Chapter 1: Review on Algebra [NAA]

CHAPTER 1:
REVIEW ON ALGEBRA
Learning Outcome:
After completing chapter, students should be able to:
a) Use algebraic operation such as fraction, decimal and percentage to solve the mathematical
operation in business mathematics.
b) Apply BODMAS rule and solve the linear equations by using substitution and elimination
method.
There are some of algebraic operation that useful to solve the mathematical operation in business
mathematics such as fraction, decimal and percentage. There is rule that called BODMAS rule in order
to understand the method in solving the linear equations.
1.1 Fractions
Fraction is the number that expressed as a quotient, in which the numerator is divided by the
a
denominator, in the form of , a, b  Z , b  0 .
b

Type of fraction:
a
1. Proper Fraction: Numbers in the form of , a, b  Z , b  0 but the value of numerator is less
b
than the value of denominator.

1 3 5
Examples: , ,
2 17 19

a
2. Improper Fraction: Numbers in the form of , a, b  Z , b  0 but the value of numerator is
b
greater than the value of denominator.

5 19 32
Examples: , ,
2 4 5

a
3. Mixed Fraction: Numbers in the form of c , a, b, c  Z , b  0 . It is the mixture of whole
b
number and fraction.

1 3 3
Examples: 3 ,5 ,2
2 5 4
Operation of Number:
Four basic operations for fraction are addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Below are the
step of operations on fraction.

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 Chapter 1: Review on Algebra [NAA]

1. Addition and Subtraction

Step: Check the denominator of fraction given is equivalent or not. If not, we must find the
common denominator.
Examples:

a) Similar denominator:

1 1 2 3 2 1
i)   ii )  
3 3 3 4 4 4

b) Different denominator:

2 2 25 23 5 1 52 17

i)    ii)   
3 5 35 53 7 2 72 27
10  6 10  7
 
15 14
16 3
 
15 14
1
1
15

2. Multiplication
Step: Convert any mixed fraction as improper fraction. Then, multiply both numerator and
denominator. Write the answer as mixed number or in its simplest form.

Examples:

1 2 12 1 3 13
a)   b)   
3 9 39 4 7 47
2 3
 
27 28

3 5 10 5
c)1   
7 8 7 8
10  5

78
50

56
25

28

3. Division
Step: Convert any mixed fraction as improper fraction. Change the division fraction into its
reciprocal. Then, multiply both numerator and denominator. Write the answer as mixed
number or in its simplest form.

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 Chapter 1: Review on Algebra [NAA]

Examples:
1 3 1 4 4 5 4
a)    b)5    
9 4 9 3 15 1 15
1 4 5 15
  
93 1 4
4 5   15
 
27 1 4
15

4
3
 3
4

2 4 8 19
c)2 3  
3 5 3 5
8 5
 
3 19
85

3  19
40

57

Exercise 1:
Calculate and simplify:
1 5 1 1 3 2
a)5 1 1 b)  
4 6 2 2 4 3

1 1 1 1 1
c)    12 d )1  3 1
2 7 2 3 7

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 Chapter 1: Review on Algebra [NAA]

1 3 1 3 1
e)   14 f )1 2 3
4 8 5 7 2

1.2 Decimals
Decimal number is the number that written as decimal point.
Example: 0.3, 0.43, 0.432…
Decimal Places (dp)
Decimal places are expressed to the number of digit after decimal point.
Example: 10.345 referred as 3 decimal places.
Converting Fraction to Decimal
To convert fraction number to decimal, the numerator number must divide with the denominator
1
number. For example, converting to decimal will give you 1  2  0.5 .
2

Example 1.2:
Convert the following fraction to decimal.
2 7 4 3
a) b) c )1 d)2
5 2 5 4

Converting Decimal to Fraction

To convert decimal to fraction, write down the decimal divided by 1. Then, multiply with top and
bottom by 10 for every number after decimal point. (Use 100 if the decimal with 2 decimal places,
1000 if the decimal with 3 decimal places). Lastly, simplify the fraction.

