process of
counting.
 Example: the number of chairs in a
room
CONTINUOUS VARIABLES
 A variable that can assume any numerical
value over a certain interval or interval. The
values of a continuous variable are obtained
through measuring.
 Example: The height of the tree.
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
 Is a variable which is affected or influenced SAMPLING ERROR means that the results in the
by another variable. sample differ from those of the target population
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE because of the “luck of the draw”.
 Is one which affects or influences the
dependent variable. SAMPLING is the process of selecting samples from
EXAMPLE: a given population.
In a research problem entitled, “The Effect of
Technology-based Instruction on the Students’ Sampling Techniques:
Mathematics Achievement”. 25 1.) Probability Sampling
The INDEPENDENT VARIABLE here is the  Simple Random Sampling
technology based instruction, while the DEPENDENT  Systematic Sampling
VARIABLE is the academic achievement of students.  Cluster Sampling
 Stratified Random Sampling
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT 2.) Non-probability Sampling
 Convenience Sampling
NOMINAL NUMBERS do not mean anything; they  Quota Sampling
are just label.  Purposive Sampling
Example : SSS
1. PROBABILITY SAMPLING
NUMBER ORDINAL numbers are used to label +  Samples are chosen in such a way that each
rank. member of the population has a known
Example: size of t-shirt though not necessarily equal chance of being
included in the samples.
INTERVAL NUMBERS are used to label + rank; do not - Avoids biases
have a true zero - It provides the basis for calculating
Example: temperature the margin of error.

