Conference Board of The Mathematical Sciences Regional Conference Series in Mathematics Number

conference board of the mathematical sciences
regional conference series in mathematics

number 30
Aleksander Pefczynski
BANACH SPACES
of ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS
and ABSOLUTELY SUMMING OPERATORS
supported by the national science foundation

published by the american mathematicai society
Conference Board of the Mathematical Sciences
REGIONAL CONFERENCE SERIES IN MATHEMA TICS
supported by the
National Science Foundation
Number 30
BANACH SPACES
OF ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS
AND ABSOLUTELY SUMMING OPERATORS
Aleksander Petczynski
Published for the

Conference Board of the Mathematical Sciences
by the
American Mathematical Society
Providence Rhode Island
I
Expository Lectures
from the CBMS Regional Conference
held at Kent State University
July 11-16, 1976
AMS (MOS) subject classifications (1970).

Primary 46E15, 46J15; Secondary 30A98, 32E25.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Pelczynski, Aleksander.
Banach spaces of analytic functions and absolutely summing operators.
(Regional conference series in mathematics, no. 30)
"Expository lectures from the CBMS regional conference held at Kent State
University, July 11-16, 1976."
Includes bibliographical references.
1. Banach spaces. 2. Banach algebras. 3. Operator theory. 4. Holomorphic
functions. I. Conference Board of the Mathematical Sciences. II. Title.
III. Series.
QAl.R33 no. 30 [QA322.2] 51O'.8s [515'.73] ISBN 0-8218-1680-2 77-9884
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CONTENTS
Preface 1
O. Preliminaries . • . . . . . . . • . . • . • • • . . . . • • • . . • • • . . . • • • • • 3
0.1. e(/1)-spaces and C(S)-spaces. • . . . . • • • • • • . • . . . . • . • • • . 3
0.11. Classical spaces of analytic functions and the Hilbert transform. . • 4
0.I1I. Absolutely summing operators and their relatives. . . • • • . . • • • 7
1. The F. and M. Riesz Theorem and Duals of the Disc Algebra. . . • • . • • 10
2. Absolutely Summing Operators from the Disc Algebra. . • • . • . • . . . • 13
3. Absolutely Summing Operators from the Disc Algebra into HJlbert Space. 19
4. The Nonexistence of Local Unconditional Structure for the Disc Algebra
and for its Duals. • • • . • . • . . • • • . . . • . . • . . . . . • . . . . . • . . . 24
5. Application to Uniform Algebras. • • • • • • . . • . . . • . • • . . . . • • • . 28
6. Uniformly Peaking Families of Functions in A and H~. The Havin Lemma. 36
7. Characterizations of Weakly Compact Sets in L I /H~ and in A *. • • • . • . 43
8. Weakly Compact Operators from A, L I /H~ and A * and Complemented
Subspaces of These Spaces. . . • • . • . . . . • • . • • . • . . • • • . • • . • • 50
9. Complementation of Finite Dimensional Subspaces in A, L I /II~ and H~. 56
10. Bases and the Approximation Property in Some Spaces of Analytic Func-
tions. . • . • • • . . • • • • • . • • . . • • • • • • • • . . • • . . • . . • • • • • 65
11. The Polydisc Algebra and the n-Ball Algebra, and Their Duals. . • • . • • 71
References •• . . . • • • • • • • . • . . • • . • . • . • • . • • • • • • • • • • • . • . . • . • • 85
Other Monographs in this S('ril's
No. 1. Irving Kaplansky: Algebraic and analytic aspects of operator algebras

2. Gilbert Baumslag: Lecture notes on nilpotent groups
3. Lawrence Markus: Lectures differentiable dynamics
In
4. H.S.M. Coxeter: TWisted honeycombs

5. George W. Whitehead: Recent advances in homotopy theory
6. Walter Rudin: Lectures on the edge-of-the-wedge theorem
7. Yozo Matsushima: Holorr,orphlc vector fIelds on compact Kahler ma7lifolds
8. Peter Hilton: Lectures in homological algebra
9. I. N. Herstein: Notes from a rmg theory conference
10. Branko Grunbaum: Arrangements and spreads
11. Irving Glicksberg: Recent results on functIOn algebras
12. Barbara L. Osofsky: Homological dlme7lSIons of modules
13. Michael Rabin: Automata on infmlte obJects and Church's problem
14. Sigurdur Helgason: AnalYSIS on Lie groups and homogeneous spaces
15. R. G. Douglas: Banach algebra techniques m the theory of Toeplitz operators
16. Joseph L. Taylor: Measure algebras
17. Louis Nirenberg: Lectures on lmear partial di//erentlal equations
18. Avner Friedman: Dlf/erentlal games
19. B~la Sz.-Nagy: Umtary dzlations of Hilbert space operators and related topics
20. Hyman Bass: Introduction to some methods of algebraic K-theory
21. Wilhelm Stoll: Holomorphic functions 0/ fimte order m several complex variables
22. O. T. O'Meara: Lectures on linear groups
23. Mary Ellen Rudin: Lectures on set theoretic topology
24. Melvin Hochster: TopIcs m the homologIcal theory 0/ modules over
commutatIVe rmgs
2'1. Karl. W. Gruenberg: RelatIOn modules 0/ fmlte groups
26. Irving Reiner: Class groups and Picard groups of group rmgs and orders
27. H. Blaine Lawson, Jr.: The quantltotlVe theory 0/ /olzatlons
28. T. A. Chapman: Lectures on lIz/hert (uhe mam/olds
29. Alan Weinstein: Lectures on symplectic mamfolds
30. Aleksander Pdczydski: Banach spaces of analytic functzons and absolutely
summing operators
31. Ronald R. Coifman and Guido Weiss: Trans/erence methods in analYSIS
32. Wolfgang M. Schmidt: Small fractional parts of polynomials
Preface
This is a revised version of my ten-lecture marathon at the American Mathematical So-

ciety Regional Conference "On Banach spaces of analytic functions" held at Kent State Uni-
versity, July 11-16,1976. It is based on the course which I taught at the Ohio State Uni-
versity during the fall and winter quarters of the academic year 1975-1976.
In the past, the "classical" spaces of analytic functions, the disc algebra A and the
Hardy spaces HP, have been studied mainly from the point of view of the theory of Banach
algebras and harmonic analysis. However, several results obtained more recently can be nat-
urally formulated in the language of general Banach spaces and operator theory, although
they are still closely related to some questions in hard analysis and often use analytic tools.
An example is the Fefferman-Stein duality between BMO and HI (cf. [F-S]). Another one
is Henkin's theory of analytic measures for spaces of analytic functions of several complex
variables in strictly pseudoconvex domains (cf. [He3)). Also the techniques of p-absolutely
summing operators and related ideas which have been recently the object of intense study in
the theory of Banach spaces seem to offer a new approach to spaces of analytic functions.
To explain this, note that the natural injection A --+ HP is an example of a p-absolutely
summing operator, and the fact that this operator is p-integral for p >I is equivalent to the
M. Riesz theorem on the boundedness in LP -norm of the orthogonal projection from LP on-
to HP _ More generally considering the completion in LP(J.1)-norm of the uniformly contin-
uous holomorphic functions in a fixed bounded domain of holomorphy, where J.1 is a mea-
sure on the boundary of the domain, is nothing more than studying certain properties of a
certain p-absolutely summing operator: "natural injection". A more sophisticated example
is a map [--+ (/(2 n »;= I from A into [2. An inequality discovered by Paley around 1932
says that
for [EA.
It means exactly that the map in question is absolutely summing. Paley's inequality depet}ds
heavily on the analyticity of f. There is no counterpart for continuous functions on the cir-
cle and this reflects the fact that every absolutely summing operator from a C(S)-space into
a Hilbert space is nuclear, and therefore compact. This produces a linear topological invari-
ant which enables us to show that the disc algebra (and more generally a uniform algebra
with a nontrivial Gleason part) is not isomorphic, as a Banach space, to any quotient of a
C(S)-space (cf. § §4 and 5). On the other hand, Paley's inequality can be applied to prove
the basic fact in the theory of absolutely summing operators, discovered by Grothendieck,
that every operator from an L I (J.1)-space to a Hilbert space is absolutely summing (cf. §3 for
details).
Some words about the organization of the paper:
Copynght © 1977, Amencan Mathematical Society
1
2 ALEKSANDER paCZYNSKI
§ §O and I have preliminary character. § § 2 and 3 are devoted to studying properties

of p-absolutely summing operators from the disc algebra. The main result proved there says
that if p > I then every p-absolutely summing operator from the disc algebra is p-integral.
§ §4 and 5 should convince the reader that the disc algebra is a pathological space from the
point of view of Banach space theory, or at least that it is very different from C(S)-spaces,
and that the same is true for a large class of uniform algebras. On the other hand in § § 7
and 8 we show that the disc algebra shares various properties of C(S)-spaces like the Dunford-
Pettis property, characterizations of weakly compact operators, weak sequential complete-
ness of the dual, etc. The basic analytic tool which leads to these results is the Havin lemma
which is presented in §6. Roughly speaking, the Havin lemma is a quantitative analytic
refinement of Fatou's theorem that closed sets in the unit circle, of Lebesgue measure zero,
are the peak sets for the disc algebra. In §9 we apply the main result of §2 to study asymp-
totic behaviour of norms of projections from the disc algebra onto its finite dimensional
subspaces as the dimensions of these subspaces tend to infinity. We prove that the dual of
the disc algebra has Rademacher cotype p for some p < 00. The crucial question, whether
this dual has cotype 2, still remains open.
§ 10 is loosely related to other sections. It is a survey (without proofs) of results con-
cerning bases and various approximation properties in the classical spaces of analytic func-
tions.
In the last § II we consider the problem of isomorphic classification of spaces of ana-
lytic functions of different numbers of variables. Most of the section is devoted to an ele-
mentary presentation of Henkin's generalization of the M. and F. Riesz theorem for the ball
algebras.
The material presented here mostly concerns the disc algebra and its generalization to
several complex variables. The Banach space properties of other HP spaces are almost un-
touched. The reader interested in this subject is referred to the excellent survey by Coifman
and Weiss [C-W] and to the paper [Kw-P].
Finally I would like to express my gratitude to everybody who helped me to complete
this work:
to Joseph Diestel who got the idea of organizing the Regional Conference in Kent and
who was able to transform his dream into reality,
to Peter Q)rno whose permanent interest in the subject and sharp criticism constantly
stimulated my work; I am particularly indebted to him for permission to include several of
his unpublished results,
to W. J. Davis, G. A. Edgar, T. Figiel, W. B. Johnson, G. Pisier and P. Wojtaszczyk
who are responsible for many improvements in the text.
My sincere thanks go to Pam Walsh for her typing job and patience in preparing the
manuscript.
I would like to also acknowledge the Ohio State University and the National Science
Foundation for their financial support.
ALEKSANDER PEt,CZYNSKI
POLISH ACADEMY OF SciENCES
OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
o. Preliminaries
Our terminology and notation for Banach spaces and linear operators is standard; it is
similar to that employed by Dunford and Schwartz [D-SI], and Lindenstrauss and Tzafriri
[L-T2].
0.1. LP(J.1}spaces and C(S}spaces. Let J.1 be a nonnegative (not necessarily sigma fi-
nite) measure defined on a sigma field of subsets of a set D.. Let 0 < p ,.;;; 00. By LP(J.1)
(resp. L~(J.1)) we denote the space of J.1-equivalence classes of complex-valued (resp. real-val-
ued) functions f such that IIfllp < 00, where
In Ifl P dJ.1 for 0 < p < 1,
for 1 ,.;;; p < 00,
ess sup If(s) I for p = 00.

sES
For 1 ,.;;; p ,.;;; 00, LP (J.1) under the norm II . lip is a Banach space.
By C(S) (resp. CR(S)) we denote the Banach space of all the continuous complex-val-
ued (resp. real-valued) functions on a compact Hausdorff space S with the norm Ilfll =
sUPsEslf(s)l. Given an f E C(S) we define the functions If I and 1 by Ifl(s) = If(s)I,1(s) =
f(s) for s E S. The constant functions are identified with the scalars.
We identify the dual space [C(S)] * via the Riesz representation theorem with the
space of all complex Borel measures on S with the norm 11J.111 = the total variation of J.1. We
+
put [C(S)] = {J.1 E [C(S)] *: J.1 nonnegative}. A J.1 E [C(S)] with J.1(S) = 11J.111 = 1 is +
+
called a probability measure. Given a J.1 E [C(S)] and a v E [C(S)] * we write v «J.1 if v
is absolutely continuous with respect to J.1, and v 1 J.1 if v is singular with respect to J.1. Let
J.1 E [C(S)] +.
Then there is a nat ural isometric isomorphism from L 1 (J.1) onto the subspace
{v E [C(S)] *: v «J.1} which assigns to each gEL 1 (J.1) the measure v defined by
(0.1) v(A) = L g dJ.1 for every Borel set A C S.
Given v «J.1, the unique g satisfying (0.1) is denoted by dv/dJ.1 and it is called the Radon-
Nikodym derivative of v with respect to J.1. For a v E [C(S)] * we denote by Ivl the unique
element of [C(S)] t such that v « Ivl and Idv(s)/dlvll = 1 lvi-almost everywhere on S. Fi-
nally given a v E [C(S)] * and agE L 1 (Iv!) we denote by g . v the unique measure in
[C(S)] * whose Radon-Nikodym derivative with respect to Ivl is g . (dv/dlvl)-l .
3
4 ALEKSANDER PEl.CZyNSKI
OJ!. Classical spaces of analytic functions and the Hilbert transform. General refer-
ences to this part are the books of Duren [Du) , Hoffman [H), and the treatise of Zygmund
[Z).
In the sequel
C-denotes the complex plane,
D = {z E C : Izl .;:;; l}-the closed unit disc,
"OD = {z E C: Izl = l}-the unit circle = the boundary of D,
m-denotes (except §11) the normalized Lebesgue measure on "OD,
LP = LP(m) and L~ = L~(m) (0 < p .;:;; 00),
A -stands for the Disc Algebra which is defined to be the smallest closed (in the topol-
ogy of uniform convergence) subspace of C("oD) which contains all the polynomials in z,
P(z) = I;~=OCkZk (ck-arbitrary complex numbers, k = 0, 1, ... ,n; n = 0, 1, ... ).
For 0 .;:;; p < 00 we J!P to be the subspace of LP consisting of
define the Hardy space
all the functions f which are limits of a sequence of polynomials (Ps ) in the norm II . lip'
i.e., limsfaDlPs - flP dm = O.
For p = 00 we put
f i = {fE L 00: f'lDf(z)zn m(dz) = 0 for n = 1,2, ... }.
Next we put
Ao = zA = {f E A: f = zg for some g E A},
J--Ig = zlfP = {f E 1fP: f = zg for some g E HP}.
(Here z denotes the identity function on "oD.)

Obviously A and HP for 1 .;:;; p .;:;; 00 are complex Banach spaces; if 0 <p < 1, then LP
and fJP are complete complex linear metric spaces. Clearly A can be identified with a
closed linear subspace of f i via the map which assigns to each f E A its m-equivalence
class.
Let g be an analytic function in the open unit disc D\"oD such that for m-almost all
z E "OD there exists the radial limit, limrt 19(rz). Then the measurable function z -
limrt Ig(rz) (defined m-almost everywhere on "oD) is called the boundary value function of g.
Recall (cf. [Du, Chapters 2 and 3) that every f E IfP (0 < p .;:;; 00) is a boundary
value function of a unique analytic function in D\3D; which is called the analytic extension
of f; we denote this function, unless otherwise stated, also by f. It satisfies the inequality
(0.2) sup MpCr, f) < 00
O<r<l
where Mp(r, f) = faD If(rz)I P m(dz) for 0 < p < 00 and Moo(r, f) = ess sUPzEaD If(rz)l.
Conversely, if f is an analytic function in D\3D which satisfies (0.2) for some p with
o < p .;:;; 00, then there exists a boundary value function of f and it belongs to HP.
An f E A iff f extends to a continuous function on the disc D which is analytic in
D\"oD.
For fE LI we put
BANACH SPACES 5
fen) = fan f(z)z-n m(dz) (n = 0, ± 1, ... ).
If f E HI and if we identify f with its analytic extension, then
(0.3) /(n) = fn)(O) for n ~ O.

n!
Clearly if f E HI , then fen) = 0 for n < o. The converse implication is also true; it follows
from
THEOREM 0.1 (THE FEJER THEOREM). Iff E LP (l ~ P < 00), then
lim f
n an
fez) _.l f
n k=-n+ I
(n - Ikl)/(k)zk
P
m(dz) = o.
For the proof cf. [H, p. 23]. 0
We introduce now the operator H called the Hilbert transform which plays the crucial
role in the study of "classical" spaces of analytic functions.
For u E L 1 we define the Hilbert transform of u to be the unique function v = H(u)
such that u + iv is a boundary value function of an analytic function f in D\aD such that
f(O) = Janu dm and
Re f(re i {}) = (21T)-1 f 27T l-r2
0 u(e i {}) - - - - - - -
- 2 r cos {} r2 +
d{} for re i {} E D\aD.
For gEL I the Hilbert transform H(g) is defined by
M(g) = H(Re g) + i H(Im g)

where Re g = \,1(g + g). Img = (g - i)/2i.
The next result summarizes the most important properties of the Hilbert transform
(for the proof cf. [Du, Chapter 4]).
THEOREM 0.2. (i) If 00 > p > 1, then H(f) E LP whenever f E LP; moreover there
exists an absolute constant a independent of p such that
p2
IIH(!)llp ~ a p-=r IIfllp for every f E LP
and
p2
IIH(f)llp > a-I p=-IlIfllp for some f= fp E LP.
(ii) (the Kolmogorov theorem) Iff ELI, then H(!) E LP for every p < 1. Hence
there exists a constant Cp such that
IIH(f)lI p ~ Cpllfll~ for every f ELI.
(iii) The operator f - H(f) is of weak type (1-1), i.e., there is an absolute constant
CI such that for every K > 0
6 ALEKSANDER PEt.CZyNSKI
O.III. Absolutely summing operators and their relatives. General references to this
part are the papers by Grothendieck [Grl], [Gr3], Pietsch [Pi], Persson and Pietsch [P-P]
and Seminaire Maurey-Schwartz 1972-1973, 1973-1974, 1974-1975 [M-S].
B(X. Y) stands for the space of all the bounded linear operators from a Banach space
X into a Banach space Y.
Let 1 ,;;;; p < 00. Let S be a compact Hausdorff space and let /1 E [C(S)lt. By i
Il.P
we denote the natural injection of C(S) into LP(/1), i.e., the operator which assigns to each
fE C(S) its /1-equivalence class regarded as an element of LP(J1). If E is a closed linear sub-
space of C(S), then (unless otherwise stated) E Il •p denotes the subspace of LP(J1) being the
closure in LP(/1)-norm of ill.p(E) and i: p denotes the restriction of ill .p to E regarded as an
operator to E Il.P'
DEFINITION 0.1. Let I ,;;;; p < 00. A bounded linear operator T: X - Y is p-integra!
(resp. strictly p-integral) if there are a compact Hausdorff space S, a /1 E [C(S)] t and
bounded linear operators U: X - C(S) and V: LP(J1) - y** (resp. V: LP(J1) - Y) such
that
(0.4) Ky' T= Vill.pU (resp. T= Vill.pU)
where Ky: Y - y** denotes the canonical embedding of Y into its second dual Y**.
A triple (U, V, ill,p) satisfying (0.4) is called a p-integral factorization of T The p-
integral nonn of T is the quantity
where the infimum is extended over all p-integral representations of T.

DEFINITION 0.2. Let 1 ,;;;; p < 00. A bounded linear operator T: X - Y is p-absolutely
summing if there are a compact Hausdorff space S, a /1 E [C(S)] t, a closed linear subspace
E of C(S), and bounded linear operators U: X - E and V: E Il •p - Y such that
(0.5)
A triple (U, V. i~
r-.P
) satisfying (0.5) is called a p-abso!utely summing factorization of
T The p-dbsolutely summing norm of T is the quantity
where the infimum is extended over all p-absolutely summing factorizations of T. We shall
use the term "absolutely summing" instead of "I-absolutely summing".
The following result is a slightly improved version of the so-called Grothendieck-Pietsch
theorem (cf. [Pi], [P-P], [Mt-P], [P8]).
THEOREM 0.4. Let 1 ,;;;; p < 00 and let T E B(X, Y).

(i) If T is p-integral and j: X - C(So) is a fIXed isometric isomorphic embedding of
X into C(So)' So arbitrary compact Hausdorff space, then there exists a /1 E [C(So)] t and
a linear operator V: LP(J1) - y** such that
ipCT) = 11/111 I / p , IIVII = 1, KyT= Vill,pj.

BANACH SP<\CES 7
(ii) If Tis p-absolutely summing and i: X ----'> C(So) is an isometric embedding of X

into C(So)' So arbitrary compact Hausdorff space, then there exists a !J. E [C(So)] +and a
linear operator V: E IJ.,P ----'> Y where E = i(X) such that
(0.6) IWII = 1, T = v,/.E

IJ..P " .
(iii) If there is a constant C < 00 such that

n n
(0.7) L IITxjll P :s;;; CP sup L Ix*(xj)iP
j= 1 II x * 11<;; 1 i= 1
for arbitrary Xl' '" ,xn in X(n = 1,2, ... ),
then T is p-absolutely summing with 'IT peT) = inf {C: C satisfies (0.7)}. Conversely, if T is
p-absolutely summing, then T satisfies (0.7) with C = 'lTp(T). 0
Clearly every p-integral operator, say T, is p-absolutely summing and 'IT peT) :s;;; ip(T).
Using the fact that every closed linear subspace of a Hilbert space is a range of the norm one
projection from the whole space, it can be easily seen that every 2-absolutely summing oper·
ator is (strictly) 2-integral. By Theorem O.S(ii), every p·absolutely summing operator from
a C(S)-space is (strictly) p-integral. Next observe that if Y is a dual Banach space (in particu-
lar Y is reflexive) or more generally if Y is complemented in its second dual, then every p-
integral operator is strictly p-integral.
A discrete analogue of strictly p-integral operators are the p-nuclear operators which
we define next.
DEFINITION 0.3. Let 1 :s;;; p < 00. A bounded linear operator T: X ----'> Y is p-nuclear
if there are bounded linear operators U: X ----'> l~, V: IP ----'> Y, and a sequence of scalars
(/\j) with :2:IAjIP < 00 such that
T= VApU
where Ap: l~ ----'> IP is defined by Ap((~i)) = (A;~) for (U E r. The triple (U, V, Ap) is
called a p-nuclear factorization of T. The p-nuclear norm of T is the quantity
where the infimum is extended over all p-nuclear factorizations of T.

It is easy to see that every p-nuclear operator is compact.
For p = 1 we write neT) instead of n 1 (T) and we shall use the term "nuclear" instead
of "I-nuclear". The set of nuclear operators from X into Y is denoted by N(X, Y). It is a
Banach space under the norm n( . ).
We shall need the following result due to Grothendieck [Gr3] , cf. also [D-U] , and
[Per] for the reflexive case.
THEOREM 0.5. If Y is a Banach space with a Radon-Nikodym property, then every
absolutely summing operator from a C(S)-space into Y is nuclear and therefore compact.
8 <\LEKSANDER PEt.CZyNSKI
m{zEaD: I(Hf(z))I;;;'K} ~cIK-li Ifldm forfELI.

aD
(iv) Iff satisfies the Lipschitz condition, then H(!) is continuous; if f is a COO -smooth
function so is H(!).
I
(v) If H(f) ELI, then
-i/(n) for n > 0,
H(f)(n) = /:0) for n = 0,
if(n) for n < o. 0
The close relatives of the Hilbert transform are: the Riesz projection R and the Boas
isomorphism B. They are defined via the Hilbert transform by
R(f) = rl(f+ ;H(!) + (I - i)/(O)) (fE LI),
2B(f)(z) = [f+ iH(!)](z2) + z-I [f- iH(f)](z-2) + (I - i)/(O)(I - rl)
(f ELI, Z E aD).
Theorem 0.2 yields (for the proof of (jjjj) cf. Boas [80] and [K-P].
THEOREM 0.3. (j) Let 1 <p <

Then R is a bounded projection from LP onto its
00.
subspace HP such that ker R = {f E LP: 1 E ff.Po}. Moreover, if II Rllp denotes the norm of
this projection regarded as an operator on LP, then
2 2
b- I - p - ~ IIRII ~ b - p -
p-I P p-I
where b is an absolute constant independent of p.
(jj) (the Kolmogorov theorem) If f ELI, then Rf E H" for every p with 0 < p < I.
Hence there is a constant Cp such that
(0 < p < I).

