The reproductive

system
What controls the reproductive system?
What are hormones?
Chemicals produced in the gland circulates all around the body but only affects
on specific part of the body
How do hormones travel?
Hormones in human body
10-13 years in girls

12 -14 years in boys

Pituitary gland secrete two types of hormones

● Growth hormone
● Gonadotrophin
Growth hormone
Growth hormone travels all around the body and initiates growth in different
parts of our body
Gonadotrophin
➔ Stimulates the production of sex hormone
➔ In females sex hormone produced by ovary - oestrogen and progesterone
➔ In males sex hormone is produced by testes or testicles- testosterone
Gonadotrophin
Develop secondary sexual characteristics
Puberty and adolescence
Puberty is period of change in the body

Adolescence is the age group

In addition to be sexually mature, a person also develops adult emotions and

social skills
Male reproductive system

Part of the system Function

Testes Produces the male gamete(sperms)

Penis Outlet of urine and sperm cell at different

times

Prostate gland and seminal vesicle Produces fluid for sperms to move out of the
body (semen)

Epididymis Stores the sperms temporarily

Male reproductive system
➢ Testicles are positioned outside the body to provide cooler conditions for the
formation of sperms. The sac like structure is called scrutom
➢ Glands add liquid to the sperm called semen
➢ Penis contains spongy tissue that can fill with blood when erect
➢ Tip of the penis is called glans penis made of folds of skin
➢ In circumcision the foreskin is removed
Female reproductive system

Part of the system Function

Ovaries Produces egg cell

Uterus Place where fetus develops

Fallopian tube/ oviduct Place where fertilization occurs (fusion of

male and female gamete)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cjbgZwgdY7Q
Menstrual cycle
● In the beginning of puberty, menstrual cycle occurs every month
● Egg begins to mature during this time
● After about 10 days the egg is released from the ovary
Menstrual cycle
● As the egg is maturing, the uterus wall is thickening with blood to receive the
embryo
● Egg survives upto 2 days in oviduct
● If egg is not fertilized no development takes place
● Menstrual cycle continues at the beginning of MENOPAUSE
Embryo development
Fertilization
● Semen ejaculated into the top of the vagina contain over 400 million sperms
● Sperm travel through cervix and end up the mucus lining of the uterus wall
into the oviduct
● Sperms survive for 2 -3 days
● If egg is available, it results in fertilization
Fertilization
● Head of only one sperm cell penetrates the cell membrane
● Nucleus of egg cell and sperm cell fuse
● Fertilized egg is called a ZYGOTE
● Cell membrane around the zygote prevent other sperms heads from entering
● Nuclei of egg and sperm cell carry instructions for the development of the
baby
Implantation
Placenta
● Grows to the diameter of 20 cm
● The cells on the surface of the hollow ball of cells of the zygote to form the
placenta
● It provides oxygen and other nutrients from the mother to the fetus
● It also carries waste products such as carbon dioxide from fetus to the
mother
● It provides large surface area for maximum exchange of material
● Mother and fetus’s blood is kept separate so that clotting does not take place
Placenta
● Placenta also assures that more eggs are not produced and stops uterus from
breaking
● Antibodies pass through placenta which provide protection against diseases
Amnion and amniotic fluid
Labour and Birth
Labour and birth
➢ Divided into three stages
➢ Stage 1 - muscles of uterus contract, amnion break and fluid pass out
through vagina, cervix widens
➢ Stage 2 - Mother contracts abdominal muscles with contraction of the
uterus, Baby is born and umbilical cord is cut
➢ Stage 3 - Afterbirth - removal of placenta
Development
● For the first few months, the baby is fed on mother’s milk secreted by
mammary glands
● Milk helps the baby to develop
● The organs develop simultaneously