RATIO NUMBERS are used to label + rank + equal
unit of interval; have a true zero
Example: number of votes
DETERMINING THE SAMPLE SIZE
The MARGIN OF ERROR is a value which quantifies
possible sampling errors.
The MARGIN OF ERROR can be interpreted by the
use of ideas from the laws of probability. In reality,
it is what statisticians call a confidence interval.
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a.) SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
 Samples are chosen at random with
members of the population having a known
or sometimes equal probability or chance of
being included in the samples.
 Example: Lottery ; Generation of
random numbers
b.) SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
 Samples are chosen following certain rules
set by the researchers. This involves
choosing the kth member of the population,
with k = N/n, but there should be a random
start.
c.) CLUSTER SAMPLING
 It is sometimes called area sampling because
it is usually applied when the population is
large. In this technique, groups or clusters
instead of individuals are randomly chosen.
d.) STRATIFIED RANDOM
 Sampling This method is used when the
population is too big to handle, thus dividing
N into subgroups, called strata, is necessary.
 A process that can be used is proportional
allocation.
2. NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
 Each member of the population does not
have a known chance of being included in
the sample. Instead, personal judgment
plays a very important role in the selection.
 Non-probability sampling is one of the
sources of errors in research.
a.) CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
 This type is used because of the convenience
it offers to the researcher.
b.) QUOTA SAMPLING
 This is very similar to the stratified random
sampling. The only difference is that the
selection of the members of the samples in
stratified sampling is done randomly.
c.) PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
 Choosing the respondents on the basis of
pre-determined criteria set by the research
DATA GATHERING TECHNIQUES
1. Direct or Interview Method
 In this method, the researcher had direct
contact with the respondents.
 Clarification can be done easily; costly and
time-consuming
2. Indirect or Questionnaire Method
 The researcher gives or distributes the
questionnaire to the respondents either by
personal delivery or by mail.
 Saves time and money; large number of
samples can be reached; problem of
retrieval
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Characteristics of a Questionnaire:
1. There is a descriptive title/name for the
questionnaire.
2. It is designed to achieve objectives.
3. The directions are clear.
4. It is designed for easy tabulation.
5. It avoids the use of double negatives.
6. It also avoids double barreled questions.
7. It phrases questions well for all respondents.
3. Registration Method
 This method of gathering data is governed by
laws.
 Most reliable source of data; data are limited
to what are listed in the documents.
4. Experiment Method
 This method of gathering data is used to find
out cause and effect relationships.
 Can go beyond plain description; lots of
threats to internal and external validity.
TELL WHETHER THE FOLLOWING SITUATIONS WILL
MAKE USE OF DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS OR
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS:
1. A teacher computes the average grade of her
students and then determines the top ten students.
2. A manager or a business firm predicts future sales of
the company based on the present sales.
3. A psychologist investigates if there is a significant
relationship between mental age and chronological age.
4. A researcher studies the effectiveness of a new
fertilizer to increasing food production.
5. A janitor counts the number of various furniture
inside the school.
6. A sports journalist determines the most popular
basketball player for this year.
7. A school administrator forecast future expansion of a
school.
8. A market vendor investigates the most popular brand
of vinegar.
9. An engineer calculates the average height of the
buildings along Taft Avenue.
10. A dermatologist tests the relative effectiveness of a
new brand of medicine in curing pimples and other skin
diseases.
IDENTIFY EACH OF THE FOLLOWING AS CONTINUOUS
OR DISCRETE:
1. Weight of a body
2. Length of a rod
3. Number of chairs in the function hall
4. Dimensions of a table
5. Number of possible outcomes in throwing a die
6. Number of hairs on your head
7. Amount of sales in a business firm
8. All rational numbers
9. Speed of light
10. Area of a land
11. Lifetime of television tubes and batteries
12. Life span of a person
13. Number of passengers in a plane.
IDENTIFY THE DATA SET’S LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT
(NOMINAL, ORDINAL, INTERVAL, RATIO):
a) color of shoes of girls on a high school volleyball team
b) numbers on the shirts of a girl’s football team
c) ages of students in a statistics class
d) temperatures of 22 selected refrigerators
e) number of milligrams of tar in 28 cigarettes
f) number of pages in your statistics book
g) marriage status of the faculty at the local community
college
h) list of 1247 social security numbers
i) the ratings of a movie ranging from “poor” to “good”
to “excellent”
j) the final grades (A,B,C,D, and F) for students in a
chemistry class
nominal nominal ratio interval ratio ratio nominal
nominal ordinal ordinal
f) A community college student interviews everyone in a
biology class to determine the percentage of students
that own a car
g) A market researcher randomly selects 200 drivers
under 35 years of age and 100 drivers over 35 years of
age
h) All of the teachers from 85 randomly selected
nation’s middle schools were interviewed.
i) To avoid working late, the quality control manager
inspects the last 10 items produced that day.
j) The names of 70 contestants are written on 70 cards,
The cards are placed in a bag, and three names are
picked from the bag.
Systematic,
cluster,stratified,cluster,random,convenience,stratified,
cluster,convenience,random
DECIDE WHICH METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION YOU
WOULD USE TO COLLECT DATA FOR THE STUDY
(OBSERVATIONAL STUDY, EXPERIMENT, SIMULATION,
OR SURVEY):
a) A study of the salaries of college professors in a
particular state
b) A study where a political pollster wishes to determine
if his candidate is leading in the polls
c) A study where you would like to determine the
chance getting three girls in a family of three children
d) A study of the effects of a fertilizer on a soybean crop
e) A study of the effect of koalas on Florida ecosystem
Survey,Observation,Simulation,Experiment,Simulation

IDENTIFY THE SAMPLING TECHNIQUE USED (RANDOM,

CLUSTER, STRATIFIED, CONVENIENCE, SYSTEMATIC):
a) Every fifth person boarding a plane is searched
thoroughly.
b) At a local community College, five math classes are
randomly selected out of 20 and all of the students
from each class are interviewed ages of students in a
statistics class
c) A researcher randomly selects and interviews fifty
male and fifty female teachers. number of milligrams of
tar in 28 cigarettes
d) A researcher for an airline interviews all of the
passengers on five randomly selected flights marriage
status of the faculty at the local community college
e) Based on 12,500 responses from 42,000 surveys sent
to its alumni, a major university estimated that the
annual salary of its alumni was 92,500