(jjj) The operator f -+ R(f) is of weak type (I-I).
(jjjj) Let I < p < 00. Then B maps isomorphically LP onto H"; we have
00
B(f) = /(0) + L [/(n)z2n + j(-n)z2n-l]

n=1
(the series on the right-hand side converges in LP). Moreover
2
4- l lIfllp ~ IIB(!)lIp ~ c p"- I IIfllp (fE LP)
where c is an absolute constant independent of p.
Finally observe that sometimes it is more convenient to deal with the models of LP
and H" which consist of 21T-periodic functions on the real line; in these models the Hilbert
transform is given by the formula
H(f)(t) = - -I lim
Sff [get + s) - get - s)] ds
1T 1: ..... 0 I: 2tg(s/2)
for m-almost all t.
BANACH SPACES 9
Recall that a Bana;;h space Y has the Radon-Nikodym property if for every finite mea-
sure 11 on a sigma field of subsets of a set [2 every V E B(L t (11), Y) admits a repre~entation
(0.8) V(f) = fn f(w)y(w)ll(dw), fE Lt{J1),
where y( . ): [2 -+ Y is a Il-Bochner integrable Il-essentially bounded function.

While the proof of Theorem 0.5 in full generality is slightly complicated, the fact that
the operators in question are compact is easy. Indeed, if T: C(S) -+ Y is absolutely sum-
ming then, by Theorem O.4(ii), it admits a factorization
L 1 (11)
i,i \
C(S) l Y
T
for some 11 E [C(S)] t and a V E B(L 1 (11), Y). Since V admits a representation (0.8), it
takes weakly convergent sequences in L t (11) into norm convergence sequences in Y (cL [D-SI,
Chapter VI, §8, Theorem 14]). On the other hand, ill,l is a weakly compact operator.
Hence Vill,t = T is compact. 0
Finally recall that if X is a finite dimensional Banach space and T E B(X, X), then the
trace of T is defined by
dimX
tr(T) = L el(Tej )
j=l
where (ej)t<;;j<;;dim x is any basis for X and (ej)t<;;j<;;dim x the sequence of coefficient func-
tionals of this basis. The quantity tr(T) is independent of the choice of a basis. It satisfies
the inequality
Itr(T)1 ~ neT).
1. The F. and M. Riesz Theorem and Duals of the Disc Algebra
This section has an introductory character. We outline a proof of the classical M. and
F. RIesz theorem and use it to describe the duals of the disc algebra A and the quotient
qaD)/A.
Let us regard the disc algebra A as a subspace of C(aD). The annihilator
Al = {p E [qaD)] *: faDfdP =0 for fE A}
is completely described by the classical
THEOREM 1.1 (F. AND M. RIEsz). Let m be Lebesgue measure on the unit circle aD =
{z E C: Izl = I}. Then
Al = {p E [qaD)] * :p = h . m for some h E H~}
where H ~ = (the closure in L 1 = L 1 (m) of all the polynomials r.'J= 1 cjz j (n = I, 2, ... )} .
Briefly Al = H~ if we identify (via the Radon·Nikodym theorem) the space L 1 with

the subspace {p E [C(S)] * : p «m}.
SKETCH OF THE PROOF. Step I. A closed set Fe aD with m(F) =0 is a peak set of
A, i.e., there is an fF E A such that fF(z) = I iff z E F, IfF(z)1 < 1 for z t{: F.
We put
1 r21T z + e it
fez) =1- exp 2), - - . log wet) dt
rr 0 z _ e,t
for Izl -00, wet) = 0 iff e it E F, and w is infinitely many times differentiable at each point t
with e it t{: F.
fF(z) = lim f(pz) for z E aD.
p->l
The es~ential technical difficulty is to show that the limit exists and that f is uniformly con·
tinuous for Izl < I (cf. [H, p.80] , [St, p. 205] for details).
Step II. If pEAl, then p «m. Pick any closed Fe aD with m(F) = 0 and define
fF as in Step I. Then
o = f f'j.. dp for n = I, 2, . " .
Hence p(F) = limnff~ dp = O. Thus p « m, being a regular Borel measure which vanishes
on every closed subset of aD of Lebesgue measure zero.
10
BANACH SPACES 11
Step III. Ai = H~. By Step II and the Radon-Nikodym theorem, if p. EA 1 , then

p. = h . m for some h E L I(m). Let f(t) = h(e it ). Then p. E Ai yields
I f2IT . t
A
f(-n) = 2; Jo f(t)e 1n dt =0 for n = 0, I, 2, ...
Thus, by the FeJer theorem, f is the limit in L I of polynomials of the form ~:= I cie iit .
Equivalently h E H~. Thus H~ J Ai. Obviously zi E Ai for j = 1,2, . . . . Hence H~ C
Ai. 0
The description of the dual of A. If Y is a subspace of a Banach space X, then the
map which assigns to the coset {x* + Y 1 } the restriction of x* to Y is an isometric isomor-
phism from X*/y1 onto Y*. Thus, by the M. and F. Riesz theorem, A* is isometrically iso-
morphic to [C(aD») */H~. By the Lebesgue decomposition theorem
(1.1 )
[C(aD)] * = L1 $1 Vsing .
(The equality in (1.1) and (1.2) below means "isometric isomorphism" and the symbol
X $1 Z means the [I -sum of X and Z.) Thus we have
(I.2)
A* = LI/H~ $1 Vsing .
It follows from the definition of 11 that
(H~)l = {fE L 00 = LOO(m): f fgdm = 0 for g E H~} = 11.

Thus a standard duality argument gives (L I /H ~)* = H oo • Now (I .2) yields
(1.3) A ** = 11 $00 V:ing·
(The symbol X $00 Z means the 1 -sum of X and Z.) Observe that Vsing is an L 1 (v)-space.
00
Hence V:i ng is a C(K)-space for an extremely disconnected compact Hausdorff space K.

Our next aim is to state some consequences of the F. and M. Riesz theorem and (1.2)
in terms of isomorphic invariants of Banach spaces.
A subspace £ of a C(S)-space is said to have a small annihilator if there is a v E [C(S») +
such that £1 C L I (v). Obviously if £1 is a norm separable subspace of [C(S») *, then £ has
a small anmhilator. Conversely if S is metrizable and £ C C(S) has a small annihilator then
£1 is norm separable.
We will distinguish two properties of a Banach space X.
Property I. X is isomorphic to a space with a small annihilator.
Property II. X* is a separable distortion of an L 1 (v), i.e., X* is isomorphic to a prod-
uct M $ V where M is a separable space and V is an L I (v) space.
Observe the following: 1°. The disc algebra has both Properties I and II.
2°. If X is separable then Property I implies Property II.
3°. If n ;;:. 2 then n-dimensional Hilbert space is not isometrically isomorphic to any
subspace of a C(S)-space with a small annihilator. However, every finite dimensional Banach
space (being isomorphic to a C(S)-space) has Property I.
12 ALEKSANDER PH.CZyNSKI
We end this section by stating a description of a predual and the dual of HI which is
also a simple consequence of the F. and M. Riesz theorem and the following general fact.
If Y is a subspace of a Banach space X then the dual of X/Y is naturally isometrically iso-
morphic to yl and (yl)* is naturally isometrically isomorphic to X**/Y**. We put Ao = zA
and H~ = zH"" .
THEOREM 1.2. (i) The map f ~ x; where x;( {g + Ao} ) = f <wfg dm for g E q3D)
is an isometric isomorphism between HI and the dual (q3D)/A o )*'
(ii) The map {g + H~} ~ IP; for gEL"" where 1P;(n = f il Dfg dm for f E HI is an
isometric isomorphism from L "" /H~ onto (HI )*.
(iii) The map {f + A o} ~ {f + H~}
for f E q3D) can be identified with the
canonical embedding of q3D)/A o into its second dual identified with L "" /H~. 0
2. Absolutely Summing Operators from the Disc Algebra
The main result of this section is Theorem 2.3 describing p-absolutely summing oper-
ators from the disc algebra. It is preceded by a description of p-absolutely summing opera-
tors from a subspace of a C(S)-space with a small annihilator (Theorem 2.2). The technique
is based upon Bishop's generalized Rudin-Carleson theorem [BI], [Gil] which with the im-
provement of [Gm2], [P2], [P3], [M-P] (cf. also [Gm 1], [St]) can be stated as follows.
THEOREM 2.1. Let X be a subspace of a C(S)-space. Let F be a closed subset of S

such that
(2.1) p(F 1 ) = 0 for every closed Fl C F and every p E Xl.
Then for every u E C(F), every E> 0 and every open G :J F there is an fu E X such that
fuCs) = u(s) for s E F,
(2.2)
Ifu(s)1 <E for s $. G and IIJlI = lIuli.
Moreover, if X is separable then the map u -+ fu from C(F) into X can be chosen to be a
linear isometry.
Let us observe that if X has a small annihilator in C(S), say Xl eLl (A) for some X E
[C(S)] t, then a closed F C S satisfies (2.1) whenever X(F) = O.
Now we are ready to prove
THEOREM 2.2 (MITJAGIN-PELCZyNSKI). Let X be a subspace of a C(S)-space with

Xl eLl (X) for some probability measure X E [C(S)] *.
Let 1 .;;;; p < 00 and let T: X -+ E be a p-absolutely summing operator into a Banach
space E.-
Then there exists a strictly p-integral operator V: X -+ E and a nonnegative h ELI (A)
such that
(2.3) II(T - V)(nll .;;;; (fslf(S)IPh(S) dA) IIp for f EX,
(2.4)
PROOF. Smce Tis p-absolutely summing, there exists apE [C(S)] t such that
1rp(T) = IIpllllP and IITfll .;;;; (fslf(s)I P dp)l/p for f EX (cf. §O.III). Hence there is a
unique bounded linear operator B: X IJ. -+ E such that B(ilJ.,p(n) = T(f) for f E X. For a
13
r E IC(S)] +we denote by XT,p the closure of X (more precisely, of iT,p(X» in LP(r). The
Lebesgue decomposition theorem yields p = a + v with a «A, v 1 A and Ilpll = lIall + Ilvll.
We shall identify e(p) with the [P-direct sum e(a) EBp LP(v). The crucial point of the
proof is to establish
(2.5) X/1-,P = Xa,p EBp LP(v).
Assume that (2.5) has been proved. We then define V: X ----> E by BivQvi/1-,P where Q v :
e(a) EBp e(v) ----> e(v) is the natural projection,i v : e(v) ----> e(a) EBp LP(v) the natural
embedding (i.e., iv(b) = (0, b) for bE e(v». By (2.5), ivQvi/1-,p(X) C X/1-,P; thus V is well
defined. Clearly Qvi/1-,P = iv,p' and IIBiv ll .:;;; IIB1i1liv11 .:;;; 1. Thus V is strictly p-integral with
ip(V)':;;; Ilvll l / P . Next for eachfEX
II(T - VXf)1I = IIBi/1-,p(f) - BivQ)/1-,p(f)1I
.:;;; lIi/1-,pCf) - i vQv i /1-,p(f)II.
If h E LP(p) = e(a) EBp e(v) then h = i aQa(h) + ivQv(h) where Q a : L I (J1) ----> L I (a)
and i a: L I (a) ----> L 1 (p) are the natural projection and the natural embedding respectively.
Thus for h = i/1-,p(f), we have (f) - ivQvi/1-,p(f) = i aQ ai/1-,p(f) = ia,p(f). It follows that
II(T- V)(f) II .:;;; lIia,pCf)1I = (fs lflP do rIP for IE X
Hence we get (2.3) with h = da/dA. Finally
(1Tp(T»)P - (ipCV»P ~ Ilpll - Ilvll = lIall = Ish dA
which proves (2.4).

PROOF OF (2.5). The inclusion X/1-,P C Xa,p EBp LP(v) is trivial. For proving the
reverse one, pick a z in Xa,p EBp LP(v), i.e., pick an a E Xa,p and bE LP(v) so that z = a + b
and
(2.6)
Next fix E> °and pick an x E X so that f sla - xl P do < EP. Since b ELP(v), there is a
finite M > 1 such that if Z = {s E S: Ib(s)IP .:;;; MP} , then
(2.7) f
JS\Z
IblP dv < EP and v(S\Z)' MP < EP.
Combining (1.6), (1.7) with the Lusin theorem and the fact that v, a, A are regular Borel
measures with v 1 A, and a «
A and using the fact that the measure B ----> f B Ib(s)I P dv is
absolutely continuous with respect to v, we construct a compact FeZ and an open G :J F
such that
b restricted to F is continuous, A(F) = 0,
(2.8)
max{v(S\F), a(G), fZ\FlbiP dV} < EP/MP.
Now we apply Theorem 2.1 for u E C(F) defined by u(s) = b(s) - xes) for s E F.
BANACH SPACES 15
Let fu E X satisfy (2.2). Then IIfull « sUPSEFlb(s)1 + IIxll « M + Ilxll because Fez.
Hence, we get
(fslZ - (x + f)IP dp yIP « (fsla - x - fu lP da yIP + (fs Ib - x - fui P dv YIP.
Estimating each of the terms separately we get
(fsla - x - fui P da yIP « (fsla - xl P da )I IP + (fslfu lP da rIP
«€+ (fS\GlfulPdaYIP + (fGlfuIPda)"P

« € + a(S)I/P€ + (a(G)llfull)l lp
« €(1 + a(S)l/p + 1 + IIxli/M);
5SIb -x - f.IPdv
u
= (fS\F Ib -x - f.IP
u
dV)I IP
« (fS\F IbI P)l IP + (JS\F Ix + f.u IP dV)I/P
« (JZ\F
Ibl P dv)l lP + (5 S\Z
Ibl P dv)I/P + [V(S\F)]'/Plix + f.u II
« (c + € + €(21Ixll + M))M- I
« €(2 + 211xll + M)M-I.
Letting € tend to zero we infer that Z E X p." 0
COROLLARY 2.1. Let X satisfy the assumption of Theorem 2.1. If E has the Radon-
Nikodym property and p = 1 then the operator V satisfying (2.3) and (2.4) is nuclear with
n(V) = i l (V) and therefore compact.
PROOF. Use the fact that every strictly integral operator to a space with the Radon-
Nikodym property is nuclear (cf. §O.III).
REMARK. The assumption of Corollary 2.1 is satisfied if E is either a Hilbert space
or E = HI, because HI being a separable dual (by Theorem 1.2) has the Radon-Nikodym
property.
For the disc algebra Theorem 2.2 can be strengthened as follows:
THEOREM 2.3. Let E be a Banach space, I «p <
and let TA --+ E be a p-abso-
00,
lutely summing operator. Then there is a strictly p-integral operator V: A --+ E and an
outer function <p E HI such that
(2.9)
(2.1 0) I<p(z) I ;;;;. 1 for Izl < 1,

16 ALEKSANDER paCZYNSKI
(2.11)
PROOF. Let V and hELl be defined to satisfy (2.3) and (2.4) (for S = aD, l\ = m,
X = A). Let <p be the outer function defined by
1 r27Teit+z .
.p(z) = exp -2 J I log [h(e 't )
• + 1] dt for Izl < 1.
11 0 e't-z
It is well known [Ou, Chapter 2] that <p E H I and
l.p(eit)1 = lim l.p(pe it) 1 = h(e it ) + 1 almost everywhere

p-+I
which implies (2.9) and (2.11).

Since h ;;;, 0, for z = re u with r < 1 we have
1 S27T
I.p(z) 1 = exp -2
11 0
Re«te,t +- zz) .10g(I + h(e it » dt
= exp -
1 J27T 1 - r2 10g(I
.
+ h(e 't » dt
211 0 1 + r2 - 2rcos(t - argz)
;;;, 1,
which proves (2.1 0).
THEOREM 2.4 (MITJAGIN-PEt.CZyNSKI). Let 1 < p < 00. Then every p-absolutely
summing operator from A is strictly p-integral. More precisely, there is a constant Cp with
p2
(2.12)
Cp .;;; --p=I" b
(where b is an absolute positive constant independent ofp) such that ip(T)';;; Cp11p(T) for
every p-absolutely summing operator from A.
PROOF. Let <p be an outer function in HI satisfying (2.10). Let i~lm,p denote the
restriction of the natural injection i lIP 1m ,p : C(aD) ~ LP (I<plm) to A regarded as an operator
from A into HfIP'm where HfIPlm is the closure of iIIPlm,p(A) in LP(I<plm). We first prove
iAIIP Im,p is a strictly p-integral operator with

(2.13)
A
ip(iIIPlm,p) .;;; IIRllp (5avl<p1 dm )llP .
Here IIRllp denotes the norm of the orthogonal (Riesz) projection from LP onto HP regarded
as an operator on LP.
Let us consider the diagram
MtJ;
C(aD)
ilIPlm,p )
LP(I<pI' m) ~ uL IfP
(2.14)
rj ·A
'IIPlm,p
) HP
1
MtJ;-l
A IIPI'm
where j denotes the natural inclusion, VI is the outer function defined by
BANACH SPACES 17
I/I(z) = exp ( -
1 1
-2 J,
(21T Z + e.it log Re .,o(t) dt) for Izl < 1,
p 1r 0 Z _ e,t
and M!J; and M!J;-I the operators of multiplications by 1/1 and 1/1 -I respectively, i.e.,
M!J;(f) = 1/1 - I and M r 1 (f) = 1/I- 1f.
It is known that II/II P = I'PI and 1/1 E HP (because 'P E HI). Hence M!J; is an isometric iso-
morphism from LP(I'Plm) onto LP. We have to check that
(2.15) M!J; carries Hf<plm onto HP.
This will show that the diagram (2.14) is commutative and therefore i~lm,p is strictly p-
integral.
To prove (2.15) observe that obviously M!J; (Hf<plm) C HP; hence it suffices to show
(2.16) if g E HP, then g/1/l E Hf<plm-
Let I/I,(z) = I/I(rz) for Izl ~ 1 and 0 < r < 1. Clearly I/I r E A and, by (2.10), 1I/I,(z)1
= l.,o(rz)1 1lp ;;;. 1 for Izl ~ 1. Observe that if lEA then IN EHf<plm because IN, EA and
lim
r= 1
J ~ 1-
I
'Y
-
'Y r
Ipl'Pl dm ~ IIfll 00
lim} II/I r - I/IIP dm
r= 1 11/1 riP
~ IIflloo r=lim1 SII/I r - I/IIP dm = 0
(we use here that 1/1 E HP (cf. [Dll, Chapter 2] )). Next given g E HP, there is a sequence
(In) in A with 0 = limnfaD Ig - In IP dm = limnfaD IgN - InN IP I'PI dm. Since InN E
Hf<p'm for all n, this yields (2.16). The commutativity of the diagram (2.14) means that
i~lm,p = M!J;-IRM!J;i l<plm,p - j. Since IIM!J; II = 11M!J;-111 = lUll = 1, we have ip(i~lm,p) ~
IIRllp ip(il<plm,p) = IIRllp(fI'P1 dm)l Ip _ This completes the proof of (2.13).
Now, let E be an arbitrary Banach space, 1 <p < 00, and let T: A ~ E be a p-abso-
lutely summing operator with 1rp(T) = 1. By Theorem 2.3, there is a strictly p-integral
operator V: A ~ E and an outer 'P E HI satisfying the conditions (2.9)-(2.11). It follows
from (2.9) that there is a unique bounded linear contraction B: Hf<plm ~ E such that
B(il<plm,p(f)) = (T- VXI) for lEA, equivalently B· i~lm,p = T- V. Thus, by (2.13)
ip(T - V) ~ IIBllip(il!,lp) " IIRllp(f I'PI dm riP.
Since 1rpCT) = 1, (2.11) yields (f1'Pldm)l /p " 21/p < 2. Hence, again using (2.11), ip(T)
"ip(T - V) + ip(V) ~ 211Rllp + 2 = Cpo
This proves the last assertion of Theorem 2.4. Finally (2.12) follows from the estima-
tion for IIRllp (cf. §O.lI). 0
REMARK. Let us observe that the estimation for Cp given in (2.12) is the best possi-
ble in the following sense
infip(T) ~ ap2/(p - 1) for 1 < p < 00
where a is an absolute constant independent of p and inf is extended over all operators
18 ALEKSANDER PEI.CZyNSKI
trom A with 1fpCT) = 1. In fact for the natural embedding i!,p: A ---+ HP we have
1f p(i!,p) =I and
(2.17) i/i!.p) = IIRll p'
PROOF OF(2.17). Since i!,p = R im,pj we have IIRllp ~ ip(i!,p) (here j: A ---+ qaD)
denotes the natural inclusion). To prove the reverse inequality we use the standard averaging
technique (cf. [PlO] for a more general treatment). Pick fJ. E [qaD)] +with 1IfJ.1I = I so
that i!,p = BilJ.,pj for some operator B: LP(fJ.) ---+ HP with IIBII = ip(i!,p)' (The existence
of B follows from the definition of p-integral operators (cf. §O.III) and the fact that HP is
reflexive for 1 <p < 00 and therefore every integral operator to HP is strictly integral.) Let
us set
(Saf)(z) =/(exz) for IELI and iexl = Izl = 1,
B(n = f SaBSa-I I m(dex) for IE qaD).
Then, we have, for every IE qaD),
IIBfll~ ~ fIlSaBSa-Ifll~ m(dex) = fIlBSa-Ifll~ m(dex)

~ IIBIIJ (JISa-1/IP dP.) m(dex) = IIBllfl/lP dm.
(The last equality follows from the observation that because of the uniqueness of the Haar
measure JSa-Ih dp.m(dex) = Jh dm for every probability measure fJ. E qaD)* and every non-
B
negative h ELI.) Thus extends to a bounded linear operator from LP into ffP which co-
incides with R because BI = I for lEA. TIlUS IIRllp ~ IIBII = ip(i!,p)' 0
3. Absolutely Summing Operators from the Disc Algebra into Hilbert Space
The operator f - * (/(2 n )) is an example of an absolutely summing map from A onto

[2. The existence of this phenomenon leads to a new proof of Grothendieck's theorem that
every bounded operator from [I into [2 is absolutely summing. It also emphasizes the dif-
ference between the disc algebra and C(S)-spaces, because every absolutely summing operator
from a C(S)-space into [2 is nuclear, hence compact. The main result of this section- Theo-
rem 3.2-gives a description of absolutely summing operators with a closed range from A in-
to 12. At the end of this section we discuss the problem whether every bounded operator
from A into [2 is 2-absolutely summing.
The following concept plays an important role throughout this section.
DEFINITION 3.1. An orthogonal projection P: H2 - * H2 is a Paley projection if there
is a K > 0 such that
(3.1) IIPfl12 ~ Kllflll for f E H2.
EXAMPLE 3.1. Let (n k ) be a sequence of nonnegative integers such that

lim n k + 1 /n k > 1.
k
Then the orthogonal projection Pf = 'Lk/(n k )zn k, f E H2 (where /(n) = JaDf(z )z-n m(dz)
for n = 0,
I, ... ) is a Paley projection. This fact is simply a restatement of a classical re-
sult of Paley (cf. [Z], [Du, Chapter 6], [Pal]).
If P: H2 - * H2 is an operator then PA denotes the restriction of P to A regarded as
an operator from the disc algebra A into H2, formally PA = Pi~. 2' Our next result shows
that every Paley projection induces an absolutely summing surjection from A onto a Hilbert
space. Precisely we have
PROPOSITION 3.1. If P is a Paley projection, then PAis an absolutely summing sur-

jection from A onto P(H 2 ).
PROOF. Clearly (3.1) implies (in fact is equivalent to)
(3.2)
liPA (f)1I ~K S aD
IfI dm for f E A.
Hence PAis absolutely summing and 1T 1 (P A) ~ K.

To prove that PAis onto P(H2) we show that PA: [PA (H2)] * - * A * is an isomorphic
embedding. Clearly we may identify the Hilbert space [PA (H 2 )] * with P(H2) and the ad-
joint PA with the operator which assigns to each f E P(H 2 ) the functional x; defined by
19
20 A.LEKSA.NDER PELCZYNSKI
xf<g) = faDf(-z)g(z)m(dz) for g EA.
Here we used the fact that the projection P is orthogonal. By (1.2), the functional x; E
A* = L I /H~ x Vsing can be identified with the coset {f + H~} or, more precisely, with the
pair ( {f + H ~}, 0). Therefore to prove that PA is an isomorphic embedding it suffices to
show that there is K I > 0 such that
(3.3) I~A (nil = inf S If(-z) + h(z)1 m(dz) ~ K IIIfll2 for f E p(H2).
hEHI
o aD
By the Kolmogorov theorem the "orthogonal projection" annihilating H~ is a bounded linear
operator from L I into L 1/2 (cf. §O.II). Hence there is a c > 0 such that
(3.4)
Next, combining (3.1) with the Schwarz inequality applied to the product Ifl l / 4 IfI 3 / 4 = If I,
we get
Hence
(3.5)
Combining (3.4) with (3.5) we get (3.3) with K 1 = cK- 4 . 0
COROLLARY 3.1. There exists a map from the disc algebra onto 12 which is absolutely
summing.
PROOF. Let (n k ) be a sequence of positive integers with limkn k + link> 1. Then the
operator T: A - ) 0 12 defined by Tf = (/(n k » for f E A has the desired properties. This
follows immediately upon combining Example 3.1 with Proposition 3.1.
Corollary 3.1 has a surprising application.
THEOREM 3.1 (GROTHENDIECK [Grl]). Every bounded linear operator from [I into
/2 is absolutely summing.
PROOF. Let S: [I -)0 [2 be any bounded linear operator and let T: A -)0 [2 be an
absolutely summing surjection. By the open mapping principle, there is a constant K 1 >0
such that given x E [2 there is an f E A with IIfll ~ K Illxll and Tf = x. Hence if ej is the
jth unit vector of [I ' then there is an /j E A such that T/j = Se. and 11[,·11 ~ K IIiSIi. Now
--1 "" I J,....., ,. . . "
we define the lifting S: [ - ) 0 A by S((tj» = r.tj/j for (tj ) E [I. Then S = TS and liS II ~
KIIiSIi. Hence 1T 1 (S) ~ K 11T I (T)IISII. 0
BANACH SPACES 21
Our next result shows that up to a Banach space automorphism of a Hilbert space and
of the disc algebra every absolutely summing surjection from A into a Hilbert space is a nu-
clear perturbation of a Paley projection. Instead of discussing "surjection onto Hilbert
spaces" it will be more convenient for us to work with operators into 12 with a closed range.
If IP is a function in A with <p(z) *"
0 for Izl < 1 then the operator M.p defined by M/t) =
IPf for f E A is called a mUltiplication automorphism of A.
THEOREM 3.2. Let T: A - 12 be an absolutely summing operator with a closed range.

