REPRODUCTION

• Definition - It is a process that produces more

organisms of the same kind.
• There are two types of reproduction

Sexual reproduction
REPRODUCTIO It is a process involving the fusion of two haploid nuclei
N [gametes] to form diploid zygote resulting in the production
of genetically dissimilar offspring. 

Asexual reproduction
It is the process resulting in the production of genetically
identical offspring from one parent cell.
E.g. Bacteria: Binary fission
REPRODUCTION IN
PLANTS
 Parts of Flower
Sepals: They form the outer ring which is a leaf like structure that protects the flower when
it is in bud condition.

Petals: They are brightly coloured and scented. Sugary nectar is present at their base. They
play an important role of attracting insects for cross-pollination.

Stamen: It consists of anther and filament. The filament is a stalk like structure that holds
the anther. It is the male sex organ. The anther consists of pollen sac, where the pollen
grains (male gametes) are formed.
 Parts of Flower contd.
Carpel/Pistil: It is the female sex organ of the plant which consists
of stigma, style and ovary. The stigma provides a platform for the
landing of pollen grain and also for its germination.

Style: It is a thick tube like structure that connects stigma and the

ovary. The ovary is the female reproductive part of the plant
consisting of ovules. The ovary develops into fruit, and the ovule
develops into a seed.
 Pollination

• Transfer of pollen grains from the stamen to the stigma of the

same or different flower is termed as pollination.

Fertilization

Essential terms • The pollen grain lands on the stigma and starts germinating and
grows a pollen tube. The pollen tube carries the male gamete to
the ovary. The male gamete fuses with the female nucleus in the
ovule.

• The fusion of the  male gamete with the female gamete to form
zygote is termed as fertilization.

• The ovary forms the fruit and the ovule forms the seed after

fertilization.
REPRODUCTION IN
HUMANS
 MALE
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
 • Scrotum: A sac like structure that holds the testes
outside the body.
• Testes: Male reproductive organ that produces
Parts sperms.
• Sperm Duct/Vas deferens: A thin tube that links
testes to urethra that allows the passage of semen.
• Epididymis: Tube like structure that stores
spermatozoa.
 • Seminal Vesicle: Gland that secretes a fluid which
provides nourishment to the sperms.
• Prostate Gland: Its secretion adds
fluids and nutrients to sperm to form
Parts semen (alkaline fluid).
• Urethra: It’s a duct that is used for the passage for
both urine and semen.
• Penis: Muscular organ for transfer of sperm into
the vagina during sexual intercourse.
 FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM 
 • Vagina: It is a female sex organ that receives the
male gamete during copulation.
• Cervix: A ring of muscle that separates the vagina
from the uterus
Parts • Uterus: It is the place where the fetus develops.
• Oviduct: Tube like structure that carries ova to the
uterus. Fertilization takes place in the oviduct.
• Ovary: It’s a female reproductive organ in which
ova (egg) is produced.
SEX HORMONES
AND PUBERTY
 Testosterone
• Levels increase during the age of 12-15. 
• It is produced by testes; it stimulates the changes in the male

MALE body and develops into an adult during puberty.

• This hormone is responsible for the production of sperms.
HORMONES: • It plays an important role in the development of secondary
sexual characteristics in male
• Development of testes to produce spermatozoa
• Growth of muscles
• Growth of hair on face
• Deepening of voice
 ESTROGEN
• It is produced by the ovary
• It is responsible for the building of endometrium wall after
menstruation.
• This hormone stimulates secondary sexual
FEMALE characteristics in females like the start of the first menstrual
cycle, widening of the pelvic region and development
HORMONES: of breasts.

PROGESTERONE
• It is produced by ovary
• It maintains the thickness of uterine lining and also play an
important role in implantation.
 It is the cyclic changes occurring in the uterus and ovary that
take place once in 28 days controlled by many hormones. 

The lining of the uterus breaks due to a drop in the level of

progesterone (start of the cycle) [1-5 days].

The cell and the lining are shed off via the vagina. This is
MENSTRUA called menstruation.

L CYCLE The ovum is produced in the middle of the cycle.

If Fertilisation occurs, menstrual cycle stops. The zygote will

be formed which will develop into embryo. 

The embedding of the embryo on the uterine wall is called

implantation. The development of the embryo continues here
until birth.