3.

1 LEADERSHIP

Ability to persuade others to seek defined objectives enthusiastically.

Is a process of influencing the activities of members of a group in performing their tasks

or goal setting and goal achievement.

Better employers/leaders develop better employees develop better product

MANAGEMENT SKILLS:

1. TECHNICAL SKILL – is the ability to perform a manager’s job. An Accountant, doctor,

engineer all have technical skills in their respective fields of specialization.
2. HUMAN RELATION SKILL – is the ability to work with others by getting along with
them.
3. CONCEPTUAL SKILL – is the ability to coordinate and integrate the entire organization’s
interest and activities.

LEADERSHIP STYLE

1. DICTATORIAL LEADERSHIP – accomplishes task through fear of penalties, and

maintains a high critical and negative attitude in relations with subordinates.

2. AUTOCRATIC LEADERSHIP – centralize power and decision making, the leader take
full authority and assume all responsibility, he forces subordinates to rely on hi, he just orders
his subordinates what to do, makes decision without the participation of others, demanding,
impose penalties control his subordinates by using forces.

3. DEMOCRATIC LEADERSHIP – subordinates are invited to participate in planning,

decision making and organizing, encourage consultation with his subordinates with his
fellows and requires participation by them; employees are informed about condition affecting
their jobs, it encourages them to express their ideas and suggestions.

4. LAISSEZ-FAIRE LEADER – depends completely on subordinates to establish their own

goals and to make their decision. Under these conditions members of the group are permitted
to act individually.

MANAGEMENT FILIPINO STYLE (by: Dr. Conrado E. Iñigo)

1. MANAGER “BY KAYOD” – IS A Filipino word that means to give oneself to hardwork..
This manager is action hungry and committed and his manners are rather serious and those of
an introvert.

2. MANAGER “BY LUSOT” – means availing on a loophole. This manager will always find
loopholes to avoid hardwork or uti8lixe excuse for failure. Given shortcuts or illegal means
to attain objectives.

3. MANAGER “BY LIBRO” – is a Spanish work book. This manager literally goes by the
book. He generally has adequately formal training in management.

4. MANAGER “BY OIDO” – this manager acquires his managerial skills by playing it by ear.
(Oido comes from Spanish word oir- to listen). Depends on practical experience to
compensate for his lack of formal management education. The opposite of the libro manager.

5. MANAGER “BY UGNAYAN” – A gifted reconciler of all philosophies and beliefs held by
the various types of managers. Participatory and coordinative. He integrates various styles
depending on the companies need and conditions.

3.2 COMMUNICATION

It is the transfer of information and understanding form one person to another, way of reaching
others with ideas, facts, thoughts, values; a bridge of meaning among people so that they can
share what they feel and know.

Importance of Communication

 organizations, business can not exist without communication

 if there is no communication employees will not know what their associates are doing
 management cannot receive inputs
 management cannot five instruction
 coordination of work, people will be impossible.
 employees will not be able to bring out their grievances and needs
 there must be communication in order to make sound decision

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION:

1. formal
2. informal
3. communication between groups
4. upwards
5. downward
6. lateral

THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS:

ENCODING TRANSMISSION DECODING

CHANNEL MESSAGE MEDIA

SENDER Barriers RECEIVER

FEEDBACK

WAYS TO COMMUNICATE:

1. informal talk – “grapevine”

2. memoranda
3. interoffice news
4. letters
5. reports
6. conferences/conventions
7. meetings
8. bulletin board notices
9. exhibits/displays
10. telephone calls
11. visual aid
12. e-mail

BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION:

1. Distance – physical distance like walls

2. Distortion – occurs when an individual fails to distinguish actual data form his own views,
feelings, emotions.
3. Semantics – deals with the language aspect of communication, it is the science of meanings
– thus words with multiple meanings in message may lead to misinterpretation of message
4. Personal – poor listening habits and arises from human emotions.

4. CONTROLLING

Is the process of measuring, restraining and correcting performance to accomplish the

plan objectives as what has planned.

ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF CONTROLLING:

1. PRE-DETERMINED GOAL – plan policy, standard, norm decision rule, criterion or

yardstick, it answers the questions “what should be the result”, what is desired or expected
output.

2. MEASURING THE CURRENT ACTIVITY – measurement of the actual performance

output that it must be similar to the desired output and to set the standards.

3. Comparing current activity/the actual performance with criterion.

4. Correcting the current activity so as to achieve the desired goal/result. Take corrective action,
propose remedies.

THE CONTROL PROCESS

IF NO

MONITORING REVIEWING CORRECTING

STAGE STAGE STAGE
ESTABLISH
STANDARD & DOES
METHODS FOR MEASURE PERFORMANCE TAKE
MEASURING PERFORMANCE MATCH THE CORECTIVE
PERFORMANCE STADARDS ACTION
(GOAL)

IF YES

FOLLOW -UP
DO STAGE
NOTHING
FOLLOW
THROUGH
ACTIONS