Then there is a nuclear operator V: A - 12 such that for every E > 0 there exist a multi-
plication automorphism M.p: A - A, a Paley projection P: H2 - H2 and an invertible
operator U: P(H 2 ) - T(A) such that 1T 1(T-(UP A M.p + V) < E.
PROOF. By Corollary 2.1, the remark after Corollary 2.1 and Theorem 2.2, there ex-
ists a nuclear operator V: A - [2 and an outer function IP satisfying the conditions (2.9)-
(2.11) for p = 1. Let Tl = T - V. Then the inequality (2.9) can be rewritten
II Tl fll ,;;;; flfl IIPI dm for f E A.
Hence there exists a unique linear operator Q: H~.plm - 12 with IIQII ,,;;; 1 such that Tl
Qi~lm,l. Next fix r with 0 <r < 1 and define Qy: H11.pylm ---+ 12 by
(3.6) Qy(h) = Q(h . IPy/IP) for h E Hr.pylm
where IPrCz) = IP(rz) for Izl ,,;;; 1. To show that Qy is "well defined" we have to check that
if h E Hf.py,m then hIPy/IP E H ~.plm. To this end fix 8 >0 and pick f E A so that
~ > flh - fllIPyl dm = flhIP y - fIPyl dm = f Ih~ - f~IIIPldm.

In view of [Du, Chapter 2] there exists an R < 1 so close to 1 that
Then, by (2.10),
I IPy - f IPR
f f-; I
IPy IIPI dm ,,;;; IlfIPyll~ f lIP - IPR I dm 8
< 2"
Hence
Since fIPy/IPR E A, the last inequality yields that hIPy/IP E H~.plm. Hence Qy is well defined.
Now put Ty = Qyif!,ylm,l: A _/2. Then, by (3.6), for fEA,
II(T. - Ty)(t) II = IIQ(f - f·~ ) II ,;;;; f \t - ~

f IIIPI dm
,,;;; flfllIP - IPrl dm.

22 ALEKSANDER PEI:.CZyNSKI
Thus in view of [Du, Chapter 2] ,
(3.7) lim 1T 1 (T 1 - Tr) = lim flIP - IPrl dm = O.

r= 1 r= 1
It follows from (2.1 0) that for 0 <, < I the operator M'Pr is a multiplication automorphism.
Hence, by the definition of Tr ' we have
IITrM -1 (f)11 = IIQ(M -1 (f) . IPrllPll
0~) ~ ~
= IIQ(fIP- 1 )11 ..;; Jill dm ..;; (J1/12 dm)t/2.
Hence there exists a linear contraction, say Sr: H2 - [2, such that Sr(f) = TrM -1 (f) for
'Pr
lEA. Since A is dense in H2 in the norm II . Ib, Sr is uniquely determined and closure
Sr(H2) = closure (TrM -l(A». Let P = [l..r>: H2 - H2 be the orthogonal projection with
'Pr
ker P = ker Sr' Then there exists a one-to-one bounded linear operator Ur = U: p(H2) = [2
such that Sr = UP. Now assume that U has a bounded inverse, i.e., there exists a bounded
linear operator V: U(p(H2» - p(H2) such that VU is the identity on P(H 2). Then, by
(3.8) for I E A,
11P(f)11";; 1IV11I1UP(f)1I = IIVllllTrM -1(f)1I
'Pr
..;; II VII fill dm.

Thus 1IP(f)1I ..;; II VIIJl/I dm for IE H2 (because for every IE H2 there is a sequence (fn) in
,
A such that limnilln - 1112 = limnil/n - 1111 = 0). Hence, if U has a bounded inverse, then
P is a Paley projection and
Tr = TrM'Pr_lM.~Tr = UPAM'P r
and given e > 0,
1T 1 (T- (V + UPAM'Pr» = 1T 1 (T 1 - Tr) <e
for, sufficiently close to 1 (by (3.7».
We complete the proof by showing that there is an '0 with 0 < '0 < 1 such that if
'0 < , < 1, then U = Ur does have a bounded inverse. To this end observe that Tl = T - V
has a closed range because T does and V being nuclear is compact. Hence there is an e > 0
such that if T: A - [2 is an operator with IITl - Til < €, then T has a closed range. Thus,
by (3.7), there is an '0 with 0 < '0 < I such that if '0 <, < 1, then Tr has a closed range.
Therefore, TrM -1 also has a closed range and so does Sr' This implies that U has a closed
'Pr
range because Sr = UP and P is a projection onto the domain of U. Thus U being one-to-
one has a bounded inverse. 0
The results of this section show that absolutely summing operators from the disc alge-
bra into a Hilbert space are in general quite different in nature than absolutely summing
operators from a C(S)-space into a Hilbert space. The situation seems to be different in the
case of 2-absolutely summing operators.
Prob[em 3.1. Is it true that
(i) every bounded linear operator from A into [2 is 2-absolutely summing?
BANACH SPACES 23
Let us observe that (i) is equivalent to each of the following properties:

(ii) every operator from {2 into {2 which factors through A is Hilbert-Schmidt;
(iii) every bounded linear operator from A into {2 extends to a bounded linear opera-
tor from C(aD) into /2;
(iv) every operator from L I IH~ into {2 is 2-absolutely summing;
(v) every operator from {2 into {2 which factors through L I IH~ is Hilbert-Schmidt;
(vi) for every linear operator T: L I IH~ -+ {2 there exists an operator T: LI -+ {2
such that Tq = T where q: LI -+L I IH~ denotes the quotient map.
The equivalences (i) <== (ii) and (iv) <== (v) follow immediately from the definition of
a 2-absolutely summing map. The equivalence of (i) and (iii) follows from the extension
property of 2-absolutely summing operators and the fact that every bounded linear operator
from a C(S) space into {2 is 2-absolutely summing (cL [Grl] , [L-PI]). The equivalences
(ii) <== (v) and (iii) <== (vi) follow by a standard duality argument (we apply formula (1.2)
and use the fact that every bounded linear operator from L I (resp. C(aD)) into {2 is 2·sum·
mingo
Notes and remarks to § §2 and 3. The results of §2 are due to Mitjagin and Pelczynski.
Theorem 2.2 generalizes Proposition I of [Mt-P] where the case p = 1 is considered. The
proofs of Theorems 23 and 2.4 have not been published previously.
The following is open (the answer is "yes" if H~ has the bounded approximation
property):
Problem 3.2. Is every p·absolutely summing operator from H~ into an arbitrary
Banach space p-integral?
The results of §3 are due to Peiczynski and Wojtaszczyk. The fact that if
~(nk+ 1 Ink) > I then the operator f -+ (/(n k )) maps the disc algebra onto {2 is not new
(cL, e.g., [Fourl], [Four2] and [Vinl]).
4. The Nonexistence of Local Unconditional Structure for
the Disc Algebra and for its Duals
In this section we shall show that the disc algebra A as a Banach space is in a certain
sense very different from a C(S)-space. A is not isomorphic to a quotient of any C(S)-space,
nor is it complemented in any Banach space with a local unconditional structure. Most of
the argument which leads to the above results is based upon the observation that the natural
embedding i! I: A ~ HI does not factor through any L I-space. To illustrate our approach
we begin with the following simple
PROPOSITION 4.1. The disc algebra and H oo are not isomorphic to quotients of C(S)-
spaces.
PROOF. Let us consider the following property of a Banach space X

there is a noncom pact absolutely summing operator from X
(4.1)
into a separable duai Banach space.
Note that 10. If X satisfies (4.1), then so does Y whenever there is an operator from
Y onto X. (Hint. Use the Banach open mapping principle.)
2°. A and H"" do have (4.1); the desired operator is i~,I: A ~ HI, resp., itf,':'t: H""
~ HI (HI is a separable dual by Theorem 1.2).
3°. Every C(S)-space fails to have (4.1). Every absolutely summing operator from a
C(S)-space to a separable dual is nuclear and therefore compact (cL §O.III). 0
COROLLARY 4.1. Neither the disc algebra nor H oo is isomorphic to a complemented

subspace of a C(S)-space (Pe[czynski [P2] , Rosenthal [Rl]); in particular A is uncomple-
mented in C(aD) and H"" is uncomplemented in L"" (Rudin [Rul]).
We shall strengthen Proposition 4.1 in various directions. To state our results we recall
some concepts and facts.
An operator T: X ~ Y is LI-factorable if there is an LI(v)-space and operators U: X
~ L I (v) and V: L I (v) ~ Y with VU = T. A Banach space X is said to have C-L l.u.st
(= Gordon-Lewis local unconditional structure) if there is a K > 0 and a function E ~
(UE • VE• FE) which assigns to every finite dimensional subspace E of X a finite dimensional
space FE with a basis (I;) satisfying the condition II~t;1; II = II~ It; 11;11 for all scalars t I' t 2 ,
.. tn' and operators UE : E ~ FE' VE : FE ~ X such that VEUE(e) = e for e E E and
IIVE"IIUEII < K. X is said to have l.u.st if moreover the above UE and VE are isomorphisms
from E onto FE and from FE onto E respectively [D-P-R].
24
BANACH SPACES 25
REMARKS. R.1. If Tis L I-factorable so is T**. The converse is true assuming that
the range of T is isomorphic to a complemented subspace of a dual Banach space [G·! ] .
[F-J-T].
R.Il. X has G-L l.u.st iff X** is isomorphic to a complemented subspace of a (com-
plex) Banach lattice. Hence if X has G-L l.u.st so do X* and complemented subspaces of X
[F-J·T].
R.1l1. If a Banach lattice Z does not contain an isomorph of Co then Z is comple-
mented in Z** (cf. [Sch, Theorem 2.10 and Proposition 5.15]).
The following important result due to Gordon and Lewis [G-L] links Banach lattices
and spaces with l.u.st with absolutely summing operators.
THEOREM 4.1. Let X have G-L I.u.st. Then every absolutely summing operator from
X into a dual Banach space is L I-factorable.
COROLLARY 4.2. If X is a domain of a non-L I-factorable absolutely summing opera-
tor whose range is a dual Banach space then X and all the duals of X do not have G-L I.u.st.
PROOF. The second adjoint of an absolutely summing operator is absolutely summing.

Combine this fact with Theorem 4.1, R.l and R.Il. 0
Now we are ready to state the main result of this section.
THEOREM 4.2. (i) Every L I-factorable operator from A into HI is compact.

(ii) A and all the duals of A do not have G-L l.u.st.
(iii) If either A or H~ is a quotient of a Banach space Y with G-L I.u.st, then Y con-
tains a complemented isomorph of 11.
(iv) If L 1 /H~ is a subspace of a Banach space Z with G-L I.u.st, then Z contains I~
uniformly, i.e., given any positive integer nand E > 0 there is isomorphic embedding Un:
I~ ~ Z with IIUnllllU;;111 < I + E.
(v) If L 1 /H~ is isomorphic to a subspace of a Banach lattice Z then Z contains an
isomorph of co'
PROOF. (i) Let T = VU: A ~ HI with V: L 1 (v) ~ HI and U: A ~ L 1 (v). Since

HI is a separable dual, V takes weakly compact sets in Ll(V) into a compact set in HI (cf.
[D-SI, Chapter VI, 8]). To complete the proof it is enough to show that U is weakly com-
pact or equivalently that U*: [L 1 (v)] * ~ L 1 /H~ x Vsing has the same property. Recall
that every operator from a C(S)-space into a Banach space which does not contain isomorphs
of Co is weakly compact [PI]. Thus every operator from [L 1 (v)] * into L 1 /Ho is weakly
compact. L 1 /H~ does not contain isomorphs of co' because L 1 /H~ is separable and com-
plemented in a dual Banach space A *, isomorphs of Co are complemented in every separable
Banach space in which they are embedded (Sobczyk [S], cf. also [Ve]), and isomorphs of
Co are never complemented in dual Banach spaces [B-P]. Since Vsing is an L 1 (p)·space ev-
ery operator from a C(S)-space [L 1 (v)] * into Vsing is weakly compact. Hence every oper-
ator from [L 1 (v)] * into the product L 1 /H~ x Vsing is weakly compact.
(ii) The natural embedding i~,I: A ~ HI is absolutely summing but not compact.
26 ALEKSANDER PELCZYNSKI
A I is not L 1 -factorable. Now we use Corollary 4.2.

Hence by (i), i m,
(iii) Let T = iHe<>1
m,
q: Y - 4 HI where q: Y - 4 He<> is the quotient map. Assume that
Tis L I-factorable. (By Theorem 4.1, this is the case where Y has G-L I.u.st.) Consider the
diagram
By the open mapping principle, there is a C > 0 and Y n in Y with llYn II < c and Ty n = zn
forn = 1,2, . . . . Clearly Ilz n -zmIlHI): 1 forn,*m. Hencethesequence(Uyn)CLI(v)
does not contain weak Cauchy subsequences, because V: L I (v) - 4 HI takes weak Cauchy
sequences into norm Cauchy sequences [D-SI, Chapter VI.8]. (HI is a separable dual.)
Therefore, by a result of [K-PJ and [P-RJ, there is an infinite sequence (UYnk) which is
equivalent to the unit vectors of /1 such that there is a projection P from L1 (v) onto the
closed linear span of the UYnk's. Hence PU maps Y onto /1, which yields the desired
conclusion for HOC because [I has the lifting property. The proof for A is the same.
(iv) If L 1 IH~ C Z and Z has G-L I.u.st, then He<> = (L I IH~)* is a quotient of Z*.
By R.Il, Z* has G-L l.u.st. Hence, by (iii), Z* contains a complemented isomorph of [I
which implies that Z contains 1';; uniformly [G-J].
(v) Assume to the contrary that there is an isomorphism j: L I IH~ -4 Z where Z is
a Banach lattice which does not contain isomorphs of co' By R.Ill, there is a projection
P: Z** ~ Z_ Let us consider the diagram
onto
CIAo ~ LIIH~ ~Z
(4.2)
~ .Ip
C(S)~ Z**
where i*: CIAo -4 L I IH~ is defined by i*( {[ + Ao}) = {[ + H~}. Clearly (i*)* = ifh~.
Thus the assumption that Z has G-L l.u.st combined with R.Il and Theorem 4.1 yields that
(ji*)*: Z* - 4 HI factors through an L I (v) space. Let (ji*)* = VU be the factorization.
Then (ji*)** = U*V*: HOC - 4 Z** factors through a C(S}-space (L I (v))*. Let V: denote
the restriction of V*: L IH'; - 4 C(S) into a subspace CIAo identified with its canonical
00
image in C" IH'; (cL Theorem 1.2(iii)). It is easy to check that the diagram (4.2) commutes,
i.e.,ji* = PU*V:_ Since Z does not contain co' PU* is weakly compact [PI] and therefore
PU* takes weak Cauchy sequences in C(S) into norm Cauchy sequences in Z [D-SI, Chapter
VI] _ Since the space CIAo has a separable dual (namely, HI), every bounded sequence in
CIAo contains a weak Cauchy sUbsequence. This implies that PU*V: is compact. On the
other hand, ji* is not compact because j is an isomorphic embedding and i* is not compact
'*
(we have Ili*( {z-n + Ao} - {z-m + Ao} )II L I /H~ ~ I for n m). Thus PU*V: ji*, a '*
contradiction. 0
BANACH SPACES 27
REMARK. The argument of Theorem 4.2(i) shows, in fact, the following:

Let X be a Banach space whose dual is a separable distortion of L 1 (v) (cf § I). Then
(a) Every operator from X into an L 1 (v) is weakly compact.
(b) Every L I-factorable operator from X into a separable dual Banach space is com-
pact.
5. Application to Unifonn Algebras
In this section we extend results of §4 and some results of §3 to uniform algebras

with nontrivial Gleason parts, and to -uniform algebras with a separable annihilator as well.
We close by discussing GJicksberg's conjecture on uniform algebras on S complemented in
C(S) and related problems.
Recall that a uniform algebra on a (compact Hausdorff) space S is a closed subalgebra
which separates the points of S and contains the constant functions.
We begin with the case of a uniform algebra whose annihilator is norm separable. Our
first proposition combines a result of [P4] with a recent observation due to Wojtaszczyk
[WI] .
For p E Xl = {v E [C(S)] *: Ix dv = 0 for x E X} we define Til: X --+ L 1 (Ipi) by
Tix) = xg for x E X, where g = dp/dlpl is the Radon-Nikodym derivative of p with respect
to Ipl.
PROPOSITION 5.1. Let X be a uniform algebra on S with a norm separable annihilator

Xl c [C(S)] *. Then the following conditions are equivalent:
(i) X = C(S).
(ii) If p E Xl, then fJ. is purely atomic.
(iii) If p E Xl, then Til is compact.
PROOF. (i) ~ (iii) obvious.

(iii) ~ (ii) (Wojtaszczyk). Assume that there is a non-purely-atomic p E Xl, so that
Til is compact. Then TZ: L DO (1fJ.i) --+ X* is also compact. Since fJ. is not purely atomic,
there is a sequence (rn) in L DO(IfJ.i) which has the same distribution as the sequence of
Rademacher functions in L 1 [0, I]. Observe that
(5.1) fr
n
-w* 0 as n -+ 00 for every fE LDO(IfJ.i)
(here "~" denotes convergence in the a(L" (luI), L 1 (Lui)-topology). Since T! is weak-
star continuous and compact, (5.1) yields
(5.2) limIlT~(frn)lIp =0 for every fELDO(IfJ.I).
n
Using (5.2) we define inductively an increasing sequence of the indices n(I) < n(2) < ...
so that
(5.3) IIT.~(w,·
,-
" )lI •
1'2"·"$ x
" < 1/3 k for j.~ =k (k = 1,2, ... )
28
BANACH SPACES 29
where s
Wilh.···.is kQ rn(lk)
for any finite increasing sequence of positive integers Uk)l<;;k<;;S' Since X* can be identified
with [C(S)] */Xl. it follows from (5.3) that for every wil.i2 ..... i s there is a Vil.h ..... i s E Xl
such that
(5.4) Ilw.
'I····"s
. glpl - v· . IllC(S)I'
'I' .. ·.'s
< 3 -i s,
(because T~( wi 1 ' . . . , is) = {w'l' ... 'i sglp I + Xl}). Let F del ~te the closed linear subspace
of L 1 (Ipl) spanned by all the "like-Walsh" functions wiJ h .... ,is. It is easy to see that E is iso-
metrically isomorphic to L 1 [0, I], by the isometry which assigns to the Walsh functions (in
the Paley order) the functions (w'lJ .....n k)' Since g = dp/dlpl is a unimodular function, the
sequence (gw n I .... ,n k) is also equivalent in L 1 (Ipl) to the Walsh-Paley sequence in L 1 [0, I]
and the subspace gE is isometric to L 1 [0, I]. Now (5.4) yields that the perturbed sequence
(vi 1.i2 , .... is) is also equivalent to the Walsh-Paley sequence in L 1 [0, I], i.e., the map
wi! ,.... i s --+ Vil ..... i s extends to an isomorphic embedding of E into Xl (because the sub-
spaces Ek = span {wil ,i2 ,.... is with js = k} form a Schauder decomposition of 1:' and
dim Ek = 2 k - I ). Hence Xl contains a subspace isomorphic to L 1 [0, I] and therefore, by
a result of [PB] , is not isomorphic to a separable dual. On the other hand, Xl is isometri-
cally isomorphic to the dual of C(S)/ X. Thus Xl is not separable, a contradiction.
(ii) => (i) [P4]. Case I: S metrizable. If p E xl, then, by (ii),
p = L as(p)1]s
sES
where 1]s denotes the unit mass at the point sand asCp) are the complex numbers with Iipli
= ~sEslaip)l.
Let M(X) denote the Choquet boundary of X. Then, for every s E M(X), there is an
Xs E X such that xis) = I and Ixs(t) I < 1 for t "* s (cf. [Ph I]). Hence
°= f lim
n S
x: dp = lim
n
L
tES
aip)xn(t) = aip)·
Therefore if p E xl, then Ipl(M(X)) = 0. (Here we use the fact that if S is metrizable then
M(X) is a Go and therefore measurable.) To complete the proof in Case I, it is enough to
show that M(X) = S. This combined with the previous remark will imply Xl = {o}, i.e.,
X = C(S).
Suppose to the contrary that there is an s in S\M(X). By the Choquet-Bishop-de Leeuw
representation theorem [PhI] there is a v E [C(S)] * concentrated on M(X) such that
1]/x) = xes) = f x dv = (
S JM(X)
x dv for x EX
.
Hence, p =v- 1]s E Xl, and, by the preceding remark, v(M(X)) = p(M(X)) + 1]/M(X)) = 0.
On the other hand v(M(X)) = f M(X) I dv = I, a contradiction.
Case II: S arbitrary compact Hausdorff space. Then C(S)/X is separable because
(C(S)/X)* Xl is separable. Hence a standard construction yields the existence of a com-

=
pact metric space SI and a continuous map h: S~ SI such that if he: C(SI) ~ C(S) is
defined by ho(n = f ° h and if XI = {fE C(SI): hO(n E X} then the map H: C(Sl)/XI
~ C(S)/X defined by H( {f + XI}) = {hOCn + X} is an isometric isomorphism onto C(S)/X.
Next we check that the operator (ho)*: [C(S)] '" ~ C(SI) takes purely atomic measures
on S onto purely atomic measures on S I and restricted to the annihilator of Xl coincides
with the isometric isomorphism H*: Xl ~ xt. Thus XI is an algebra which satisfies the
t
assumption of Case I. Hence X = {O} and therefore Xl = {O}. 0
REMARK. Chevalier [Chv] has extended the argument of Case 1. He showed that for
every compact Hausdorff space S, C(S) is the only uniform algebra on S with a purely atomic
annihilator.
Proposition S.l allows us to extend Theorem 4.2 to the case of an arbitrary proper
uniform algebra X with a separable annihilator. We replace A by X, H~ by Xl ( a separable
dual!), L I (m)/H~ by L I (A)/Xl where A E C(S)t is any separable probability measure such
that Xl eLI (A) and such that whenever /1 ELI (A) and /1 is singular to Ivl for every v e Xl,
then /1 = 0; H"" is replaced by (Xl)l C L "" (A). The natural embedding i~,1 is replaced by
any operator i:,I' where the latter is defined to be TJ1. regarded as an operator from X into
Xl whenever /1 E Xl is chosen so that TJ1. is not compact; this is possible, by Proposition S.1.
In particular we have
COROLLARY S.l. Let X be a uniform algebra on a compact Hausdorff space S with a

norm separable annihilator. Then
(a) There is a measure /1 E Xl such that the operator i:,1 : X ~ Xl is absolutely
summing, noncompact and non-L I-factorable.
(b) X and all duals of X do not have G-L l.u.st.
(c) X is not isomorphic to a quotient of any C(K)-space; in particular, X is not com-
plemented in C(S).
Next we shall show that the properties of the disc algebra exhibited in §4 are shared
by a large class of uniform algebras; every uniform algebra with a nontrivial Gleason part be-
longs to this class. Unfortunately the technical condition which characterizes the class is
slightly complicated.
DEFINITION S.1. Let X be a uniform algebra on S. Then p is called a Hardy measure
for X if there is a triplet (p, f n , F) such that
(S.5) p is a probability Borel measure on S,
(S.6) fn EX, IIfnll <; 1 for n = 1,2, ... ,
(S.7) F(s) = lim fn(s) and IF(s) I = 1 for p-almost all s,

n
(S.8)
Our next proposition explains the role of Hardy measures. It is the main technical
result of the present section.
BANACH SPACES 31
PROPOSITION 5.2. Let X be a uniform algebra on S. Assume that there exists a Hardy
measure p for X. Then there are operators T: X ~ Xl and Q: Xl ~ H~ such that
(i) Q is a contractive projection, that is, IIQII ,,;; I and there is an isometric embedding
J: H~ ~ Xl such that QJ = idHI.
(ii) The natural embeddini i~ ~I : Ao ~ H~ factors through (QD**, i.e., there are
operators U: Ao ~ X** and 1T: (Hb)** ~ H~ such that i~?l = 1T(QD**U.
(iii) T and QT are absolutely summing, noncompact and non-L I-factorable operators.
PROOF. Let (p, fn' F) be as in Definition 5.1. Put T(x) = xFp for x E X. By (5.8),
T(x) E Xl. Clearly T: X ~ Xl is absolutely summing and IITII ,,;; 1T(T) = 1. The construc-
tion of Q is more complicated. Given f E C(aD),! denotes the continuous function on the
unit disc D which extends f and is harmonic for Iz I < I. Now fix n = I, 2, . . . and assign
to every v E Xl the unique measure a E [C(aD)) * which represents the linear functional
faD fda = (!Un(s))v(ds)

Js
for fE C(aD).
Note that, by (5.6),1 0 fn is well defined and if f E A [regarded as a subspace of C(aD)),

then! is the analytic extension of f onto the interior of the unit disc; hence it admits uni-
form approximation by polynomials in z. This implies that! 0 fn E X; hence f aDf da = 0
(because v E Xl). Thus by the M. and F. Riesz theorem, a = h . m for some h E H~. We
put Qn(v) = h. Clearly Q n : Xl ~ H ci is a linear operator with IIQ n II ,,;; I, for n = 1, 2, ....
Let us put
Q(v) = LimQn(v) for v E Xl.
n
Here Limnh n denotes a fixed Banach limit of a bounded sequence (h n ) with respect to the
a(H~, C(aD)/A)-topology. Since H~ is the dual of C(aD)/A, the Banach limit exists and
limnh n is a cluster point of the set U;=I {h n } in the a(H~, C(aD)/A)-topology. Clearly
Q: Xl ~ H~ is a linear operator with IIQII ,,;; 1. Moreover
if v E Xl n LI(p), then Qn(v) ~ Q(v)
in the a(H~, C(aD)/A)-topology;
(5.9) and if g = dv/dp, then, for every f E C(aD),
f aD Q(v)· f dm = fs f(F(s))g(s)p(ds).
Indeed, given f E C(aD), by (5.7), we have limnfUn(s)) = !(F(s)) = f(F(s)) for p-al-
most all s. Hence, by the Lebesgue theorem,
Ii: faD Qn(V) . fdm = Ii: fs!(fn(s))g(S)P(dS) = fsf(F(s)lg-(s)p(ds).
Thus f aDQ(v)f dm = f sf(F(s))g(s)p(ds) because a w*-convergent sequence has a unique w*-

cluster point.
Next we construct an isometric embedding J: H~ ~ Xl with QJ = id I. Assume
I k' HO
first that q E Ho is a polynomial, say q = r,j=laj . z'. We put J(q) = q(F) . p. We shall
chJck that
(5.10) J(q) E xl,

(5.11) (F k )k=O.±1.±2•... is an orthonormal sequence in L 2 (p).
(5.12) IIJ(q)1I 1 ~ IIq1l1.
By (5.8), Fp E Xl; if k > 1, then, by (5.7), given x E X, f~Fk dp = limnfsxl~-1Fdp = o.