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 Chapter 1: Review on Algebra [NAA]

Example 1.3:
Convert the following decimal to fraction.
a)0.75 b)1.5 c)2.75 d)4.245

1.3 Percentage
Percentage or percent is another form of expressing the value of the number which written with a
symbol “%”.
30
Example: is stated as 30%.
100

Converting Percentage to Decimal

To convert percentage to decimal, we divide by 100 and remove the % sign.
Example 1.4:
Convert the following percentage to decimal.
a)70% b)3.5% c)40% d)0.25%

Converting Decimal to Percentage

To convert decimal to percentage, we multiply with 100 and add the % sign.
Example 1.5:
Convert the following decimal number to percentage.
a)0.1 b)3.5 c)0.45 d)0.0025

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 Chapter 1: Review on Algebra [NAA]

1.4 Converting Fraction, Decimal and Percentage By Using Calculator

Example 1.6:
Complete the table below.

No. Fraction Decimal Percentage (%)

1. 2 0.4 40%
5

2. 7 2 1.4 140%
@1
5 5

3. 75 0.75 75%
100

4. 6
5

5. 0.654

6. 23%

7. 453
1000

8. 0.43

9. 89%

10. 1
2
4

11. 0.152

12. 3.887%

1.5 Linear Equations

Four basic arithmetic operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. To perform the
arithmetic operation, we will consider the order of operation.

The order of operation are listed as follows:

 Bracket (B)
 Order (O)
 Division (D) and Multiplication (M)
 Addition (A) and Subtraction (S)

The list of order of operation above we called BODMAS rule. Suggestion start solving the operation
from left to right.

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 Chapter 1: Review on Algebra [NAA]

Example 1.7:

1. Solve the following without using calculator:

a)32  15  4 b)3  15  3  4  12  3  4  1

2. Solve each of the following:

a)x  4  7 5 1
b)w  
8 2

c)  1.2  k   0.4 m
d) 3
8

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 Chapter 1: Review on Algebra [NAA]

3 1 1
e)  n  1.5 f )7 y  4
4 2 2

3x   2 3
g)  3  h) 16 x  4  1  5
9 4 3 7

3.
1
a) Solve for x,  3x  5  3.5 .
3

b) Sam score the same number of points in the first two games he played. In the third game,
he scored 65 points more than the first game. If Sam total scores were 365 points, what
was his score in the first game?

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 Chapter 1: Review on Algebra [NAA]

Solving Linear Equation using Elimination Method

Two linear equations in two variables are solved simultaneously by first eliminating one of the
variables. This is done by multiplying each equation with a suitable constant so that the coefficients of
the eliminated variable in both equations are the same. By substituting back the calculated variable
into one of the equations, we can find the value of the eliminated variable.
Example 1.8:
Solve the following systems of equations by the elimination method:
x  4y  3
2x  3y  5

Solution:
x  4y  3      (1)
2 x  3y  5      (2)

Multiplying equation (1) by 2 gives :

2 x  8y  6      (3)
Equation (3) - (2) :
- 11y  11
y  1
Substitute y  -1 into equation (1);
x - 4(-1)  3
x43
x  3-4
x  -1

The solution is x  1, y  -1 or (-1,-1)

Solving Linear Equation using Substitution Method

Rearranged one of the equations so that one of the variables becomes the subject and expressed in
terms of the other variable. Then, this variable is substituted into the others equation so that a linear
equation in one variable is formed and solved.
Example 1.9:
Solve the following systems of equations by the substitution method:
x  3y  12
2 x  3y  6

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 Chapter 1: Review on Algebra [NAA]

Solution:
x  3y  12      (1)
2x  3y  6      (2)

From (1) :
x  3y  12
x  12  3y      (3)
Substitute (3) into (2) :
2x - 3y  6
2(12 - 3y)  6
24 - 6y  6
- 6y  6 - 24
- 6y  -18
y 3
Substitute y  3 into (3) :
x  12 - 3y
x  12 - 3(3)
x  12 - 9
x 3
The solution is x  3, y  3 or (3,-3)

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 Chapter 1: Review on Algebra [NAA]

TUTORIAL 1: REVIEW ON ALGEBRA

1. Fill in the blank spaces below with the correct answers:

2. Solve each of the following:

3. Solve each of the following:

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 Chapter 1: Review on Algebra [NAA]

4. Solve each of the following and find the value of x:

5.

6.

7. Solve the following systems of equations:

a) x  3y  12
2 x  3y  6

b) 3x  6y  9
x  2y  3

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