REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS

Definitions:
● Ovulation:- Ovulation is the process in which a mature egg is released from the ovary.
● Fertilisation:- The fusion of male and female gametes that facilitates the development
of a new organism.
● Gametogenesis :- Gametogenesis is the production of gametes
● Insemination :- The deliberate introduction of sperm into a female animal or plant for the
purpose of impregnating or fertilizing the female for sexual reproduction.
● Gestation :- The time between conception and birth, during which the embryo or foetus
is developing in the uterus.
● Parturition :- the expelling of the fully formed young one from the mother's uterus after
the gestation period of 280 days in human females.
● Internal Fertilisation:- Fertilisation that takes place inside the female body is called
internal fertilisation. This is observed in human beings and other animals such as cows
and dogs.
● External Fertilisation :- Fertilisation that takes place outside the female body is called
external fertilisation. This is common in aquatic animals such as frogs, fish, starfish, etc.
● Foetus :- It is the stage of embryo in which all the body parts are identifiable in its
developmental stage.
● Viviparous:- Animals such as human beings, cows and dogs which give birth to the
young ones are called Viviparous animals.
● Oviparous:- Animals such as hen, frog and butterfly which lay eggs are called oviparous
animals.
● Metamorphosis :- The drastic change which transforms a larva into an adult in case of
frog is called metamorphosis.
● Implantation :- The zygote formed after fertilisation divides to form an embryo which gets
embedded in the wall of the uterus.
● IVF :- A procedure in which eggs are removed from a woman's ovary and combined with
sperm outside the body to form embryos.
● Budding :- Budding is an asexual reproduction method in which a new organism
develops from a bud of an existing organism. Eg. hydra, yeast etc.
● Binary Fission :- Binary fission is a form of asexual reproduction in which an organism
divides into two, each part carrying one copy of genetic material. Eg. amoeba,
paramecium, Euglena etc.
● Cloning :- The process of generating a genetically identical copy of a cell or an
organism.
 Sexual Reproduction

Male Reproductive System

Male Gamete : Sperm

Functions
● Urethra :- Urethra passes through the penis and acts as a passage for urine and
semen.
● Sperm Duct/Vas Deferens/Ductus Deferens:-The vas deferens transports
mature sperm to the urethra.
● Testes :- The testes are responsible for making testosterone, the primary male
sex hormone, and for producing sperm.
● Scrotum :- The scrotum protects testes, as well as providing a sort of climate
control system. For normal sperm development, the testes must be at a
temperature slightly cooler than the body temperature.

Female Reproductive System

Female Gamete :- Ova

Functions
● Ovary:- They produce and store your eggs (also called ovum).
● Fallopian Tube/Oviduct :- The main function of the fallopian tube is to collect
the mature ovum from ovaries and provide passage to the fertilised ovum to
reach the uterus for implantation.
● Uterus :- It is a thick walled muscular organ. The main function of the uterus is to
nourish the developing foetus prior to birth.
● Vagina :- Uterus opens a narrow tubular structure called vagina. It receives
sperm from male & acts as a birth canal during birth of a child.