This proves (5.10). By (5.7), F(s)-1 = F(s) for p-almost all s. Thus, if k = ±I, ±2, ... ,
then fF- k dp = fFk dp = O. This yields (5.11) because by (5.5) fFkF- k dp = fl dp = 1.
The verification of (5.12) is a little bit tricky. By (5.11), J extends to an isometric embed-
ding, say], of H~ into Xl. By the factorization theorem (cf. [Du, Chapter 2]), given a
polynomial q E H~ there are 11 and 12 in H~ with q = 1112 and IIqll1 = 111111 2111211 2. Thus
IIJ(q)lIl = flq(F)1 dp ~ (fI11(F)12 dp r /2 (II12(F)1 2 dp r /2
= 11]([1)11 211]([2)11 2 = 11111121112112 = Ilqll1·

This proves (5.12). It follows from (5.12) that J extends to an operator (which will be de-
noted also by J) of norm ~ 1 from H~ into Xl.. To complete the proof of (i) it is enough
to show that QJ(zk) = zk for k = 1, 2, . . . . This will imply that QJ(h) =h for h E H~
and therefore IIJ(h)11 ;;;. IIhll, which together with (5.12) yields IIJ(h)1I = IIhll. Clearly J(Zk)
= Fkp for k = 1,2, . . . . Letl(z) = "i:,j=_rajzj and let r >k. By (5.9) and (5.11) we get
faD Q(Fkp)ldm =a- k = f aD l(z)Zkm(dz).

Hence QJ(zk) = zk for k = 1, 2, . . . . This proves (i).
We identify X with its canonical image in X* * . Let 1* = Z -1 I and Un (t) =
1* In for IE Ao. Since the disc algebra operates on every uniform algebra, Un: Ao
0
X is a well-defined linear operator with II Un II ~ 1, for n = 1, 2, . .. . Let us put U(t)

----l-
= Limn Un (f) for I E Ao where "Limn" denotes here the Banach limit in the a(X**, X*)-
topology. Finally define "IT to be a contractive projection from (H~)** onto H~. (Since H~
is a dual Banach space, the "IT in question exists.) Since T is weakly compact, (QT)**(X**)
C H~. Thus "IT(QT)**(X**) = (QT)**(X**) E X**. To complete the proof of (ii) it suf-
fices to show that (QT)**U(zk) = zk for k = 1, 2, . .. . Fix k. By construction, U(zk)
is a a(X**, X*)-cluster point of the sequence (Ur(zk». Thus (QT)**(U(zk» is a
a((H~)**, (H~)*)-cluster point of the sequence (QT**(Ur(zk». Since (QT)**(X**) :::> H~,
it is in fact a a(H~, qaD)/A)-cluster point. We have (QT)**(Ur(Zk» = QT(f~-1) = Q(fr-1 Fp).
Hence, by (5.9), for every IE qaD),
f
JaD
Q(f~-1Fp)ldm = J.S1~-1FI(F)dp for r = 1,2, . . . .
Now, by (5.7), we infer that the sequence (Q(f~-1 Fp» converges in the a(H~, qa)/A)-to-
pology to the functional zk (we have limrfsl~-1 FI(F) dp = fsFkl(F) dp = faDj(z)zk m(dz);
the last equality has been verified in the proof of (i». This proves (ii).
BANA.CH SPACES 33
Since T is absolutely summing and i~?1 is a noncompact and non-L I-factorable

operator, (iii) follows directly from (ii), Remark R.I in §4 and the fact that a second adjoint
of a compact operator is compact. 0
COROLLARY 5.2. If a uniform algebra X admits a Hardy measure, then there is an

absolutely summing surjection from X onto 12.
PROOF. Let P: H2 ~ H2 be a Paley projection such that P(H 2 ) C H~. It follows

easily from Definition 3.1 that P(H2) is a closed linear subspace isomorphic to 12 and P ex-
tends to a bounded linear projection, say P, from HI onto P(H 2 ). The desired operator is
PQT. It is clearly absolutely summing. By (ii), (PQT)** is a surjection. Since P and Tare
weakly compact and the unit ball of X is dense in the unit ball of X** in the a(X**, X*)-
topology, it follows that PQT maps the unit ball of X onto a set whose norm closure con-
tains a ball of P(H~). Hence PQT is surjective. 0
Combining Proposition 5.2 with an obvious adaptation of the argument used in the
proof of Theorem 4.2 we obtain
THEOREM 5.1. Let X be t1 uniform algebra on a compact Hausdorff space S. Assume

that X admits a Hardy measure. Then
G) X and all the duals of X do not have G-L l.u.st
(jj) if X is a quotient of a Banach space Y with G-L l.u.st, then Y contains a com-
plemented isomorph of 11 ;
(jjj) if C(S)*/X1 is a subspace of a Banach space Z with G-L l.u.st, then Z contains
I; uniformly;
(jjjj) if C(S)*/X1 is isomorphic to a subspace of a Banach lattice Z, then Z contains
an isomorph of co. 0
COROLLARY 5.3. If X is a uniform algebra on S which admits a Hardy measure, then

X is not complemented in C(S). 0
Our last result gives a sufficient condition in order that a uniform algebra have a Hardy
measure, in particular this is the case if a uniform algebra X has a non-one-point Gleason
part, i.e., if there are two different homomorphisms of X into complex numbers, say ..p and
"', such that
sup I..p(x) - 1/J(x) I < 2.
IIxll=l,xEX
PROPOSITION 5.3. Let X be a uniform algebra on a compact Hausdorff space S. Let

us consider the following three properties:
(l) X has a Gleason part which contains at least two different points.
(2) There exists an ideal leX and a multiplicative linear functional ..p on X such
that if a = 11..pllll = SUPtEJ, IItll = 1 1..p(f)1, then 0 < a < 1.
(3) There is a Hardy measure for x.
Then (l) => (2) => (3).
34 ALEKSANDER PEtCZYNSKI
PROOF. (I) => (2). If (3). Let 11 be a Borel measure on S such that If dll = <P(f) for f E J and 111111 = a
(p exists by the Hahn-Banach theorem). Let F = dllll!dll be the Radon-Nikodym derivative
of the total variation 1111 of 11 with respect to 11. Let PI = II - aFI211l1 and P = P11IP11I- 1 .
Finally let fn be a sequence in X such that
a = lim <P(fn) = lim I fn dll·

n n
To complete the proof we shall check that the triplet (p, fn' F) satisfies the conditions (5.5)-
(5.8) of Definition 5.1.
Clearly IF(s) I = 1 and I - a ~ 11 - aF(s) I ~ 1 + a 11l1-aimost everywhere. Hence 1111
is absolutely continuous with respect to P and IF(s) I = 1 p-almost everywhere. Since IIfn II
~ 1 and
0< a = 111111 = lim Ifn dll = lim

n n
f ;!, dllll,
it follows that limnfn(s) = F(s) 11l1-almost everywhere and therefore p-almost everywhere.
Finally given f E X we have
IIplli IfF dp = IfFll - aFl 2 dill I = I jF211 - aFI2 dll
= I fF2(1 - aF){l - aF) dll
= lim I f(f~{l + a2 ) - af~ - afn] dll

n
n
Thus Fp E Xl. This completes the proof. 0
Notes and remarks to § §4 and 5. The results of § §4 and 5 are closely related to the
following problem due to Glicksberg [GI2].
Problem 5.1. Is C(S) the unique uniform algebra on a compact Hausdorff space S
which is complemented in C(S)?
Glicksberg (using Rudin's averaging technique [Rul]) proved that the answer is "yes"
for S being a homogeneous space of a compact topological group G and for uniform alge-
bras on S which are invariant under the action of G on C(S): (Tgf)(s) = f(gs) for f E C(S),
g E G, s E S. For details and generalization to locally compact groups cf. [G12] and [RI].
It was shown in [P4] that the answer is "yes" for an arbitrary compact Hausdorff space S
and for uniform algebras on S with norm separable annihilators (cf. our Corollary 5.1). For
uniform algebras with nontrivial Gleason parts the same fact (cf. our Corollary 5.3) was
proved by Kisliakov [Kis 1] and with some additional assumptions by Etcheberry [Etch].
While Glicksberg's problem is still open, it seems to be more natural to ask
BAN I\CH SPACES 35
Problem 5.2. Conjecture. Let X be a proper uniform algebra on a compact Hausdorff

space S (i.e., C(S)\X is nonempty). Then
(a) X as a Banach space is not isomorphic to any C(K)-space
(b) X is not isomorphic to any complemented subspace of a C(K)-space
(c) X is not isomorphic to any quotient space of a C(K)-space
(d) X does not have G-L l.u.st.
It was observed in [P5] that if Sis metrizable and X is a uniform algebra on S which
is complemented in a C(K)-space then X is isomorphic as a Banach space to C(S). Varopoulos
[Va] proved recently that if a semisimple algebra X is isomorphic as a Banach space to a
C(K)-space, then X is an operator algebra. Bya result of Bishop (cf. [B2], [Gml, pp. 60-
62]), it follows that every uniform algebra has a quotient antisymmetric algebra; thus in (c)
one may assume without loss of generality that X is antisymmetric.
It is not clear whether the criterion of Proposition 5.2 can be applied for uniform alge-
bras with norm separable annihilators. This suggests the following
Problem 5.3. Let X be a uniform algebra with a norm separable annihilator. Does X
admit a Hardy measure? Does X have a non-one-point Gleason part?
Another approach to attacking Problem 5.2 is to eliminate the assumption of the norm
separability of the annihilator in Proposition 5.1 (cf. the Remark after the proof of Proposi-
tion 5.1). This suggests
Problem 5.4. Let X be a proper uniform algebra on S. Does there exist a /1 E Xl
such that the operator Til: X - L I (1/11) is not compact where T/x) == xdp/dipi for x EX?
Theorem 4.2(i) was proved in [P7] while (ij) and (iii) were observed in [P6], (iv) was
first proved using a different technique of [Pisl] by Pisier, (v) is due to W. B. Johnson
(oral communication). The equivalence (iii) <=> (i) of Proposition 5.1 is due to Wojtaszczyk
[W I] , while (i) <=> (ii) is taken from [P4]. The concept of a Hardy measure is implicitly
contained in Kisliakov's work [Kis I]. Proposition 5.2 in the present form was stated and
proved by Wojtaszczyk. A slightly weaker fact was established in [P7]. Proposition 5.3
goes back to Bishop and Wermer (cf. [Gm 1, Chapter VI, proof of Theorem 7.1]).
ADDED IN PROOF. A similar result to Proposition 5.2 has been obtained by Kisliakov
[Kis3].
6. Uniformly Peaking Families of Functions in A and H~ .
The Havin Lemma.
This section has a preparatory character for the next one. The main result is a very
technical Proposition 6.1 due to Havin [Hvl]. This is a generalization of a quantitative char-
acter of the fact that every closed subset of the unit circle of Lebesgue measure zero is a
peak set for the disc algebra (cf. § 1, Step I in the proof of the F. and M. Riesz theorem).
Roughly speaking it is shown that if a closed subset e of the unit circle has a small Lebesgue
measure then there is a function in the disc algebra of norm one whose values are close to
zero except for a set of small measure and are close to one at each point of e. Moreover all
the estimations on the measure of the exceptional set and how the values of the function are
close either to zero or to one depend on the measure of e only. A similar construction
leads to a result of Amar and Lederer [A-L] on peak sets for Hoc (Proposition 6.2) and to a
characterization of exposed points of Hoc (Theorem 6.1).
Recall that m denotes the normalized Lebesgue measure on the unit circle aD =
{z E C: Izl = I}. Given a measurable function u: aD ---'> C, we denote (if it exists) by
H(u) the Hilbert transform of u (cf. §O.II) and by Ii the harmonic extension of u onto D,
i.e.,
PROPOSITION 6.1 (THE HAVIN LEMMA). There exists a positive function 8 ---'> €(8) for
0<8 < 1 with lim.s=o€(8) = 0 such that given a measurable subset e of aD with 0 < m(e)
< 8 there exist fe and ge in HOC with the following properties:
(6.1 ) Ife(z)1 + Ig/z)1 = 1 for z E aD,
(6.2) sup Ife(z) - 11 = 0(8 1 / 2 ),

zEe
(6.3) sup Ige(z)1

zEe
= 0(8 1 / 2 ), f aD
Ige(z) - 11 dz < €(8),
(6.4) if e is closed, then fe and ge are in A.
PROOF. Step I. Construction. Fix e C aD measurable with m(e) < 8 ~ 1 and put
B = 8- 1 / 2 , b = 8 1 / 2 . If e is not closed we define we = w by
36
BANACH SPACES 37
-B if z E e,
w(z) ={
-b if z f- e.
If e is closed we first pick finite families of closed intervals (.6.;)1 ~i~N and (.6./')1 ~i~N such
that if e' = UN .6.~ and e" = UN
J= 1 J
.6.~' then
J= 1 J
(6.5)
e C e', m(e") < 0, .6.; C int.6./' and
.6.~ n .6.; = .6.~ n .6./, = ¢ for k =1= j (k, j = 1, 2, ... , N),
and we define w to be a C~ -function on aD such that -B ,,;;; w(z) ,,;;; -b for all z E aD and
-B for z E e'
w(z) = { '
-b for z tf. e".
Next we put
v = H(w); h = w + iv; fe = exp h- I .

We shall check
h(z) =1= 0 for zED, If/z)1 ,,;;; 1 for z E aD,
(6.6)
faD 10g(1 - Ifel) dm > -00.
Then we define ge to be the outer function with Ige(z)1 = 1 - Ife(z)1 for z E aD almost
everywhere. Precisely we put
-
ge(z) = exp - 2
1 S21T tt. + z 10g(I .
- Ife(e't)1 dt for Izl < 1,
(6.7) rr 0 £It _ z
ge(z) = lim ge(Pz) for z E aD almost everywhere.

p=1
Step II. Verification of (6.6). By the maximum principle for harmonic functions,
-B";;; Re h(z) = w(z) ,,;;; -b for zED.
Hence h(z) =1= 0 for zED and
Re h- 1 = _-,-w'--_ ";;;-b <0.

W2+lJ2
Since wE L ~, v = H(w) exists and v E LP for all p (cf. §O.II). Thus 11 and h -I exist and
are analytic for Izl < 1. I; hence fe E H~ and Ife(z)I";;; 1
Furthermore leh-II ,,;;; e Reh - 1 ,,;;;
for z E aD almost everywhere. It remains to show that f aD(I - Ife I) dm > -00; this will
imply that ge defined by (6.7) does exist and belongs to H~ (cf. [Du, Chapter 2]).
Let Zo = {z E aD: V(z)2 ,,;;; 2} and Zk = {z E aD: 2k ,,;;; V2(z) < 2k+1} for k = 1,
2, . . . . Observe that there is a C> 0 such that m(Zk) < CT k for k = 0, I, ... because
vEL 2 • If z E Z k' then
Thus
flog(l - If I) dm = £. f
k=O Zk
log(l - lexp h-l(z)l) dz
Step Ill. Verification of (6.4). If e is closed, then wand therefore v are COO -functions
(cf. §O.II). Hence h, h- I and fe are in A. Moreover 0 < Ife(eit)1 < 1 is a 21T-periodic C oo _
function, hence ge E A (cf. [Du, Chapter 5]).
Step IV. Verification of (6.1) and (6.2). The formula (6.7) yields that Ige(z)1 = 1 -
Ife(z)1 for z E aD almost everywhere (cf. [Du, Chapter 2]). This yields (6.1). If z E e, then
_1__ 1 ~ _1_ _ - I
Ih(z)1 - "'" lw(z)1 - B
v'w 2 (z) + v2 (z)
Hence remembering that B > 1, we get
11 - fiz)1 = 11 - exp h-l(z)1 ~ explh-l(z)1 - 1
~ Ih-l(z)lexplh-l(z)1 ~ B-Iexp(I) = 0(0 1 / 2 ).

The proof of the second inequality of (6.2) is slightly harder. To treat simultaneously the
case where e is a closed set and e is not closed we put e* = e" if e is closed, and e* = e
otherwise. Let X = {z E aD: Iv(t)1 ~ 77} for some 77 > O. Since the Hifbert transform is of
the weak type (1.1) there is an absolute constant C I such that
m(X)~Cl17-1f Iwldm~ClBo17-1 +C1 b77- 1 ,

aD
because faDlwldm = faD\e.lwldm + fe.lwldm ~Bo + b. Thus, taking into account that
if z ($ X U e* then
Ife(z)1 = exp Reh-I(z) = exp w(z)

w 2(z) + V2(z)
~exp
-b ~b+172b-l,
we get b2 + 17 2
faDlfel dm = f)fel dm + fx\e.lfel dm + faD\Xue.lfel dm
~ m(e*) + CI(B77-IO + b77- I ) + b + 17 2 b- 1

~ 0(0 1 / 6 ),
provided we put 77 = 01/ 3 .
This completes Step IV.
Step V. Verification of (6.3). Let ue = 1l0g(J - Ifel)l. Then ge = exp(-u e - iH(u e »·
The crucial point is to show that there is a constant M such that
BANACH SPACES 39
(6.8) JaD U; dm < M

r for all measurable e < 3D.
Having done this we complete the proof as follows: By (6.1) and (6.2), ue ---+ 0 in measure
whenever m(e) ---+ O. Thus, by (6.10), faDlueldm ---+ 0 whenever m(e) ---+ O. Since the
Hilbert transform is of weak type (1.1), the last relation yields
m{z E 3D: IH(ue)(z) I ~ (faDIUel dm y/2} .; ; C1 (IaD IUel dm y/2

where C 1 is an absolute constant (cf. §O.lI). Thus if m(e) ---+ 0 then H(u e ) ---+ 0 in measure
and ge 1 in measure. Since Ilgell"" .;;;; 1 for all measurable e < 3D, we conclude that
---+
flg e - 11 dm ---+ 0 whenever m(e) ---+ 0 which proves the second inequality of (6.3). The
first formula of (6.3) follows directly from (6.1) and the first formula of (6.2).
To establish (6.8) put
y = IRe .ll h
=
w2
Iwl
+ v2
.
Clearly 0 <y < 00 and
ue = log
1
1 - exp(-y) .;;;; 6 1 - exp(-y)
(1)1/6
=6(1+ 1 )1/6';;;;6(l+y-l)I/6.
exp(y) - 1
Therefore u; .;;;; 36 (I + y-l)1/3 .;;;; 36 (I + y-l/3). Finally
Jy-I/3 dm = J(lv2 1 + IWI)I/3 dm .;;;;J~dm + Jlwll/3 dm.

w Iwll/3
We estimate each term separately. By Kolmogorov's theorem (cf. §O.II), there is an absolute
constant C2/3 such that flvl 2/3 dm .;;;; C2 / 3(flwl dm)2/3. Hence
J-- dm';;;; b-1/3C2/3 (JIwl dm )2 / 3

2/3V
w l/3
~ C ~-1/6(2d/2)2/3 ~ 22/3 C
"'" 2/3 u U "'" 2/3'
while flwl 1/3 dm ';;;;B 1/ 3S + bl /3 .;;;; 2. 0
REMARK. €(S) which follows from

The estimation for the order of the function S ---+
the argument in Step V seems to be unsatisfactory. We get only €(S) .;;;; Cilogil - eoal 12a
for a < 1/2.
The next result, due to Amar and Lederer [A-L], uses a similar technique to that
of Havin's lemma. It is, however, formulated in a different language, which we now recall.
Let A be the maximal ideal space of L"" and let f ---+ f be the algebraic isometric iso-
morphism from L"" onto C(A). Recall that A is a compact Hausdorff space. If Xe is the
characteristic function of a measurable subset e of 3D, then e = (t E A: Xe(t) = I} is a
40 -\LEKSANDER PELCZYNSKI
e
clopen set; all the sets form a basis for the topology of Ll. By we denote the unique m
regular Borel measure on Ll which corresponds via the RIesz representation theorem to the
functional f ~ II dm, i.e., mis defined by
f j dm = f I dm for IE L 00 •
H oo can be regarded as the uniform algebra on Ll, in fact Ll is the Shilov boundary for
~ (cf. [H, Chapter 10)). Now we are ready to state
PROPOSITION 6.2. Let F be a closed Go in Ll with m(F) Then F is contained in = O.

a nontrivial peak set lor H , i.e., there exists a nonconstant I E ~ such that 11/11 = 1, F C
oo
j-I(1) = {t E Ll: f(t) = I} and j-I(1) = {t E Ll: I/(t) I = I}.
PROOF. The assumption on F yields the existence of a decreasing sequence (en) of

measurable subsets of aD such that F = n;=
len and m(en ) = m(en ) ~ 0 as n ~ 00.
Passing to a subsequence, if necessary, we may assume without loss of generality that e1 = Ll,
m(en ) < n- 3 for n = 1,2, .... Now we put
00
w = L - n Xe n\en+1 '
n=1
v = H(w),
h = w + iv, 1= exp(1/h).
Since wE LP for p < 2, h E 1fP. Thus h is a boundary value of an analytic function, say h in
the unit disc. Furthermore, Re h . ;;; -1 , because Re h ..;;; -1. Thus h "* 0 and I is a nonconstant
~ function with 11/1100 ..;;; 1. Furthermore if t E F then f(t) = 1 because for z E en'
I/(t) - 11 = lexp(1/h) - 11";;; lexp{l/Ihl) - 11";;; e lln - 1. Hence
00 00
[-1(1) = n {t E Ll: If(t) - 11 ..;;; e lln - I} ::) n en = F.
n=1 n=1
Finally replacing if necessary I by Yz(f + 1), we obtain the last assertion of Proposition
6.2. 0
It is interesting to compare Proposition 6.2 with the next one.
PROPOSITION 6.3. There is a closed nonempty G/j-set Fell with m(F) = 0 which is
not a peak set lor H oo •
PROOF. Suppose that the assertion of Proposition 6.3 is false. Then given a closed
G/j -set Fell with m(F) = 0 there exists an IF E H oo
such that iF peaks exactly on F.
Hence
(6.9)
Indeed, by regularity of J.l, it is enough to observe that J.l(F) =0 for every closed G/j -set F
C Ll with m(F) = 0". The last follows from
J.l(F)
n
f
= lim j'j. dJ.l = 0
(because fr;. converges pointwise to the characteristic function of F). The map I ~ f for
IE L induces an isometric isomorphism from L l(m) onto L I (m) which carries H~ onto
00
BANACH SPACES 41
LI(m) n (H~)l. Now (6.9) implies that the annihilator (H~l coincides with LI(m) n (~)1;
hence (H~)l, being isometrically isomorphic to Hb, is norm separable. Since (L ~ /~)* is
isometrically isomorphic to (H~)l, we infer that (L ~ /H~) is separable. This leads to a con-
tradiction because (Hb)* is isometrically isomorphic to L ~ /H~ and Hb contains a subspace
isomorphic to II. 0
Problem 6.1. Characterize the subsets of the Shilov boundary of H~ which are peak
sets for H~.
We end this section with an application of Proposition 6.2 of a geometric character.
We shall characterize the exposed points of the unit ball of H~.
Recall that if X is a Banach space then an x E X with IIxll = I is an exposed point of
the unit ball B X = {y EX: Ilyll <: I} if there is an x* E X* with Ilx*11 = 1 which strictly
supports Bx at x, i.e., x*(x) = 1 and Rex*(y) < 1 for every y E Bx\{x}.
THEOREM 6.1. A function f E H~ with Ilfll = 1 is an exposed point of the unit ball
BH~ iff
(6.10) m(£) >0 where E == {z E aD : If(z)1 == l}.
PROOF. Let f be an exposed point for B H~ and let x* E (H~)* be a linear functional
which strictly supports B H"" at f. Let <1>* E (L ~)* be a norm preserving extension of x*.
Given measurable e c aD we denote by <1>: the linear functional on L ~ defined by :(g) =
*(Xeg) for gEL ~. Clearly <1>* = <1>: + ~D\e and 11<1>*11 = 11<1>:11 + 1I~D\ell. Further-
more if e satisfies the condition If(z) I <: a < 1 for z E aD\e almost everywhere, then <1>: =
<1>*. Indeed, otherwise 1I~D\ell > 0 and
a contradiction.
Now let en = {z E aD: 1 - If(z) I < n- I }. By the previous remark :n = <1>* for n
= 1,2, . . . . Clearly e l :J e 2 :J ... . Let e~ = new To show thatfsatisfies (6.10) it
is enough to establish that m(e~) > O. Suppose that m(e~) = 0; then F = n;=len is a
closed Go-subset of ~ with m(F) = O. Thus, by Proposition 6.2, there is a nonconstant fF
E H"" with IlfF11 = 1 such that iFI (I) :J F. For n = 1, 2, ... , we have
1*(n - *(fFnl == <1>; «(1 - fF)n <: Ilill sup 11 - fF(z)l.

n zEe n
Taking into account thatel:J e2 :J ... :J F = n;
= I en and iFI (I) :J F, we infer that
limnsuPzEen 11 - fF(z) I = O. Hence *(n = *(f. f F ) which contradicts the definition of
the exposed point, becausefF being nonconstant implies thatf· fF EBH",,\{f}. Hence
m(e",,) > o.
Now assume that anfEH"" with Ilfll == 1 satisfies (6.10). Let <1>* E (L"")* be defined
by
*(g) = m(E)-l fEg(z)signf(z)m(dz) for gEL"".
42 ALEKSANDER PElCZYNSKI
Let x* be the restriction of <1>* onto H~. Clearly IIx*1I = Ix*(f)1 = 11<1>*11 = 1. Hence
Re x*(g) :(; 1 for g E B H~' Finally if, for some g E B~, *(g) = x*(g) = I, then Ig(z)1 = 1
and g(z)sign/(z) = 1 for z E E almost everywhere. Hence g(z) = I(z) for z E E almost
everywhere. Since m(£) > 0, we infer that I = g. 0
REMARK. Note that if I is an exposed point for B H~ then a linear functional which
strictly supports B H~ at I can be chosen from L 1/H ~, a predual of H~.
Notes and Remarks to §6. The proof of Havin's lemma is taken with some modifica-
tion from [Hvl]. The condition (6.4) of the lemma was observed by Kisliakov [Kis2] and
independently by Pe1czynski (unpublished). Wojtaszczyk [W2] observed recently that Havin's
lemma can be generalized to uniform algebras with unique representing measures for linear
multiplicative functionals. The proof of Proposition 6.2 is taken from [A-L]. The construc-
tion is classical (cf. [Z, Vol. I, p. 105]). Proposition 6.3 shows that the "Remarque" in
[A-L] is false. Theorem 6.1 is due to Amar and Lederer [A-L] and Fisher [Fi]. An analo-
gous result for the disc algebra is due to Phelps [Ph2].
Let us recall that an IE BH~ is an extreme point of B H~ iff I aDlog(l - III) dm = --00
(cf. [H, p. 138]). Finally observe that no point of BH~ is strongly exposed, i.e., there is
no IE B H~ and x* E (H~)* with x*(f) = 11/11 = IIx*1I = 1 and such that for every sequence
(fn) in B H"" if x*(fn) --+ x*(f) then II/n - III --+ 0. Indeed, regard H~ as a subspace of
C(Ll) and note that for every f.1 E C(Ll)* there exists a peak set, say F, for H~ with f.1(F) = 0.
Suppose IF E H~ peaks exactly at F, i.e.,
{s E Ll: iF(s) = I} = {s Ell: liF(s) I = I} = F.
Given I E BH~ put In = 1(1 - f~·)/ill - I~II for n = 1,2, . . . . Then limnilln - III = 11/11
for n = 1, 2, ... while limnI/~ df.1 = Iidf.1.
Various interesting properties of H~ and L 1 /H~ related to the material of this section
are discussed in the expository paper by Havin [Hv2].
ADDED IN PROOF. Delbaen [De3] recently generalized Havin's Lemma for a represent-
ing measure of a linear multiplicative functional on a uniform algebra such that the represent-
ing measures of the functional form a weakly compact set.
7. Characterizations of Weakly Compac(Sets in L 1 /Hb and in A *
In this and in the next section we shall show that, despite the results of §4, the spaces
A. A * and L 1 /Hb share various properties of C(aD), C(aD)*, and L 1. In particular a specific
characterization of weakly compact sets in L 1 -spaces [Gr2] , [P9] as those sets on which
weakly unconditional series of functionals converge uniformly can be carried out to L 1 /Hb
and A *. Another peculiar property of a weakly compact set in L 1 /Hb says that the set is
an image under the quotient map of a weakly compact set in L 1. The main result of this
section, Theorem 7.1, was proved recently by Delbaen [D I] and independently by Kisliakov
[Kis2] .
Recall that a sequence (xn) of elements of a Banach space X is w.u.s. (weakly uncon-
ditionally summable) if :E:=llx*(xn)1 < 00 for every x* E X*. Clearly if (x n ) is w.u.s. then
there is a K > 0 such that :Elx*(xn)1 ~ Kllx*1I for x* E X*. A sequence (yn) in X is weakly
Cauchy if limnx*(y n) exists for every x* E X*. The following classical result goes back to
Orlicz.
LEMMA 7.1. Let W be a subset of X such that every sequence of elements of W con-
tains a weak Cauchy subsequence. Then
(7.1) lim sup Ix~(x)1 =0 for every w.u.s. sequence (x~) in X*.
n xEW
PROOF. Define T: X -+ 11 by Tx = (x~(x». Then T is a bounded linear operator

which carries W into a totally bounded subset of 11 , because in 11 every weakly Cauchy se-
quence is norm convergent. Hence limN:E:=Nlx~(x)1 =0 uniformly for x E W. This yields
(7.1). 0
In view of formulas (1.1) and (1.2) of §1, in this and in the next section we identify
L 1 /Hb with a subspace of A * and A with a subspace of (L 1 /Hb)*. The duality is given by
the bilinear form (BE denotes the unit ball of a Banach space E)
(w, x) -+ faDxwdm for x EA and w = {w + H~} E Ll/H~.
Moreover, SUPXEBAJaDxwdm = Ilw Il L 1/H A and SUPWEBL1/HAJaDxwdm = IIxII A .

Let Y be a closed linear subspace of a Banach space X. A map (in general nonlinear)
r: X/Y -+ X is called the nearest point cross-section if
r(w) E wand IIwllx/y = inf lIy + r(w)lI x = IIr(w)lIx for w E X/Yo

yEY
The nearest point cross-section need not exist. It does in the case where Y is Hb and X is
43
either L I or X is qaD)*, because by the F. and M. Riesz theorem, H ~ is a closed subspace

of qaD)* in the a(qaD)*, qaD»-topology. In fact in these cases it is unique (cf. [Kh 1] ,
[Hv2]).
Now we are ready to state
THEOREM 7.1. tet W be a subset of L I /H~. Then the' following conditions are equiv-
alent:
(1) There is a weakly compact subset V of L I such that q(V)::::l W where q: LI -->
L I /H~ is the quotient map. More precisely, for V one can take the weak closure of the
image of W under the nearest point cross-section.
(2) The weak closure of W in L 1 /H~ is weakly compact.
(3) Every sequence of elements of W contains a weak Cauchy subsequence.
(4) Iimn(sup{w+HA}EwIJaD<Pnwdml) = o for every w.u.s. sequence (<Pn) in A.
PROOF. Clearly for arbitrary Banach space (I) ~ (2) =\> (3) =\> (4). (Use Lemma 7.1
and the "easier" implication of the Eberlein-Smulian theorem.) To prove that (4) ~ (1), we
observe first that without loss of generality one may assume
(7.2) W is an infinite countable set,
every {w + H ~} E W regarded as a linear functional on

(7.3)
A attains its norm on the unit ball of A.
For (7.2) note that L 1/H ~ is separable and observe that if a subset of L I / H ~ satisfies
(1) so does its closure.
For (7.3) note: 1 0
By the open mapping principle, if ({w~ + H~}) and ({w~ + H~})
are enumeration of countable sets W' and W" respectively and if II {w~ + H~} -
{w~ + H~} IlL I/HI < Tn for n = 1, 2, . . . , then W' satisfies (I) iff W" does. 20 By
the Bishop-Phelps t~eorem [B-Ph], the subset A ZP of A * consisting of the linear functionals
which attain their norms on the unit ball of A is dense in A *. Since A * is the II-sum of
L I /H~ and Vsing (cf. § 1), the natural projection of A * onto L 1 /H~ which annihilates Vsing
maps A~p into itself. Hence A~p n L 1 /H~ is dense in L 1 /H~.
Now let ({w n + H~}) be an enumeration of W. It follows from (7.3) that there is a
Yn E A so that
(7.4) faD WnYn dm = inf

l
faD IWn + hi dm and IIYnl1 = 1 for n = 1,2, ... -
hEHO
By the F. and M. Riesz theorem, H~ is a closed subspace of qaD)* in the a(qaD)*,

qaD»-topology; hence there are h n E H~ such that
(7_5) inf
1
faD
Iw n + hi dm = f aD
Iw n + h n I dm for n = 1, 2, . .. .
hEHO
Let Vn = wn + h n for n = 1,2, ... and let V = U~=l {vn}' Our goal is to show
BANACH SPACES 45
(7.6) the weak closure of V in L 1 is weakly compact.
Since q(V) = Wand T( {w n + H~}) = vn for n = 1,2, ... , this will complete the proof.
We left to the reader a simple checking that if W satisfies (4) then it is norm bounded.
This implies that sUPnllvnll = M < 00. To apply the well-known criterion of weak compact·
ness in L 1 it remains to show that the vn's are uniformly integrable or equivalently that the
un's are uniformly integrable, where un = Y nVn (or n = I, 2, . .. . It follows from (7.4)
and (7.5) that
[
)aD
un dm = )aD
[ lu n I dm for n = 1,2, . . . .
Thus un ~ 0 for n = 1,2, . . . .

Suppose that the functions un's are not uniformly integrable. Then using a standard
gliding hump procedure (as in [K-P, Lemma 2]) we construct a subsequence (uic) of (un)
and a sequence (e k ) of mutually disjoint closed subsets of 3D such that for some l) > 0
(7.7) for k = 1, 2, ... ,
(7.8) the functions XaD\e . Uic are uniformly integrable.

k
Since sUPnllunlll = sUPnllvnlll < 00, we can choose the sequence (uic) so that
there exists a tJ E C(3D)* which is the limit
of the sequence (uic) in the a(C(3D) *, C(3D))-
(7.9)
topology, i.e., limkf aDxuic dm = f aDx dtJ for
x E C(3D).
Let tJ = U . m .+ v where U ~ L 1 and v is singular with respect to m. By (7.7), U ~ 0, v ~ 0
and IItJlI ~ l) > O.
We shall denote by (yic) and (vic) subsequences of (yn) and (v n ), respectively corre-
sponding to the subsequence (uic) of (un); we have uic = Yicvic for k = 1,2, . . . . The cru-
cial part of the proof is, exploiting the fact that tJ> 0, to construct in A a w.u.s. sequence
(x,,) and a subsequence (Uk) so that the integrals fX"Uk s+ 1 dm = f(XsYk s+ 1 )vks+ 1 dm stay
uniformly away from zero. This will contradict (4), because (x s ) w.U.S. yields (X sYk S +1)
w.U.S.
We shall consider two cases separately. The first one heavily depends on Havin's
lemma (Proposition 6.1). In the second one we use only the fact that the annihilator of A
is norm separable.
Case I: v = O. Then a = f aDu dm = IltJlI > l). Let fk = fek and gk = gek for k =
1,2, ... ,where the functionsfek and gek are constructed in Havin's lemma (Proposition
6.1). Since ek are closed,fk and gk belong to A. Oearly (6.1)-(6.3) yield
(7.10) limJ hgkdm=f hdm forhELl,

k aD aD
(7.11) lim sup Ifk(z) - 11 = o.
k zEek
46 -\LEKSANDER PH.CZyNSKI
Let us fix '7 > 0 so that 0 - a1/ > 0/2. Using (7.9)-(7.11) we construct an increasing se-
quence of the indices k j < k2 < ... so that if Go = 1 and Gs = nj== Igkj for s ;;;. 1, then
for s = 1, 2, ...
(7.12)
(7.13)
(7.14)
Now we define a w.u.s. sequence (x s ) in A by
xs = Gsfk for s = 1,2, ...

s+1
The sequence (x s ) is w.u.s. because, by (6.1),

s s+ 1
L
Ix,iz) I ~
j== 1
n
j== 1
(lfkJz)1 + IgkJz)1) = 1
J J
for z E aD and for s = 1,2, . . . .
Combining (7.12) with (7.13) we get
IfaD GSUk s+1

dm I;;;. IJ-aD Gsu dm 1- 2-s- 2a1/
(7.15) ; ;. f aD udm - t j==1
If aD
Gjudm - (
JaD
Gj_1udm 1- 2-S- 2a1/
s
;;;. a - L T~-2a1/ - 2-s- 2a1/ > a(1 - 1/).
j== 1
Clearly IIGslI"" ~ 1 (by (6.1», SUPzEeks+llfks+l(z) - 11- 0 as s - 00 (by 7.11), and

sUPkllu';1I1 ~ sUPnllunli =M < 00. Thus
lim
8==""
f.eks + 1 11 - fk s+1 _
IIGslu k
s+1
dm =0
and (by (6.2» lim8==",,!aD\eks+lI1- fk8+1ldm = 1. Hence, by (7.8) and the relation
lims==""!oDuks+1 dm = faDudm = a, we get
lim sup
8==00
f 3D 11 - fk 8+ 1
IIGslu k
8+ 1
dm = lim sup
8==00
f aD\ek 11 - fk IIGslu ks+ 8+ 1 1
dm
s+ 1
~ lim sup f Uk dm
(7.16) 8==00 aD\ek 8+ 1
s+ 1
~ a - lim inf f. uk dm
s==oo e ks + 1 8+1
~a -0.
Combining (7.15) with (7.16) we get
BANACH SPACES 47
lim inf I JaD

11=00
( xu'
II k.l'+1
dm I
?o lim inf
.1'=00
IJaD
(G.I'u/c .1'+1
dm I-lim sup (
.1'=00 JaD
11 - Ik
.1'+1
IIG.I'luic
.1'+1
dm ?o Q.2·
Finally we put
4fJ.I' ='Yk .1'+ I . x.l' for s = 1, 2, ....
Since (x.l') is w.u.s. and IlYic II = 1 for k = 1, 2, ... , the sequence ( 4fJ.I') is w.u.s, Clearly we have
(
laD .I'
4fJ Uk'
.1'+1
dm = (
laD
x
II
Uk .1'+1 dm for s = 1,2, ....
Thus
lim sup sup I( 4fJ.I'w dm I ?o lim inf I (xllu k dm I ?o Q.2·
.1'=00 {
w+Ho EW
I} laD .1'=00 laD 11+1
This contradicts (4) and completes the proof in Case I.

Case II: v> O. Since the measure v is regular and singular with respect to m, there
is a closed set e C aD with m(e) = 0 such that vee) ?o 711vll/8 = 7a/8. Using Bishop's general
Rudin-Carleson theorem (cf. §2, Theorem 2.1) we construct inductively a sequence (fn)n;;.O
in A and a sequence (e n )n;;'1 of closed subsets of aD such that
10 =0, 11 = 1, e l = aD, e 2 = {zEaD: Iz-wl~TI for wEe},
In(z) = Il/nll = 1 for z E e, "itn(z) I < Tn for z tt- en

(7.17)
en + I = en n
{
z E aD: sup Iz -
wEe
wi ~ Tn and j~ Ifj(z) - fj_1 (z)1 ..;; Tn f
(n = 2, 3, ... ).
Observe that
S(z) =L Ifj(z) - fj_1 (z)1 ~ 3 for z E aD.
;=1
Indeed, if z E e, then S(z) = 1. If z tt- e, then z E e k - 1 \e k for some k = 2, 3, ... ; if k =
2, then
00 00
S(z) ~ 2 L Ifj(z)1 ~ 2 +2 L Tn ~ 3;
j=1 n=2
if k > 2, then
k-2 00
S(z) = L If;(z) - fj_l(z)1 + I/k_l(z)1 + 2 L Ifj(z) I
;=1 j=k
00
~ 2 -k+ 2 + 1+2 L T; < 3.

j=k
Clearly n;:lej = e. Hence using (7.9) and (7.17) we construct inductively increasing se-
quences of the indices (n s ) and (k s ), so that for s = 1,2, ... ,
If aD
fn Uk. dm
s /
I~ 2-sa, for i ~ s,
r f.ns dIJ. I "'",.; : 2 -s-2 a.

IJ'"aD f.nsu'kS+l dm - JaD
Let us put no = 0 and Xs = fns - fns+ 1 (s = 1,2, ... ). Then (x s) is w.u.s. because, for z E aD,
00 00
L IxsCz)I ~ L Ifn/ z).- f nS_ 1 (z)1 ~ ~ Ifj(z) - fj-l (z)1 ~ 3.

s=1 s=1 /=1
Furthermore, for s = 1, 2, ... ,
I
faD X,U kS+ 1 dm !~ IfaD f n, UkS+ 1 dm I-I faD fns+ 1U,k s+ 1 dm I
~ IlaD
r f.n, dlJ.l- 2-9- 2a - 2-s- 1 a
~ IfaDfn,dvl-lfaDfn9udml-rS-2a-rs-la
~ If.e f.n, dv I-I f aD\e

f.n, dv 1- 2-s- 2a - 2-9- 2a - 2-,-l a
~ vee) - v(aD\e) - T'a ~ ~a,
Now we put I{J, = XsYk,+ 1 for s = 1, 2, . . . and we complete the proof as in Case I. 0
COROLLARY 7.1. The assertion of Theorem 7.1 remains valid if L 1 /H~ is rep/aced by
A*, Ll by qaD)* and the condition (4) by
(4a) limn (sup {/J+H6}EW IfaDl{Jn dlJ.l) = 0 for every w.u.s. sequence (I{Jn) in A.
PRobF. To derive the implication (4a) ~ (1) from Theorem 7.1, denote by PI and P2
the natural projections from A* = qaD)*/H~ = Ll/H~ Ea1 Vsing onto LI/H~ and Vsing
respectively, and let T: qaD)*/H~ ~ qaD)* and TL : L I /H~ ~ L I to be the nearest
point cross-sections. Now if W C A * satisfies (4a), then both of the sets PI (W) and P2 (W)
have the same property. For subsets of Ll/H~, (4a) is equivalent to (4). Hence the weak
closure of T(Pl(W» = TL(Pt(W» is weakly compact. Furthermore, for subsets of Vsing '
(4a) combined with the general Rudin-Carleson theorem and the identity TP2 = P2 yields
lim n(sup/JEP2(W)lfaDl{Jn dlJ.l) = 0 for every w.u.s. sequence (I{Jn) in C(aD). Thus, by a re-
sult of [P9], the weak closure of the set T(P2(W» = P2(W) is weakly compact. Since
BANACH SPACES 49
we conclude that the weak closure of r(W) is weakly compact. 0
COROLLARY 7.2. A weak closure of a uniformly bounded set We L 1 /H~ is weakly

compact iff there exists a function e ---+ K(e) for e > 0 such that for every {w + H~} E W
there exists agE 11 with IlglI"" "" K(e) such that Ilq(w - g)II L 1 /HA < e(q: L 1 ---+ L 1 /H~
denotes the quotient map).
Hint. Use Theorem 7.1 and the uniform integrability criterion for weak compactness
of subsets of L 1. 0
8. Weakly Compact Operators from A, L I /H~ and A*
and Complemented Subspaces of These Spaces
In this section we reap the benefits of Theorem 7.1. We establish further similarities
between A and C(aD), and between L I and L I /H~. We show that A, A * and L I /H~ are
weakly complete and have the Dunford-Pettis property. We also show that weakly compact
operators from A into an arbitrary Banach space are characterized by their behavior on sub-
spaces isomorphic to co' exactly in the same way as the weakly compact operators from a
C(S)-space. In the second part of the section, we deal with complemented subspaces of A
I
and LI/H~. We show, in particular, that LI/H~ does not contain any complemented sub-
space isomorphic to L I. At the end of the section we discuss v~rious related open problems.
Recall that a Banach space X is weakly complete if every weak Cauchy sequence in X
converges weakly to some element of X. We say that X has the Dunford-Pettis property if
every weakly compact operator from X into arbitrary Banach space takes weak Cauchy se-
quences into norm convergent sequences.
The proofs of the Corollaries 8.1-8.5 below are, "modulo Theorem 7.1", easy modifi-
cations of analogous results for C(S)-spaces and L I-spaces.
COROLLARY 8.1. (a) The spaces L I /H~ and A * are weakly complete.
(b) The space L I /H~, A * and A have the Dunford-Pettis property.
PROOF. (a) follows immediately from the equivalence of the conditions (2) and (3)
of Theorem 7.1 (resp. Corollary 7.1). To prove (b) for L I /H ~, resp. for A *, observe that
the equivalence of conditions (1) and (3) of Theorem 7.1 (resp. Corollary 7.1) implies that
every weak Cauchy sequence in L I /H~ (resp. in C(aD)*) is the image under a quotient map
of a weak Cauchy sequence in L I (resp. in C(aD)*). Now we use the fact that L I (resp.
[C(aD)) *) has the Dunford-Pettis property (cf. [D-SI, Chapter VI)). The assertion (b) for A
follows from Grothendieck's observation that if X* has the Dunford-Pettis property then X
does (cf. [Gr2), [P9]). 0
COROLLARY 8.2. If E is one of the spaces A, A*, LI /H~ and T: E -+ E a weakly

compact operator, then T2 is compact. 0
COROLLARY 8.3. Let Y be a Banach space and let T: A -+ Y be a bounded linear

operator. Then the following conditions are equivalent:
(i) T is weakly compact.
(ii) T takes weak Cauchy sequences into convergent sequences.
50
BA.NACH SPACES 51
(iii) T restricted to any isomorph of Co is not invertible.

(iv) T takes every W.U.s. sequence in A into a sequence which converges to zero.
PROOF. (i) '* (ii). Apply Corollary 8.1 (b) for A.

(ii) '* (iii). Obvious, because there are weak Cauchy sequences in Co which do not
converge in norm.
(iii) '* (iv). Note that a bounded linear operator takes W.U.s. sequences into w.u.s.
ones and use the result of [B·P] which says that if (xn) is a w.u.s. sequence in a Banach
space X which does not converge to zero in norm, then there is an isomorphic embedding
from Co into X which takes the unit vectors of Co onto a subsequence of the sequence (xn)'
(iv) '* (i). Observe that if T satisfies (iv), then W = T*(B A) satisfies the condition (4a)
of Corollary 7.1. Hence, by this corollary, the weak closure of W in C(3D)* is weakly com-
pact. Hence T* is weakly compact and therefore T is weakly compact (cf. [D-SI, Chapter
VI]). 0
COROLLARY 8.4. Let W be a bounded subset of A * (resp. L 1 /H~) whose weak clo-
sure is not weakly compact. Then there is a sequence (x~) of elements of W which is equiv-
alent to the unit vector basis of {1 and spans a complemented subspace of A * (resp. L 1 /H~).
More precisely, there are operators T: {1 ---+ [C(3D)] * (resp. T: 11 ---+ L 1) and S: A * ---+ {1
(resp. S: L1 /H~ ---+ {1) such that SqT = id/ 1 and qTe n = x~ for n = 1,2, ... where q:
[C(3D)] * ---+ A * (resp. q: L 1 ---+ L 1 /H~) denotes the restriction (the quotient) map and en
denotes the nth unit vector of Z1 .
PROOF. The assumption on W combined with Corollary 7.1 yields the existence of a
W.U.s. sequence (IPs) in A and a sequence (y:) in W such that ly:(IPs) 1 ~ 1 for s = 1,2, ....
Let
M ~ max (sup
s
IlY:II,' sup L
lIy·II=1 s
IY*('Ps)I).
Clearly M < +00. Passing to a subsequence, if necessary, we may also assume that
~~=s+ 1 IY:(IPr) 1< 2- s- 3 for s = 1, 2, .. , . Next we define inductively a sequence of the
indices (k(n));=o and a sequence of infinite subsets of the integers (Nn);=o such that
No - the set of all positive integers, ko = 0,
(8.1) (n = 1,2, ... ),
(8.2) if j E N n , then j > k(n) and 1xt(IPk(n») 1 < 2- n- 3 (n=1,2, ... ).
Suppose that for some q ~ 0 and for 0 <: r <: q the indices k(r) and the infinite sets N(r)
have been constructed to satisfy (8.1) and (8.2). Fix an integer m > M2 q +4 and let Aq be
a set of distinct m indices in N q which are> k(q). Then for each j = 1, 2, . .. there is an
index tV) E Aq such that Ixt(IPrU»)1 < 2 -q-4, because otherwise ~~= 1Ixt(IPt)1 ~
~tEAq Ixt(IPr)1 > M which leads to a contradiction. Since N q is an infinite set and Aq is a
finite one, we infer that there is an infinite subset Nq+ 1 of the set N q n {k(q) + 1, k(q)
+ 2, ... } and an index k(q + 1) E Aq such that if j E Nq+ 1> then Ixt(IPk(q + 1»)1 < q- 4 . r
This completes the induction.
Now put 1/I n = <Pk(n) LYZ(n)(<Pk(n»] - I and x! = Y~(n) (n = 1,2, ... ) and define S:
A * ~ II by S(x*) = (x*( 1/1 n»
for x* E A *. A straightforward computation shows that for
every finite sequence of scalars c l , c 2 , . •• , cm (m = 1,2, ... )
(1+ *)k~1 Icjl ~ Ilj~1 cjS(xf) II ~ (1 - *)j~ ICj I.

Applying a standard stability argument (cf. [B-P)) we construct an isomorphism V: II ~
II such that VS(x!) ,,; en for n = 1,2, . . . . Finally define T: [I ~ [C(aD)] * by T(e n ) =
T(X~) for n = 1, 2, ... where T: A * ~ [C(aD)] * is the nearest point cross-section. The
proof for L I /H~ is the same. 0
Next we shall discuss properties of complemented subspaces of A, LI /H~ and H*.
Our first corollary generalizes results for C(S) and L I (v) spaces (cf. [PI] and [R2]); it shows
in particular that A, L I /H~ and A * do not have complemented infinite dimensional reflexive
subspaces.
COROLLARY 8.5. Let X be an infinite dimensional Banach space.

(a) If X is complemented in A, then X contains an isomorph of co.
(b) If X is complemented in A and X* is not separable, then X contains an isomorph
ofC(aD).
(c) If X is complemented either in A * or in L I /H~, then X contains an isomorph of
(d) If X is a separable dual and is complemented either in A * or in L I /H~ then weak

and norm convergence of sequences in X coincide.
(e) If X has a G-L l.u.st and X is complemented in LI /H~ then weak and norm con-
vergence of sequences in X coincide.
PROOF. (a) Apply Corollaries 8.l(b) and 8.2. (c) Combine Corollary 8.l(b) with
Corollaries 8.2 and 8.4. (d) Use Corollary 8.I(b) combined with a simple observation that
a complemented subspace of a Banach space with the Dunford-Pettis property has the
Dunford-Pettis property, and apply a result of Grothendieck (cf. [Gr2] and [P4]) that if a
separable dual space has the Dunford-Pettis property, then weak and norm convergence of
sequences coincide in the space.
PROOF OF (b). Let Y be a complementary subspace to X in A. Since A/Y is isomor-
phic to X, the hypothesis implies that (A/Y)* is not separable. Thus (C(aD)/Y)* is not
separable and, by a result of Rosenthal [R2] , C(aD)/Y contains a subspace isomorphic to
C(aD). By a result of [L-P2] (cf. also [R2]), this implies that A/Y contains a subspace iso-
morphic to C(aD) because, by the F. and M. Riesz theorem the space (C(aD)/y)/(A/Y) has
a separable dual. This completes the proof because A/Y is isomorphic to X.
REMARK. In fact (b) is true for every Banach space which is isomorphic to a subspace
of a C(S)-space with separable annihilator, provided S is an uncountable compact metric
space.
PROOF OF (e). The argument is similar to that of Theorem 4.2(v). We consider the
diagram
BA.NACH SPACES 53
where P: LI /H~ ~ X is a projection, q: LI ---+ LI /H~ is the quotient map, and i*:
C(aD)/A o ---+ L 1 /H~ is defined by i*( {[ + Ao}) = {[ + H~}
for [E C(aD). To define
operators Sand T we first note that (i*)* = iM~ : H ---+ HI is an absolutely summing
oo
operator. Hence (Pi*)* is absolutely summing with values in the separable dual space HI.
Since X has G-L l.u.st, Theorem 4.1 combined with Remark R.IIl in §4 yields that itp* is
L I-factorable. Hence (Pi*)* = VU for some L 1 (v)-space and operators U: X* ---+ L 1 (v) and
V: Ll(v) ---+ HI. We now define C(K) to be the dual of LI(v), S to be the restriction of
V* to C(aD)/A o [identified with its canonical image in (C(aD)/A o )**] and we put T = QU*,
where Q is a projection from X** onto X. Note that L I /H~ is complemented in the dual
Banach space A * and therefore every complemented subspace of L I /H~ is complemented in
the second dual of the subspace.
Next we observe that Pi* = TS is a compact operator. Indeed note that T: C(S) ---+ X
takes weakly Cauchy sequences into convergent sequences because C(S) has the Dunford-
Pettis property (cL [D-SI, Chapter VI)) and, by a result of [PI], T is weakly compact.
(The range of T, being contained in the weakly complete space L 1 /H~, does not contain
subspaces isomorphic to co.) Furthermore every sequence in ~e unit ball BC(aD)/Ao has a
weak Cauchy subsequence because (C(aD)/A o )* = HI is separable. Hence TS(BC(aD)/Ao)
is a totally bounded subset of X.
Now suppose that (x n ) is a sequence which is weakly convergent to zero in X. By
Theorem 7.1, there is a sequence (fn) in LI which consists of uniformly bounded and uni-
formly integrable functions, and q(fn) = xn for n = 1, 2, . " . The properties of (fn)
combined with the density in L 1 of all the continuous functions yield that for every € > 0
there is an M = M(€) < +00 and a sequence (gn) in C(aD) such that Iign lioo ~ M and
Iign - [nlll < € for n = 1,2, . . . . Therefore the elements of the sequence (Pi*( {gn + Ao}))
form a totally bounded subset of X because Pi* is compact and sUPnll{gn + Ao}ll ~
sUPnlignll ~ M. On the other hand we have, for n = 1,2, ... ,
11Pi*( {gn + Ao}) - xn II = lIP( {gn + H~ }) - Pq(fn)1I
Since € > 0 has been chosen arbitrarily, we infer that the set Un {x n} is totally bounded
in X. Hence the weakly convergent sequence (xn) converges in norm. 0
Our next corollary which is an immediate consequence of Corollary 8.5 shows that L 1
does not have "the strong primary property" analogous to the property of C( [0, I]) discov-
ered in [L-P2]. Note that H~, being separable dual, does not contain isomorphs of Ll.
COROLLARY 8.6. The space L 1 /H~ does not contain a complemented isomorph 01 L 1.
Problem 8.1. Does there exist a subspace of L 1 /H~ which is isomorphic to L I?

Notes and remarks to §§7 and 8. In 1967 Piranian, Shields and Wells [P-S-W] raised
the question whether L 1 /H~ is weakly complete in the following form.
Given a bounded sequence (gn) in L 1 such that the limit limnfaDlgn dm = (f) ex-
ists for every 1 E H~, does there exist agE L 1 such that (f) = f oDlg dm for 1 E H~?
Kahane [Kh2] observed that there is a g in question such that <1>(1) = f oDlg dm for 1 EA.
The weak completeness of L 1 /H~ and therefore of A * (our Corollary 8.1(a)) was
proved by Mooney [Moo] and independently by Havin [Hvl]. Applying the result of [A-L]
on peak sets in H~, Amar [A] adopted the method of [Kh2] to get an elegant proof of the
Mooney-Havin result. Chaumat [Cbm] proved that L 1 /H~ and therefore A * and A have the
Dunford-Pettis property. A \different proof of this result and the "liftability" of weakly
compact sets in L 1 /H~ to weakly compact sets in L 1 was obtained by Cnop and Delbaen
[C-O]. Chaumat's approach generalizes to the case of a predual of a uniform algebra in
which an abstract analogue of the Amar-Lederer lemma (our Proposition 6.2) holds, while
the Delbaen and Cnop method generalizes to uniform algebras satisfying some conditions
imposed on sets of representing measures (cf. [C-O] and [02]). Theorem 7.1 in the present
form and most of the corollaries in §8 have been obtained independently by Delbaen [01]
and Kisliakov [IGs2]. Wojtaszczyk [W2] recently generalized Theorem 7.1 to certain planar
uniform algebras. The proof of Theorem 7.1 presented in the text follows with some modi-
fications the argument in [Kis2]. The construction in Case II goes back to Chaumat [Chm] ;
our argument is different. Corollary 8.5(e) and Corollary 8.6 are due to W. B. Johnson and
are published here with his permission.
Several questions remain open. Very little is known about the nature of the dual of
H~. Kisliakov in [IGs2] claims that the assertion of Theorem 7.1 is also true in the case ot
H~. Unfortunately his argument contains a gap which he has recognized and communicated
to me.
Let us consider the following properties of a Banach space X:
(a) the Dunford-Pettis property of X,
(b) the Dunford-Pettis property of the dual of X,
(c) the weak completeness of the dual of X,
(d) a set We X* is weakly compact if it is weakly closed and sUPW*EW1w*(fn)1 = 0
for every w.u.s. sequence (in) in X,
(e) every sequence in X* which converges in the a(X*, X)-topology converges weakly,
(f) every complemented subspace of X is either finite dimensional or contains l~.
Problem 8.2. Does H~ have the properties (a)-(f)?
Problem 8.3. Let S be a compact metric space and let X be a subspace of C(S) with
BANACH SP-\CES 55
a norm separable annihilator. Does X have the properties (a)-(d)? How about the special
case in which it is assumed in addition that X is a uniform algebra on S?
Problem 8.4. Does the n-disc algebra A(Dn) (resp. the n-ball A(Bn)) have the proper-
ties (a)-(d) for n ~ 2? (For the definition of A(Dn) and A(Bn) see § 11.)
Problem 8.S. What translation invariant subspaces of C(3Dn) have some of the proper-
ties (a)-(d)?
Our next problem concerns complemented subspaces of A and L 1 /H~.
Problem 8.6. (a) Let E be an infinite dimensional complemented subspace of A. As-
sume that E has an unconditional basis (resp. E has a G-L l.u.st). Is E isomorphic to Co
(resp. is E isomorphic to a complemented subspace of C(3D))?
(b) Let E be an infinite dimensional complemented subspace of L1/H~. Assume that
E has one of the following properties:
(1) E has an unconditional basis,
(2) E has G-L l.u.st,
(3) E is a separable dual,
(4) E has the Radon-Nikodym property.
Is E isomorphic to 11?
Our last problem is closely related to the fact that every weakly compact set in L 1 /H~
can be lifted to a weakly compact set in L 1 (cf. Theorem 7.1) .. It is also related to Problem
3.1.
Problem 8.7. Let E be a reflexive subspace of L 1 /H~. Does there exist a reflexive
subspace E 1 of L 1 such that the quotient map q: L 1 ~ L 1 / H ~ restricted to E 1 is an iso-
morphism from E 1 onto E? How about the special case when E is isomorphic to a Hilbert
space?
ADDED IN PROOF. 10 Delbaen [De3] generalized Theorem 7.1 for uniform algebras
such that every linear multiplicative functional has a weakly cqmpact set of representing mea-
sures and there is no nontrivial measure which is Singular with respect to all the representing
measures.
2 0 Kisliakov announces in [Kis4] that if E is a reflexive subspace of A * then there ex-
ists a bounded linear operator T: A * ~ A * such that TIE is an isomorphism and there ex-
ists an E1 C [C(3D)] * such that the quotient map maps isomorphically E1 onto E.
3 0 The answers on Problems 8.6(b)(3) and 8.6(b)(4) are negative (Delbaen private com-
munication).
9. Complementation of Finite Dimensional Subspaces in A, L 1/H ~ and I I
The technique of Theorem 7.1 provides no information on the degree of complementa-

tion of finite dimensional subspaces of A (resp. L 1 /H~). For instance Corollary 8.5(a) ob-
viously implies that infinite dimensional hilbertian subspaces are un complemented in A but
it yields no estimate of the growth of the norm of the best projection onto n-dimensional
Hilbert subspaces of A. Our approach to handle the above problem and similar questions
concerning the "local" structure of A and L 1 /H~ is based upon Theorem 2.4. This theorem
and the duality relation between A, L 1 /H~, and H"" are the only facts on spaces of analytic
I
functions which are used in this section, the rest is a good example of "purely formal" tech-
nique of the local theory of Banach spaces and the theory of absolutely summing operators
and related Banach ideals.
We shall show (cf. Theorems 9.1 and 9.2) that A, L 1 /H~, H"" do not contain nicely
complemented l~'s for I < p < 00; A and H"" do not contain nicely complemented l~'s,
equivalently L 1 /H~ does not contain r;:
uniformly (cf. Theorem 4.2(iv) for definition).
We begin with introducing two concepts; the first one plays an important role in the
local theory of Banach spaces, the second is a specific invariant suggested by Theorem 2.4.
DEFINITION 9.1. Let X and Y be Banach spaces; a pair (S, T) of linear operators S:
X --* Y, T: Y --* X with TS = id x is said to be a factorization of X through Y. The fac-
torization constant of X through Y is the quantity
inf IISIlIITIl if there are factorizations of X through Y,
ry(X) = 1+00 otherwise.
Here "inf" is extended over all factorization of X through Y.
DEFINITION 9.2. Let X be a Banach space and let I < p < 00. The ip - 7rP ratio of
X is the quantity
where the supremum extends over all operators T from X into arbitrary Banach spaces with
= 1.
7rp (T)
The concepts defined above are related between themselves and with projections. We
have
PROPOSITION 9.1. Let X. Yand Xl be Banach spaces and let I < p < 00. Then
(a) kp(X) < ry(X)kp(Y);
56
BANACH SP<\CES 57
(b) if X I is a subspace of Y and P: Y ~ X I a projection then
IIPII ;;. r y(X)h x I (X)

provided min(ry(X), rXI(X)) < +00;
(c) if X is finite dimensional and Xl is isomorphic to X then rX I (X) = d(X, Xl)
where d(X, Xl) = inf {IISIlIiS-IIlIS: X ~ Xl isomorphism} is the Banach-Mazur distance
between X and X I ;
(d) if X is finite dimensional then
ry(X) = ry •• (X).
PROOF. (a) Let us fix a linear operator U: X - E (E an arbitrary Banach space)
with 1rp(U) = I and let (S, T) be a factorization of X through Y. Then
ipCU) ;::: ip(UTS) < IISlIip(UT) < IISlIkpCy)1rpCUT)

< liS II II TllkpC Y)1rp (U).
Thus
which yields the desired conclusion.

We left to the reader a routine proof of (b) and (c).
(d) Clearly ry(X) ;;. ry .. (X). To prove the reverse inequality fix e > 0 and pick a
factorization (S, T) of X through y** so that IISIlIiTIl < ry .. (XXl + e). Let F = SeX).
Next note that for a finite dimensional X the space [B(Y, X)] ** can be identified with the
space B(Y**, X). Moreover the canonical embedding of Y into y** induces the canonical
embedding of B(Y, X) into S(Y**, X) = (B(Y, X))**. A simple restatement of the Gold-
stine theorem that canonical embedding of the unit ball of the space is weak-star dense in
the unit ball of the second dual implies that there exists aTE B(Y, X) such that IITII <
(1 + e)IITil and T**Y** = Ty** for y** E F. Let T(y) = r,i=
lyt(Y)X; for y E Y. Now
we apply the Lindenstrauss-Rosenthallocal reflexivity principle [L-R] in the improved form
due to Johnson-Rosenthal-Zippin [J-R-Z]. Hence there exists an isomorphic embedding U:
F- Y such that lIy**1I < II UY**11 < (1 + e)lIy**1I for y** E F and y**(y = y t(Uy**)n
for y** E F and for j = I, 2, . .. . Then (US, T) is a factorization of X through Y with
II USIlIiTIl < (l + e)2I1SIIIITil < ry •• (XXI + e)3. Letting e - 0 we get ry(X) <
ry • • (X). 0
We shall also need the following result on absolutely summing operators.
PROPOSITION 9.2 (B. MAUREY [Maul]). Let X be a finite dimensional Banach space,
let p with 1 < p < 00 be fixed, and let k ;;. I. Then the following conditions are equivalent:
(i) ip(T) < k p1rp(T) for every bounded linear operator T from X into arbitrary
Banach space.
(ii) For every space LP.·(v) with p* = p/(P - I) and every subspace Y of LP·(v) ev-
ery operator u: Y - X extends to a linear operator U: LP·(v) - X with IIUII < kpllViI.
PROOF. (i) ~ (ii). Recall that if X is a finite dimensional Banach space and Z a re-
flexive one, then the space N(X, Z) of all nuclear operators from X into Z is reflexive and
its dual is isometrically isomorphic to the space B(Z, X) of all bounded operators from Z
into X; the duality is given by the trace
(U, V) ~ tr(UV) for U E N(X, Z), V E B(Z, X).
The condition (ii) says that the restriction operator B(LP * (v), X) ~ B(Y, X) takes the ball
in B(LP * (v), X) of radius kp and with the center at the origin onto the unit ball of B(Y, X).
Hence a standard duality argument yields that (ii) is equivalent to the following condition:
(ii)* n(V):S;;; kpn(JV) for every operator v: X ~ Y and every closed linear subspace
Y of every LP* (v)-space.
Here n( . ) denotes the nuclear norm of an operator and J: Y ~ LP * (v) denotes the
inclusion map. We shall show that (i) ~ (ii)*. Pick V: X ~ Y with n(JV) = 1 and consider
the best nuclear factorization diagram for JV, i.e., we write JV = Ti\S where T: X ~ [00
and S: [I ~ LP*(v) are operators of norm one and A: 1 ~ [I is the operator of ml.\ltipli-
00
cation by a sequence (A;) with A; ;;;;. 0 for j = 1, 2, . . . and 'i\ = 1. (The best nuclear
factorization for JV does exist because X is finite dimensional and LP * (v) is reflexive.)
Clearly A = Ap * Ap where Ap: [00 ~ [p and Ap *: [p ~ [I are the operators of multiplica-
tion by the sequences (A} Ip) and (A} Ip·) respectively. Let us consider the diagram
A Ap •
r p) IP ) [I
Here Ep is the closure of ApS(X) in [p, and Wp = ApS is regarded as an operator from X
into Ep. Clearly TAp.(Ep) C Y. Let Wp' denote the restriction of TAp' to Ep regarded
as an operator to Y.
Obviously Wp is a p-absolutely summing operator with 1TpCWp) = ('i(A.I 1P f)l lp = 1.
Hence, by (i), Wp is p-integral and ip(Wp) :s;;; k p1Tp(Wp ) = k p . By the Schwartz duality theo-
rem (cL [Kw, Theorems 1 and 2]) TAp. is p*-absolutely summing because (TA p .)* is p*.
integral. Thus Wp.' being restriction of a p*-absolutely summing operator, is p*-absolutely
summing and 1T p *(W p .) = 1T p .(TAp ') = ip ' [(TA p ')*] = ('iA;)I IP * = 1. Now we use a
result of Persson and Pietsch [poP] or a result of Persson [Per] to conclude that V = Wp' Wp
is integral and therefore nuclear (because X is finite dimensional), and
n(V) = i(V) :s;;; 1T p *(Wp .)ip(W p) :s;;; k p .

(ii) ~ (i). By the Persson·Pietsch duality theory or [P-P] , condition (i) is equivalent
to the following
BANACH SPACES 59
(i)* npo(V) ~ kpnpo(jV) for every Banach space E and every linear operator V:E
-x.
Here npo( . ) denotes the p*-nuclear norm of the operator and j: X - ["'" a fixed lin-
ear isometric embedding.
To show that (ii) '* (i)* fix e > 0 and an operator V: E - X with npo(jV) = 1 and
consider the p*-nuclear factorization diagram for jV
Apo
E - - - -.....V.,-----+l X -----,;J;----+l t°
where Ap 0: 1 00
- IP ° is the multiplication operator by the sequence Ol} /po) with Aj ~ 0
and 1 ~ "i:.Aj ~ 1 + e, and Sand T are operators of norms one. Let Epo be the closure of
~oS(X) in IPo, Vpo = ApoS regarded as an operator from E into Epo, and Tpo the restric-
tion of T to E pO regarded as an operator to X. By (ii), there is an operator T po: IP 0 - X
which extends Tpo with IITpoll ~ kpllTpoll = k p . Thus V = TpoApoS and npo(V) ~
IISIlIITp.llnpo(Apo) ~kp(l + e)l/pO. Letting e - 0, we get np.(V) ~ kp = kpn(V). 0
Now we are ready to prove
THEOREM 9.1. If Yis one of the spaces A, A *, L I /H~, H oo then

nl / 2
'Yy(l~) ~ C 10g(n + 1) for n = 1,2, ...
where C is an absolute const~nt.
Consequently if Xl is an n-dimensional subspace of Y and P: Y~ Xl is a projec-
tion, then IIPlI ~ C(n l / 2 /log(n + 1»· d(X I , I~)-l.
PROOF. The second part of the theorem is an obvious consequence of the first one
and Proposition 9.1(b) and (c). Next observe that by Proposition 9.1(a) and the standard
duality relations between A, A *, L I /H~ and H"" (cf. §2) it is enough to consider the case
Y = A only.
Let CI • C2 , ••• denote positive constants independent of p and n. By Theorem 2.4,
kp(A) ~ Cip for p ~ 2. Next we shall show
(9.1) kp(l~) ~ C2nl/2-I/P for p > 2 and for n = 2, 3, ...
Assuming (9.1) and combining it with Proposition 9.2(a), we get
k (12)
"V (12) ~ ~ ~ C n l /2- 1 / p • p-l for p ~ 2.
'A n P kp(A) 3
Specifying p = (Iog(n + 1))-1, we get 'YA (l~) ~ C4 n 1 / 2 /log(n + 1).

To establish (9.1) it is enough, in view of Proposition 9.2, to show that there exists a
60 .\LEKSANDER PEl.CZyNSKI
constant Cs such that the condition (ii) of Proposition 9.1 is violated for X = l~ and for
every constant kp < Csnl/2-1IP. By a recent result of Figiel, Undenstrauss and Milman
[F-L-M] , there exists a constant C6 such that there exists an n-dimensional subspace Y of
and an isomorphism U: Y ~ I~ such that IIUII = 1 and IIU- 1 11 0:;;;; 2 (note that p* =
z'f;* n
p/& - I) < 2). Let U: Ig: n ~ I~ be any extension of U. Then (U- 1 , U) is a factorization
of I~ through l~:n. Let I: Ib 6 n ~ Ig: n be the natural embedding. It is easy to see that
11111 = 1 and IIrlll 0:;;;; (C6 n)I IP = C7 n 11P . Clearly (I- 1U- 1, UI) is a factorization of I~.
It is well known that for every Ll(lI) space, rLl(V)(I~);;;;' Can 1/2 . (This is for instance an
easy consequence of Grothendieck's result that every bounded linear operator in 12 which is
L I-factorable is Hilbert-Schmidt (cf. [GRI] , [L-PI] ).) Thus
Cs n 1/2 0:;;;; IIr 1U- 111I1U· III 0:;;;; 2n 11P IIUIi.
Hence IIUII;;;;' C9nI/2-1IP. 0
r A (l~) ;;;;. Cn 1/2?

Problem 9.1. Does there exist a C> 0 such that
Observe that the positive answer to Problem 3.1 implies the positive answer to Prob-
lem 9.1. On the other hand Theorem 9.1 yields that operators on 12 which factor through
A are "almost" of Hilbert-Schmidt type. We have
COROLLARY 9.1. If an operator T: 12 ~ 12 factors through A, then T is compact

and if (Sj) is an enumeration in a non increasing sequence of nonzero eigenvalues of ITI, each
eigenvalue repeated according to its multiplicity, then
s~
L [log(j ~ 1)) C < +00 for every c> 3.
PROOF. Let (U, V) be a factorization of T through A. Since P is reflexive and A has

the Dunford-Pettis property (cf. §8), T is compact. Next observe that the polar formula
implies that an operator T factors through a Banach space iff its absolute value ITI factors
through the same Banach space. Hence without loss of generality one may assume that T
= ITI and that the sequence (Sj) is infinite (otherwise there is nothing to prove). Let (ej )
be the orthonormal sequence of eigenvectors of T corresponding to the sequence (Sj) of the
eigenValues. Let us fix a positive integer n and denote by Pn the orthogonal projection
from 12 onto the span (e j )l<;;;j<;;;n. Next define Sn: Pn{l2) ~Pn{l2) by Sn(e j ) = Sj-l ej for
j= 1,2, ... ,n and let Un be the restriction of U to Pn(l2). Clearly SnPn VUn = idPn(l2).
Hence Theorem 9.1 yields
IISnllllPnllllVlIlIUnll ;;;;. C log(n + 1) for n = 1,2, ... ;
since IIPnll = 1 and IlUnll 0:;;;; IIVlI, for C1 = C/IIUIIIIVIl we have IISnll ;;;;. C1 n 1/2 /10g(n + I) for
n = 1,2, . . . . Using the relation Sl ;;;;. S2 ;;;;. ... ;;;;. sn' we easily obtain IISnl1 = S;;l. Thus
sn 0:;;;; C~110g(n + 1)/n I/2 . Hence
.. s2 ..
L
n=l [log(n +
n
I)]C
0:;;;; C- 1L
1 n=l n[log(n
1
+ 1)]C
2 < +00
for every c > 3. 0
BANACH SPA..CES 61
Another consequence of Theorem 9.1 is
COROLLAR Y 9.2. Let 1 0 and a number ex(p) with 0 < ex(p) <; \6 such that
I'A(l~) = I'H",,(/~) = I'LI/H~{l~·);;' CnG:(p) for n = 1,2, ...

PROOF. Combine Theorem 9.1 with a result of Guran! Kadec and Macaev [G-K-M]
that d(l~, I~) <; nII/2-I/pl. 0
Next observe that Davis and Johnson [D-J] showed that if X is an infinite dimensional
Banach space which does not contain I ~'s uniformly, then there is an ex with 0 <; ex <; \6 such
that l' x(l~) <; CnG: for some absolute constant C. Combining this fact with Theorem 9.1
one can prove
COROLLARY 9.3. If (Xn) is an increasing sequence of finite dimensional subspaces of

a space X with the above property, then
lim I'A (Xn ) = lim l' ",,(Xn ) = +00.
n n H
Our next result extends Corollary 9.2 on the case p = 1.
THEOREM 9.2. There is an ex with 0 < ex <; \6 and an absolute constant C> 0 such
that, for n = 1, 2, ... ,
CnG: <; I'A (l~) = 'YH""(/~) = inf{d(/;;', £)1 E C LI /H~; dim E = n}.
PROOF. It is enough to prove the left-hand inequality. The equalities follow from
Proposition 9.1 (d) and the duality relations between A, H"" and L 1 /H ~ established in § 1.
(Note that H"" is norm one complemented in A **.) By a result of Maurey and Pisier [Mau-
Pis] , to prove the inequality it is enough to show that limn l' A (l~) = 00; hence in view of
Theorem 2.4 and Proposition 9.1(a), it suffices to show that, for some p > 2, limnkpC/~) =
+00. Assume to the contrary that sUPnkp(l~) = M < 00. (Note that the sequence
(kp(l ~)n= 1,2,... is increasing.) Then, Proposition 9.2 would imply that for every subspace
Y of LP*, every operator U: Y --* I~ admits an extension V: LP· --* 11 with /lV/I <; MlIU/I.
Since L 1 contains an increasing sequence of subspaces isometrically isomorphic to I~'s whose
union is dense in L 1 and since L 1 is complemented in its second dual, a standard compact-
ness argument (for instance involving Banach limits; cf. § 5, proof of Proposition 5.2) would
yield that every bounded operator from yeLP· into L 1 extends to a bounded operator
from LP· into L 1. Hence to complete the proof it is enough to establish the following
LEMMA 9.1. For some p > 2 (in fact for every p > 2) there exists a bounded linear
operator from a subspace of LP· into L 1 which has no extension to a bounded linear oper-
ator from LP * into L 1 .
PROOF. Let Y be a noncomplemented subspace of LP* which is isomorphic to 12

(for instance for every p > 4 one can take as Y a closed linear subspace of LP * spanned by
the characters {zn: n E Rud} where Rud is a A4 -set constructed by Rudin, cf. [Ru2] and
[Rl] ; for 4 ;;. p > 2 the existence of Y in question follows from the recent result of five
authors [B-D-G-J-N]). Let Eq (I ~ q < 00) denote the closed linear space in L q of the char-
acters {z2 n : n = 1,2, ... }. It is well known (cf. [Z, Vol. I, Chapter V, §6]) that for ev-
ery 1 ~ q 1 < q2 < 00 the natural embedding iq2Q 1: L q2 -+ L q 1 maps isomorphically Eq 2
onto Eq 1 (in other words all sets of functions E q coincide with E 2 and the norms II IIq 2 and
II IIq 1 are equivalent on E 2 ). This implies easily
For every q ;;. 1 and € > 0 there exists aD> 0
such that if e is a measurable subset of aD with
(9.2)
m(e) < 0 and if f E E2 with IIfll2 = 1 then
felfIPdm<€for 1 ~p~q.
Since both Y and El are isomorphic to 12 , there exists an isomorphism U: Y ~ E 1 .
We shall show that U is the desired operator. Suppose to the contrary that there exists a
bounded linear operator U: LP * -+ L 1 which extends U. Then, by a result of Maurey
[Mau2] , for every fixed r with p* > r > 1, there exists an operator V: LP * -+ L r and a
multiplication operator Mg : Lr -+ L 1 defined, for some g E Lr*, by Mil) = gf for f E Lr
such that U = Mg V. Next fix q with r > q > 1 and using (9.2) pick 0 > 0 so small that if
e is a measurable subset of aD with m(aD\e) < 0, then the operator Me: L S -+ L S of mul-
tiplication by the characteristic function Xe of e restricted to Es is an isomorphism for 1 ~
s ~ q*. Now we pick K > 0 so large that if e = {z E aD: Ig(z) I ~ K} then m(aD\e) < D.
By a result of [K-P] , the orthogonal projection Q: L q * -+ MAEq *) is bounded as an oper-
ator on Lq*; hence Q being orthogonal is also bounded as an operator from Lq into Me(Eq).
Let ge = g . Xe' Clearly the operator Mge of multiplication by ge is bounded as an operator
from L r into Lq. Since the restrictions to Eq of Me and of iq,l are isomorphisms, there is
an isomorphism W: Me(Eq) ~ El such that WMe(f) = iq,1 (I) for f E Eq . Clearly
WMge V(LP*) eEl and P: U- 1 WMge V is a projection from LP· onto Y, a contradiction. 0
Before we pass to a discussion of possible strengthenings of Theorem 9.1 we would
like to state a corollary of "global" character which is related to Problem 8.2.
COROLLARY 9.4. Let X be a subspace oJ H oo satisfying one of the following proper-

ties:
(a) X is separable and contains an isomorph of co.
(b) X does not contain I ~ uniformly (in particular X is superrejlexive), dim X = 00.
(c) X contains I~ uniformly complemented.
Then X is uncomplemented in H oo •
PROOF. (a) Use Sobczyk's theorem [S] and a result of [B-P] that isomorphs of Co are
uncomplemented in dual Banach spaces. (b) Use Theorem 9.1 and the result of [D-J] men-
tioned before Corollary 9.3. (c) follows from Theorem 9.2.
REMARK. Using slightly more carefully results of [B-D-G-J-N] and [B-G-N] one can
show that the exponents a in Theorem 9.2 can be made any number < 1/8. However, we
feel that the "real value" is a = 1/2.
Problem 9.2. (a) Does there exist a C> 0 such that 'YA(l~);;' Cn 1 / 2 for every n?
BANACH SPACES 63
(b) Does every operator from A into [I factor through [2?

(c) Does L I /H~ have cotype 2, i.e., there is a C> 0 such thatJ~II~7=1 w;,/t)IIL I/HI dt
;;;. C(~f=lllwjllil/HA)I/2 for every wI' w 2 , . . . , wn in LI /H~ and for n = 1,2, ... ? 0
(Here (rj ) denotes the Rademacher functions.)
It follows from a theorem of Maurey (cf. Tomczak Jaegermann [TJ]) that the positive
answer on (c) implies the positive answer on (b); obviously the positive answer to (b) implies
the positive answer on (a).
Recall that a scalar sequence (c n ) is an (A, [1) multiplier if there exists a (unique)
bounded linear operator T(cnf A ---+ [1 such that T(zn) = cno n for n = 0, 1, ... where
on denotes the nth unit vector of [1. It is worthwhile to mention that the answer on Prob-
lem 9 .2(b) is positive for (A, [1) multipliers. It is in fact a restatement of an old result of
Paley [Pa2]. Precisely we have
PROPOSITION 9.3 (PALEY). If (c n ) is an (A, [1)-mu[tiplier then ~lcnl2 < +00; hence
T(c n ) factors through [2.
PROOF. The second part of the proposition is an obvious consequence of the first.
We define U: A ---+ [2 by U(f) = (f(n» for f E A and V: [2 ---+ [1 by V«d n = (dnc n ) »
for (d n ) E [2. Then clearly T = Vu.
To prove the first assertion denote by °~ the nth unit vector of Co regarded as a func-
tional on [1 (n = 0, 1, ... ) and note that the adjoint operator T*: ["" ---+ A * takes ~ into °
the coset {cnz- n + Ll /H~} for n = 0,1, ... (remember that A* = Ll /H~ ffi~ Vsing ).
Fix a positive integer N. By the Kolmogorov theorem (cf. §O.lI) there is a constant C> 0
such that for an arbitrary sequence (f) with €j = ± 1 (j = 1, 2, ... , N) we have
IIT*II ;;;.IIT*(.f
1=0
inf SaD
€/jj) II = hEHl I.i ClfZ- j
1-0
+ h(z) \m (dz)
o
;;;. C (faD \jt j

c/jz- \1/2 m(dZ») 2.
Averaging over all ± 1 sequences, i.e., integrating against the Rademacher functions and ap-
plying the Khinchine inequality for L 1/2 we get
C- 1 1IT*II;;;' SI(rJan \j~N ClP)z-1.\1/2)2

0 m(dz) dt
;;;.
(SIII
~ 0 aD
\N
j~ Cllt)z-I.\1/2 m(dz}:1t)2
= ( r J-liN
L Cllt)z-I.\1/2 m(dz) dt )2
JaD 0 j=O
;;;'C1 / 2 ( I ( LN Icjl 2)1/2 m(dz))2 =C (.LN 1/2 Icjl 2)1/2

aD j=O. 1=0
64 ALEKSANDER PEt.CZyNSKI
where C1 / 2 is the constant in the Khinchine inequality. Letting N - 00 we get ~;:olc/

< 00. 0
A positive answer on our last problem will provide a "local" analogue of Corollary 8.
Problem 9.3. Does there exist for k = 1, 2, ... and for C ~ 1 an integer n = n(k. C)
such that if X is a subspace of A with dim X = n which is a range of a projection from A of
norm";; C, then X contains a k-dimensional subspace, say E with deE, 1';) < 2?
Notes and remarks to §9. Most of the material of this section was obtained jointly by
w. B. Johnson, G. Pisier and the author and is published here for the first time.
Proposition 9.2 is due to Maurey [Maul]. The proof in the text is due to W. B.
Johnson and G. Pisier and is published here with their permission.
Proposition 9.3 is due to Paley [Pa2]. For other proofs see Helson [Hel] and Rudin
[Ru3] _ The proof in the text is similar to Rudin's proof.
ADDED IN PROOF. Every multiplier from L 1 /H~ into P is absolutely summing (cf.
[Kw-P2]). This easily yields Proposition 7.3. It is unknown whether every bounded linear
operator from L 1 /H~ into [2 is absolutely summing.
10. Bases and the Approximation Property in Some Spaces of Analytic Functions
In this section we review results on the approximation property and bases in HP

spaces (I ~ p ~ 00) and in the disc algebra. Most of the results are stated without proofs.
We discuss several open problems.
Recall that a Banach space X has the approximation property (shortly A.P.) if for ev-
ery compact set K in X and € > 0 there exists a finite rank operator T: X -- X with
IIT(x) - xII < € for x E K; moreover, if there exists a A ~ 1 (which depends on X only but
not on K) such that the operator T in question can be chosen with II Til ~ A, then X is said
to have the A-bounded approximation property (shortly the A-B.A.P.). X has the bounded
approximation property (shortly the B.A.P.) if X has the A-B.A.P. for some A ~ 1. A se-
quence (x n ) of elements of X is called a basis for X if for every x E X there is a unique se-
quence of scalars (en) such that x = ~cnxn. The basis (x n ) is unconditional if the series
~cnxn converges unconditionally to X for every x EX.
Each of the above properties is stronger than the preceding one, i.e.,
unconditional basis => basis => B.A.P. => A.P.
The table below shows what is known about the approximation property and the exist-
ence of bases for "classical" spaces of analytic functions.
A.P. I-B.A.P. basis unconditional basis
If''' ? ? - -
A + + + -
HP (l < p < 00) + + + +
HI + + + ?
L oo/H"; ? ? - -
CIAo = qaD)IA o + + + ?
LP /H~ (I < p < 00) + + + +
LI/HA + + + -
We pass to a discussion of the results contained in the table.

The nonexistence of bases in H oo and L IH'; is trivial because these spaces are unsep-
00
arable. The nonexistence of unconditional bases in A and L I /H~ follows for instance from
the results of §4 because those spaces do not have any G-L I.u.st and the existence of an
unconditional basis in a Banach space implies the existence of a G-L I.u.st.
All the separable spaces in the table have I-B.A.P. To this end first recall that a sep-
arable Banach space X has the A-B.A.P. iff there is a sequence Tn: X -- X of finite rank
operators such that II Tn (x) -xll-- 0 for every x E X and sUPnllTnll ~ A. For fELl we
put
65
66 .\LEKSANDER PH.CZyNSKI
1 n-l
Tn (f) = -n "
L.. (n = 1,2, ... ).
k=-n+l
It is easy to see that the Tn's take HP into HP for I ~ p ~ 00, A into A, and induce finite
rank operators on LP IHg (I ~ p ~ 00) and CIAo. The Tn's regarded as operators in each of
the above spaces are of norm one. By the Fejer theorem (cf. [8, p. 23])
IITn(f) - flip - 0 for fE HP; IITn(f) - flloo - 0 for fE A,
IlqTn(f) - q(f)II LP /Hg - 0 for f E LP; IIqTn(f) - q(f)IICfA 0 - 0 for fE qaD).
Here q: LP - LP IHg (resp. q: qaD) - CIAo) denotes the quotient map. Thus
PROPOSITION 10.1. Each of the spaces 11', LP /Hg (l ~ p < 00), A, CIAo has I-B.A.P.
By a result of Boas [Bo] (cf. also [Kw-P] and §O.Il), the spaces HP and LP /Hg are
isomorphic to LP for I < p < 00. By a result of Marcinkiewicz and Paley (cf., e.g., Burkholder
and Gundi [B-G)), the Haar system is an unconditional basis for LP (l < p < 00). Thus
PROPOSITION 10.2. If I < p < 00, then the spaces HP and LP IHg have unconditional
bases.
The situation in the "limit cases" of HI, A, L I IH~ and CIAo is much more delicate.
The existence of bases in these cases is essentially due to Billard [Bi] and Bockarev [Bt].
We shall briefly describe their approach.
Let (gj) be an orthonormal system in the real space L~ [0, 27T] with go == 1/..[I1r. We
define a new orthonormal system consisting of 27T-periodic real even functions in (""11',7T) L1
by
= ~ gj(-2t)
g,.(2t) for t E [0, 7T] ,
g~(t)
1 for t E [-7T, 0] ,
(j = 0, I, ... )_
Next we put
1 +i g,~ = (g~ + iH(g~))

g# -
0- vfS' _1_
V2 1 /
(j = 1,2, ... )
where
H(g~)(t) = lim - -
1 f.7r gj(t + s) - gj(t - s)
ds
, e-HO 7T e 2 tg(sI2)
is the Hilbert transform of gj.

It is easy to see that (gt) is an orthonormal sequence in the complex space L 2 (-7T, 7T),
in fact in H2. (We identify H2 with the subspace of L 2 (-7T, 7T) spanned by the characters
(eint)n;;.o). Moreover, (gf) is an orthonormal basis for H2 if (gj) is a complete orthonormal
system in L 1.
Starting with "nice" orthonormal systems in L ~ one can construct in that way ortho-
normal systems which form bases for HP (00 > P ~ l) and for A. In particular we have
BANACH SPACES 67
PROPOSITION lO.3.(BILLARD c[Bi]). Let (hn):=o be the Haar system in L [0, 21T] , 1
i.e.,
(21T)-1/2,2 k / 2 for 2r ~ ~ t < (2r + 1) ~,

2k + 1 2k + 1
-(21T)-1/22 k / 2 for (2r + 1) ~ ~ t < 2(r + 1) ~,

2k +1 2k + 1
o otherwise,
(r = 0, 1, ... , 2k - 1; k = 0, 1, .. , ).
Then (h!):=o is a basis for HI .
Let (fn) be the Franklin system, i.e., the orthonormal system in L1 [0, 2'lT] which is
obtained by the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization of the sequence 1, J~ho(s) ds, J~hl (s) ds,
where (hn):=o is the Haar system. Then we have
PROPOSITION 10.4 (BOCKAREV [Bt]). The system (f!) is a basis for A.
Here we identify A with a subspace of C [-1T, 1T] spanned by the characters (eint)n?>o.
A few words on the proof of Proposition 10.4. Since each fn is a piecewise linear
function, H(f~) is continuous and therefore ff: E A for n = 0, 1, . .. . Next recall that
the Franklin system is a basis for CR 10, 21T] (for an elegant proof of this fact cf. [Cl]) and
therefore
the ~equence (j~) is a basis for the subspace of
(10.1 ) CR [-1T, 1T] consisting of all the even functions.
The crucial point of the proof is to establish the inequality
(10.2) IIHCto f~}f~ )II~ ~K(llfll~ + IIH(f)II~)

<t,
for every even fE CR [-1T, 1T] and for N = 1,2, ...

where K is an absolute constant. The proof of (10.2) is difficult. It uses a delicate real var-
iable technique involving an analysis of the behavior of the Hilbert transform of piecewise
linear functions with nodes in the "first 2k + r" dyadic points of the interval [-1T, 1T] and
some results of Ciesielski [C2].
Next it is convenient to introduce the real space
AR = {(t, g) E CR [-1T, 1T] x CR [IT, 1T] : g = H(f)}.

Using (10.1) and (10.2) we easily check that the sequence (f~, H(f~)) is a basis for the
closed linear subspace of A R which it spans. This subspace consists of all the pairs (f, g) E
AR with f even. (The last fact is not obvious but not hard to check.) Thus for each fE A
with Re(f) even there is a real sequence (c/f))j?> 0 such that
68 ALEKSANDER PEl,CZYNSKI
{I 0.3) f= L clf)ff
;==0
(the series converges uniformly on [-1T, 1T], i.e., in the norm topology of A). Hence if Ref
is an odd function, then
00
f = L -ic;(if)fr
;==0
because if Re(f) is odd then Im(f) is even.
Finally using the identity
f(t) = ~ [(f(t) + f(-t)) + (f(t) - fe-f»~]
we infer that for every f E A there is a sequence of complex numbers (Cj(f»r~o such that
(10.3) holds. The sequence (cj(f)j<;.o is unique because the sequence (fr) is orthonormal.
The proof of Proposition 10.3, being similar to that of Proposition 10.4, is even tech-
nically simpler.
There are several consequences of Propositions 10.3 and 10.4. First we have
COROLLARY 10.1. The spaces CIAo and L I IH~ have bases.
PROOF. The space CIAo is a predual of HI (cf. § 1). Therefore the existence of a
basis in CIAo follows from Proposition 10.3 and the result of Johnson, Rosenthal and Zippin
[J-R-Z] that if X* has a basis then X does. A strengthening of this general result can be
also used to show that L I /H~ has a basis. There exists however a less formal argument. The
coefficient functionals of the Bockarev basis (fr)j;' 0 form a basis for the subspace of A *
which they span. Since (fr)j;'o is an orthonormal system, the jth coefficient functionals
can be identified with the coset {1l + H~} for j = 0,1, ... (under the natural identifica-
tion of L I /H~ with a subspace of A *; cf. § 1). To complete the proof it is enough to show
that the closed linear span E of the cosets ({1r + H~} )j~O coincides with LIIH~. To this
end, fix n ~ 0 and let e int = r:;oc/fl(f) uniformly on [-1T, 1T]. Then e- int = r:;oCjl!(f)
uniformly on [-1T,1T] and therefore also in LI-norm. Hence {e- int + H~} =
r:;oc/ if! + H~} in the norm topology of L I IH~. This shows that each coset {e- int + H~}
belongs to E for n = 0, 1, .... Combining the last fact with the Fejer theorem we get the de-
sired conclusion. 0
The space A(Dn) of all continuous functions on the n-disc analytic in its interior can be
regarded as the n weak tensor product power of the disc algebra. By a result of Gelbaum and
Gil de Lam ad rid [G-GL] , the weak tensor product of Banach spaces with bases has a basis.
Hence
CoROLLARY 102. The space A(Dn) has a basis n = 1,2, ....
Very little is known on the existence of bases in the spaces A(U) for other bounded
closed domains of holomorphy U in en(cf. § 11 for the. definition). In particular we have
Problem 10.1. Does the spaceA(Bn ) have a basis?
Here Bn = {A = (Zj) E C": 1:IZj 12 :e;;; I}. Let us observe that if U is a bounded closed
BANACH SP!\CES 69
circled domain in en then A(U) has the I-B.A.P. For, define Tn: A(U) ~ A(U) to be the
nth Fejer sum operator, i.e.,
Tn(f) = f
;=0
n n+ ~ ; j [In] for [EA(U) (n = 0,1, ... )
where [I n] denotes the homogeneous part of degree n of the Taylor expansion of [at zero.
Next we turn to a discussion of the interrogation marks in the table. First we state
Problem 10.2. (a) Does the space CIAo have an unconditional basis?
(b) Does HI have an unconditional basis?
(c) Is H I isomorphic to a subspace of a space with an unconditional basis?
(d) Does HI have any local unconditional structure?
Obviously the positive answer to (a) implies the positive answer to (b). Furthermore,
it has been observed in [Kw-P] and independently by Burkholder (unpublished) that the
Billard basis (ht) for HI is not unconditional. We do not know whether the space HI is
isomorphic to the space "martingale HI" - Mart HI where the last one is defined to be the
space of all the functions [in L I whose Fourier-Haar expansion "'if=oc;(f)f; converges un-
conditionally in L I ; we admit
sup
1e;1=1
If
;=0
E;C;(f)!j III·
L
Finally in connection with (b) and (d) it is interesting to mention that no example of a sub-
space of L I without any local unconditional structure is known.
Next we pass to the
Problem 10.3. Does H"" have the approximation property (resp. the bounded approxi-
mation property)?
The same problem is open for L"" IH';. The spaces H"", L "" IH'; and the space of all
the bounded linear operators on an infinite dimensional Hilbert space are the most common
Banach spaces naturally appearing in analysis for which the approximation property is un-
known. All those spaces are nonseparable. However Problem 10.3 can be reduced to some
questions on separable function algebras. It is known (cf., e.g., [J]) that a Banach space X
has A.P. (resp. A-B.A.P. for some A ~ 1) iff every separable subspace of X is contained in
another separable subspace of X with A.P. (resp. with A-B.A.P. for the same A). On the
other hand, by a recent result of Marshall [M] the Blaschke products are linearly dense in
H"". Thus the positive answer on Problem 10.3 would follow from the positive answer on
the following
Problem 10.4. Does every closed sub algebra of H"" generated by a countable set of
Blaschke products have A.P. (resp. A-B.A.P. for some absolute constant A)?
We do not know the answer to Problem 10.4 even in the case of algebras generated
by finitely many Blaschke products. Observe that, by a result of Milne [Mi] , there is a sep-
arable uniform algebra which fails to have the A.P.
Another way of reducing Problem 10.3 to a question on the disc algebra involves the
concept of the uniform approximation property introduced in [P-R]. Recall that a Banach
space X has the uniform approximation property (V.A.P. for short) if there exists a A < 00
and a function k -+ N(k) (k = 1, 2, ... ) such that for every subset F C X of cardinality k
there is an operator T: X -+ X such that T(f) =f for f E F, II Til ~ A, dim T(X) ~ N(k).
Obviously the V.A.P. with a constant A implies A-B.A.P. Furthermore, a complemented sub-
space of a Banach space with V.A.P. has the V.A.P. Lindenstrauss and Tzafriri [L- TI]
proved that a Banach space X has the V.A.P. iff X** does. From the results of § 1 it follows
that 11 is a complemented subspace of A **. Thus
Problem 10.5. Does the disc algebra A have the uniform approximation property?
ADDED IN PROOF. Every finite dimensional in L 1 /H~ of norm one is one dimensional;
there is no sequence in A and L 1 /H~ finite dimensional projections of norm one which tends
strongly to the identity operator; in fact the range of every finite dimensional projection in
A of norm one is isometrically isomorphic to t;; (cf. [W3].
11. The Polydisc Algebra and the n-BaU Algebra, and Their Duals
Let V be a bounded closed domain of holomorphy in the n-dimensional complex vector

space en, let av denote the boundary of U. By A(U) we denote the Banach space of all
continuous complex valued functions on V which are holomorphic in V\aV-the interior of
U; the norm in A(V) is defined by IIfll = suPAEulf(A)1 = sUPAEa ulf(A)1 for f E A(V). In
this section we shall primarily deal with the following domains:
the n-disc, D n = {A = (Zj) E en: maxI <;;j<;;n IZjl ~ I};
the n-ball, B n = {A = (Zj) E en: ~j=llzl ~ I}.
Clearly DI = B I = D is the unit disc. The spaces A(D n ) and A(Bn) are called the n-disc alge-
bra and the n-ball algebra respectively. They are the most natural analogue of the disc alge-
bra among the spaces of analytic functions of several complex variables.
Very little is known about the linear topological classification of the spaces A(V).
Clearly if there is a biholomorphic map from the interior of a domain VI onto the interior
of a domain U2 which extends to a homeomorphism from VI onto V 2 , then the spaces A(VI )
and A(V2 ) are isomorphic (= linearly homeomorphic). This condition is not necessary as
the example shows:
VI = D-the unit disc in e l ;
V 2 = D U {z E e l : Iz - 31 ~ I} -the union of two disjoint discs.
A reasonable conjecture says that the topological dimension of V, i.e., the number of vari-
ables, is a linear topological invariant of A(U). More precisely, if VI and V 2 are bounded
closed domains of holomorphy in en and em respectively and if n =1= m, then the Banach
spaces A(V I ) and A(V2 ) are not isomorphic. On the other hand a beautiful result due to
Henkin [He2], [He3] shows that the spaces A(V) of the same number of variables may not
be isomorphic; in particular, the n-disc algebra is not isomorphic as a Banach space to the n-
ball algebra whenever n ;;;. 2 (cf. Theorem 11.1 below).
A concrete open question related to the "dimension conjecture" mentioned above is
the following
Problem 11.1. Are the spaces A(Dn) and A(Dm ) (resp. A(Bn) and A(Bm)) not isomor-
phic whenever n =1= m?
The next theorem summarizes what is known in the linear topological classification of
the Banach spaces A(Dn) and A(Bm).
THEOREM 11.1. (a) (Henkin [HeI]' [He2l). If n = 1,2, ... and m = 2, 3, ...
then A(Bn) is not isomorphic to A(Dm).
71
72 ALEKSANDER PEI:.CZyNSKI
(b) (Mitjagin-Pelczynski [Mt-P]). The disc algebra A = A(Dl) = A(B l ) is not isomor-
phic to A(Bn) for n ~ 2.
The isomorphic invariants which enable us to obtain Theorem 11.1 are expressed in
terms of the duals of the spaces A(Dn ) and A(Bm). and they have been introduced in § I.
We recall those invariants. Let X be a separable Banach space. We say that X has Prop-
erty I if it is isomorphic to a subspace of a C(S)-space whose annihilator in [C(S)] * is norm
separable; X has Property II if X* is a separable distortion of L 1 (v), i.e., X* is isomorphic to
the Cartesian product M ffi V where M is a separable Banach space and V is an L 1 (v)-space.
Clearly the possessing by a Banach space X of Property I (resp. Property II) is an iso-
morphic invariant of X. Hence our Theorem 11.1 is an immediate consequence of the fol-
lowing.
THEOREM 11.2. We have

Property I Property II
A = A(Dl) = A(B l ) Yes Yes
A(Bn) (n ~ 2) No Yes
A(Dn) (n ~ 2) No No
Most of this section is devoted to the proof of Theorem 11.2. We begin with the
"yes" entries of the table. The first row follows easily from the F. and M. Riesz theorem
(cL § 1). The last "yes" in the second row is a consequence of Henkin's generalization of
the F. and M. Riesz theorem which we present next.
We begin with introducing the concept of an analytic measure (due to Henkin) which
plays now an important role in the theory of analytic functions of several complex variables.
Let U be a closed bounded domain of holomorphy in Cn . A sequence ~) in A(U) is
a Montel sequence provided sup;lIfjll < 00 and lim;fj(A) = 0 for every A in the interior of U.
DEFINITION 11.1. An analytic measure on aD is a complex Borel measure p. on au
such that lim;foufjdp. = 0 for every Montel sequence (fj) in A(U). We shall denote by
AM(U) the set of all the analytic measures on au.
Clearly we have
PROPOSITION 11.1. (i) AM(U) is a norm closed subspace of [C(au)] *.

(ii) [A(U)] 1 C AM(U).
(iii) If J.1. E AM(U) and f E A(U) then fp. E AM(U).
(iv) If v is a representing measure for a point A E U\au, i.e., fa uf dv = f(A) for f E
A(U), then v E AM(U). 0
The evaluation at a point AE U\au regarded as an element of [A(U)] * will be de-

noted by 'Pr.
Now we are ready to state Henkin's result.
BANACH SPACES 73
THEOREM 11.3. (a) If II E [C(3Bn)] * and II « iJ.Li with J.L E AM(3Bn ), then II E
AM(3Bn )·
(b) The dual [A(Bn)] * is isometrically isomorphic to the product AM(Bn)/[A(Bn)] 1
$1 V where V is the L I-space consisting of all measures in [C(3Bn)] * which are singular
with respect to all positive analytic measures on 3Bn .
(c) The space AM(Bn)/[A(B n)] 1 is separable and is isometrically isomorphic to the
closed linear span of the IP~ for A E Bn \3Bn"
PROOF. The difficult part of the Theorem is (a). Assuming that (a) has been estab-
lished we deduce (b) and (c) as follows. Let V = {v E [C(3Bn)] *. v 1 iJ.Li for every J.L E
AM(3B n)}. Then V is a band (= a complex sub lattice ) in [C(3B n)] *. Hence V is an L 1_
space. Furthermore by (a) and the Lebesgue decomposition theorem
Factoring through the annihilator [A(Bn)] 1 and taking into account that the dual of [A(Bn)] *
is naturally isometrically isomorphic (via the restriction map) with the quotient
[C(3Bn)] */[A(Bn)] 1 and that [A(Bn)] 1 C AM(Bn ), we get
[A(Bn)] * = [C(3Bn )] */[A(bn )] 1 = (AM(Bn)/[A(B n)] 1) $1 V.
This completes the proof of (b).

To prove (c) we assume (b) and we shall identify the dual [A(Bn)] * with the product
AM(Bn)/[A(Bn)] 1 $1 V and the quotient AM(Bn)/[A(Bn)] 1 with the subspace
AM(Bn)/A(Bn)l $1 {OJ of that product. Let E be the norm closed subspace of [A(Bn)] *
spanned by the IPt's for A E Bn \3Bn . Under the above identification each IPt corresponds
to the coset {J.L + [A(Bn)]l} where J.L is any representing measure for the point A EBn\3Bn.
Since J.L E AM(Bn ), IP: E AM(Bn)/[A(Bn)] 1. Hence E C AM(Bn)/[A(Bn )] 1. Now let x* E
[A(Bn)] *\E. Then, by the Hahn-Banach theorem, there exists an x** in [A(Bn)] ** such
that x**(x*) = 1 and x**(IP1) = 0 for AE Bn \3Bn . Thus, by Helly's theorem, for every
sequence (Aj) in Bn \3Bn there is a sequence (fj) in A(Bn) such that IP,/fk ) = fk(Aj) = 0
for j = I, 2, ... , k; x*(fk) = 1; IIfkii :e;;; 2I1x**11 (k = I, 2, ... ). If we have chosen the
sequence (Aj) to be dense in Bn \3Bn , the Montel theorem then yields that (fj) is a Montel
sequence. Thus, if J.L is any extension of x* to a linear functional on [C(3Bn)] *, then J.L is
not an analytic measure because
lil!l
I
f aBn
fj dJ.L = li~
I
x*(fj) = 1.
This shows that E = AM(Bn)J [A (B n) ]1.

lt remains to prove that E is separable. To this end fix r with 0 < r < 1 and let Qr :
A(Bn) - C(rB n ) be the restriction map, where rBn = {A E Bn: r -I A E Bn}. By the
Montel theorem, Qr is compact. Hence Q:: [C(rBn)] * - [A(Bn)] * is also.compact. Thus
the set {IPt: A E rB n} is totally bounded being contained in the image under of the unit Q:
ball of [C(rBn)] *. Therefore, the set
74 I\LEKSANDER PELCZYNSKI
is separable and so is E. This completes the proof of (c).

PROOF OF (a). It is enough to show
(11.1 ) if p. E AM(Bn ), then ~p. E AM(Bn) for k = 1,2, ... , n.
Indeed (11.1) together with Proposition 11.1(iii) yields Pp. E AM(Bn) for every poly-
nomial P in the 2n variables zl' z2' ... ,zn' zl' z2' ... ,zn- By the Stone-Weierstrass
theorem the polynomials are dense in L1(1p.1). Thus Ll(Ip.1) C AM(Bn), because AM(Bn) is
a closed subspace of C{aB n)*. This proves (a).
Now let m denote the Lebesgue measure on aB n' Before proving (11.1) we need the
observation that the assertion of Theorem 11.3(a) holds for p. = m. To this end recall the
Cauchy formula for Bn
(11.2)
where cn is a numeric factor independent of f. From (11.2) we derive

f(O) = cn ( f(w)m(dw),
JaBn
ak1 +k2+"'+kn n -k.

~---k-f(O) = kl! k2! ... k n ! cn ( few) n wi" m(dw)
aZ kl .•. aZn n
l
JaB n ,= 1
.
for arbitrary multi-index (k 1 • k 2 • ... ,kn ) and for fE A(Bn)' (Here w = (wI' w 2 ' ... ,
wn ).) Hence the Lebesgue measure m is analytic being a representing measure for the origin.
By the Montel theorem, lim;<a k1 +"'+kn/az~l ... az!n)Uj(O» = 0 for every Montel sequence
Uj) in A(Bn} and every multi-index (k 1 • k2' ... ,kn )· Therefore, the measures 1Zfi . m ni=
are analytic and the same application of the Stone-Weierstrass theorem as in the beginning of
the proof of (a) yields
if 1/ is a complex Borel measure on aBn which is absolutely
(11.3) continuous with respect to the Lebesgue measure m, then
EAM(Bn}'
1/
Next we shall show how to derive (11.1) from (11.2), (11.3) and the following
MAIN LEMMA. Let
Then Tf extends to a continuous function on C{Bn} for each f E A(Bn }, and moreover the
operator T: A(Bn) - C(Bn) is compact.
PROOF OF (11.1). Without loss of generality one may assume that k = 1. Let us set
Sf= zlf- Tf for ffiC.A(B n }.

BANACH SPACES 75
Then, by the first part of the Main Lemma, Sf E C(Bn). Furthermore, by (11.2),
r wlf(w)
(SfX~) = en Ji m(dw) for a E Bn \aBn ·
aBn [1 - (a, w)}n
Therefore, (Sf Xa) depends analytically on & in the interior of the ball Bn; hence Sf is holo-
morphic in Bn \aBn , equivalently Sf E A(Bn). Thus S: A(Bn) --+ A(Bn) is a bounded linear
operator. Next observe that for every fixed a E Bn \aBn the measure vI E [C(aBn)] * defined
by VI (A) = JA (wd[1 - (A, w)]n)m(dw) for measurable A c aBn is absolutely continuous
with respect to m. Hence, by (11.3), vA E AM(Bn ). Therefore, for every Montel sequence
(fj) in A(Bn) and for every a E Bn \aBn
(11.4)
and
(11.5)
By the second part of the Main Lemma, (Tfj) is a sequence of equicontinuous functions (be-
cause sup;llfjll < 00) which, by (11.5), converges to zero on a dense subset of Bn. Hence
(11.6) Tfj( a) --+ 0 as i --+ 00 uniformly for aE Bn·

Thus, for every J.I. E [C(aB n )]*, lim;JaBnTfjdJ.l. = o. Furthermore, for every analytic mea-
sure J.I.,
lim r
; JaBn
(Sfj) dJ.l. =0
because, by (11.4), if (fj) is a Montel sequence so is (Sfj). Therefore, for every Montel se-
quence (fj) in A(Bn)
lim
;
f aBn fj(w)w t J.I.(dw) = lim C·
; JaBn
Tfj dJ.l. + lim
;
JaBn Sfj dJ.l. = 0
which completes the proof of (11.1).
PROOF OF THE MAIN LEMMA. Let us set K(a, w) w
= (Zt - l )/[1- (A' w)]n for .4 =
(Zt' ... ,zn) E Bn and w = (WI' ... , W n) E aBn and A -=1= w; K(a, w) = 0 for a = wE
aBn. First observe that it is enough to show
lim cx; = 0
;
where cx; = sup
IEBn
f A;(I)
IK( A' w )Im(dw)
(11.7)
and A/A) = {w E aBn: Re(A, w) ~ 1- l/i}.
Assuming (11.7) we complete the proof as follows. Let 1/1: [0,00] --+ [0, 1] be a con-
tinuous function defined by 1/I(t) =0 for 0 ~ t < ~, 1/I(t) ~ 1 for t ~ 1, 1/I(t) linear for
h ~ t < 1. Let
K;Ca' w) = K(a' w)1/I(j{1 - Re(A' w))) for i = 1,2, ...

and let
Since the kernels K j are continuous on Bn x aBn • T/ E C(Bn) for f E C(Bn) and the Opt
tors Tj are compact. We have also
(11.8)
Hence, by (11.7), the sequence (Tjt) tends uniformly to Tf on Bn. Thus Tf is continuous
for every fE C(Bn) and T is a bounded linear operator on C(Bn). Moreover, limjllTj - TIl
= 0; hence T is compact.
The proof of (11.7) is easy for n = 1 because then IK( A' w)1 = 1 for A"* w. If n ~ 2
we observe first that IK(A, w)1 ~ II~ - wll/ll - (A, w)l n and Aj(A) C Aj(o/IIAII) for 0"* 0
and j = l, 2, .... Clearly, by the rotation invariantness of the Lebesgue measure m on aB n'
the integral JAj(AIIAII-I)ll o- willI! - (A, w)l n m(dw) is a function of 110 11 only. Therefore,
we may assume without loss of generality that 0 = ae 1 where e 1 = (1, 0, 0, ... , 0) and 0
<a ~ 1. Hence to prove (11.7) it is enough to show that
Ilae 1 - wll
lim (3j =0 where (3j = sup ( _ m(dw).
j=oo O":a":l JA j (el) 11 - aWl In
This will follow if we show
lIae l wll
-
(11.9) _ ~ 2 n + 1/ 2 11 - w11(1-2n)/2 (0 <a ~ 1 and w E aNn)
11 -aw 1 ln
and
(11.10)
To establish (11.9) we need elementary inequalities
\ 1a-Z\~I;
- az 1 ~1~2
1 - az
(0 <a ~ 1, zED).
The second one yields (for z = WI)

1 2n - 1
(11.11) ----=---~---=---
11 - aWl In-l 11-wlln-l
Applying both inequalities we get
la - w112 + 1 - Iw I I2
11-aw112
11 - aw112 + 1 - Iw112 4(1 - IW112)

(11.12) ~1+
11 - aw 1 12 11 - w112
5 - 2 Re WI - 31wl12 8(1 - Re WI) -1

~ ~ 811 - wll
11 - wl12 II-w 1 12
BANACH SPACES 77
Combining (11.11) with (11.12) we get (11.9).

The proof of (11.10) is routine. After expressing the integral in terms of spherical co-
ordinates (in the unit sphere in R2n) the problem reduces to the finiteness of the integral
1T 1T sin 2n - 2a sin 2n - 3 /3 da d/3

So So . [(I - cosa)2 + sin2a cos2i3] (2n-l)/4 '
whose integrand is ~ C/(a 2 + (13 - Tr/2)2)1/2 for some absolute constant C. 0

Our next goal is to show that if n ;;;;. 2 then the spaces A(Dn) and A(Bn) are not iso-
morphic to complemented subspaces of a C(S)-space with a separable annihilator. This will
establish the "no" entries in the first row of the table.
We shall need the following concept.
DEFINITION 11.2. A subset F of a closed bounded domain U C Cn is called a support
for the disc algebra if there exists a map <PF: D ~ F and a function gF E A(U) such that
(11.13) 'PF(D) = F,
(11.14) gF 0 <PF(z) =Z for every zED,
(11.15) ~F(w)1 <1 for every wE U\(F n aU),
(11.16) I F (!) =fo <PF EA for every fEA(U).
Our next result provides a useful criterion for nonisomorphism of some A(U)-spaces
to a disc algebra.
THEOREM 11.4. Let U C Cn be a closed bounded domain of holomorphy. Suppose

that
(*) there exists in U an uncountable family (F'Y)'YEr of supports of the disc algebra
such that
Fa n F~ n au = ¢ whenever a =1= 13 (a, 13 E r).
Then the Banach space A(U) is not isomorphic to any subspace ofC(S)-space with a sep-
arable annihilator.
PROOF. Let us set I",I = IF' Y

,g", = gF
I 'Y for 'Y E r, where the operators IF 'Y and the
functions gF'Y are the IF and gF of Definition 11.2 for F = F'Y' Let PA : A ~ 12 be the
Paley operator defined by
and let P'Y = PAI'Y for 'Y E r. Since the operator PA is absolutely summing (cf. §3, Exam-
ple 3.1), so are P'Y and Tr1(P'Y) ~ Tr1(PA ) = C for every 'Y E r.
Now assume to the contrary that there is a closed linear subspace X of a C(S)-space
(S compact Hausdorff) such that the annihilator Xl eLl ()I.) for some Borel probability mea-
sure A on S, and there are bounded linear operators R: A(U) ~ X and Q: X ~ A(U) such
78 ALEKSANDER PE-lCZYNSKI
that QR = idA(u) is the identity on A(U). Then, by Corollary 2.1, for every 'Y E r, there
exist a nonnegative function h-y and a compact (even nuclear) operator V-y: X _[2 such
that
(11.17)
Next fix € with 0 < € < (Vi - l)/(IIRII + 1) and, for every 'Y E r, pick a nonnegative func-
tion b-y E L (X) so that
00
(11.18)
Let
(m = 1,2, ... ).
Since U;;;
=1 r m = r and since r is uncountable, at least one of the sets r m' say r m 0' is
infmite. Now fix a positive integer M > 411Q IIm~ and distinct indices 'Y 1 ' 'Y 2' ... , 'YM in
r mo. For simplicity we shall write in the sequel the index i instead of 'Yj; for instance Pj
instead P-Yj' bj instead of b-Yj' etc. Let us set
Yj,r =R«(gyr-l) fori = 1,2, ... ,M;r = 1,2, . . . .
Clearly IIYJ• rll ~ 1IRIIIIg~r-llloo ~ IIRII because by (11.13), (11.14) and (11.15), IIg~r-lll =
, J /
IIgjll = 1. Thus, using the fact that the operators Vj are compact, we extract an infinite in-
creasing subsequence (r(k)) of the indices such that
IlVj(Xj,k)11 <€ for i = 1,' 2, ... ,M; k = 1, 2, ...

where Xj,k = Yj,r(2k-l) - Yj,r(2k)'
Thus, by (1Ll7) and (11.18),
(11.19)
because IIxj,kll ~ IIYj,r(2k-1)11 + IIYj,r(2k)1I ~ 211RII (j = 1,2, ... ,M; k = 1,2, ... ).
On the other hand, using the definition of PA and remembering that QR = id x , we
get
PjQ(Yj,r) = Pj(glr-l) = PA ( z2r-l) = er (j = 1,2, ... ,M)
where er denotes the rth unit vector of [2 (r = 1, 2, ... ).

Hence IIPjQ(xj,k)1I = Vi because PjQ(Xj,k) is a difference of two orthogonal vectors
each of norm one. Thus
(11.20) Is IXj,k1bjdA ~Vi- €(lIRIl + 1) ~ 1· (j = 1,2, ... ,M;k = 1,2, ... ).

BANACH SPACES 79
It follows from the assumption (*) that the sets FI n au, F2 n au, ... , FM n au
are mutually disjoint. Combining this with (I 1.13), (I 1.14) and (11.15), we infer that there
exists an index ro such that, for r > ro' ~~llgr-l(w)1 ~ 2 for w E U. Thus there exists
an index k such that for arbitrary complex numbers c I' c 2 , . . . , cM , we have
IIjtl CjXj,k II ~ IIj~ cj Yj,r<2k-l) II + Ilj~ c j Yj,r(2k) II
qQII(t~ c;g(2HH I + t~ c;g(2kH II)

~ 411QII max ICjl.
l';;;'j';;;'M
Hence ~~ 1 Ix/s) I ~ 411QII for every s E U. Therefore,

M
L Ix/s)lb/s) ~ 411Q11mo for s E U
;=1
because "I; E rmo (equivalently IIb;lIoo ~ mol. Thus, by (11.14),
which contradicts with the choice of M 0
Now we are ready for
COROLLARY 11.1. If n ;;;. 2 then each of the spaces (i) A(Bn), (ii) A(Dn) is not iso-
morphic to any complemented subspace of a C(S)-space with a separable annihilator.
PROOF. It is enough to show that both domains Bn and D n (n ;;;. 2) satisfy the assump-
tion of Theorem 11.4.
(i) Let r = {w = (wI' w 2 , ... , wn ) E aBn: WI = Re WI > OJ. For w E r define
I{Jw: D -Bn by I{Jw(z) = zw for Z ED; next defineg w EA(Bn) by gw(~) = (~, w) =
~~=lZkWk for ~ = (zl' z2"'" zk) EBn, and put Fw = I{Jw(D)· Clearly each triple
(F w' I{Jw' g w) satisfies the conditions (11.13)-(11.16) of Definition 11.2, and Bn together
with the family (Fw)wEr satisfies (*).
(ii) Let r = {w = (WI' W 2 ' ... , W n - 1 ) E Cn- 1: IWll = IW21 = ... = Iwn_11 = I}.
For w E r define I{Jw: D - D n by I{Jw(z) = (wI' w 2 ' ... , w n- 1 ' z) for zED, and gw E
A(Dn) by gw(~) = znn~:!l rl(Zk + w k ) for ~ = (Zl' Z2' ... , zm) E Dn, and put
Fw = I{JjD). Clearly each triple (Fw, I{JW' gw) satisfies the conditions (11.13)-(11.16) of
Definition 11.2, and D n together with the family (FW)WEr satisfies (*). 0
We turn to the last "no" entry in the table of Theorem 11.2. Again we shall prove
more than is stated there; namely, we have
THEOREM 11.5. If m ;;;. 2 then the dual [A(Dm)] * is not isomorphic to any subspace
80 <\LEKSANDER PELCZYNSKI
of the Cartesian product M EBI V where M is an arbitrary separable Banach space and V is an
L I (v}-space.
This stronger result immediately yields
COROLLARY 11.2. If n = 1, 2, ... and m = 2, 3, ... then A(Dm) is not isomorphic

to any quotient space of A(Bn).
Theorem 11.5 itself is an immediate consequence of the following three lemmas stated
below.
If E is a Banach space and r a set of indices then by 1~(E) we denote the Banach
space of all functions (X'Y)'YEr: r ----+ E such that II(x'Y)'YEr ll = sUProcr~'YErollx'Yll < 00
where the supremum is extended over all finite subsets roof r.
LEMMA 11.1. The space L I /H~ is not isomorphic to any subspace of an L I (v}-space.
LEMMA 11.2. If m ;;;;. 2 then the space [A(Dm)] * contains a subspace isometrically
isomorphic to I~(L I /H~) for some uncountable set r.
LEMMA 11.3. Let E be a Banach space. Assume that for some uncountable set r the
space I ~(E) embeds isomorphically into a Cartesian product M EBI V where M is a separable
Banach space and V is an L 1 (v}-space. Then E is isomorphic to a subspace of some other
L I (p. }-space.
PROOF OF LEMMA 11.1. Use Corollary 4.1, and the fact that the dual of L I /H~ is iso-
metrically isomorphic to H oo (cf. § 1). 0
PROOF OF LEMMA 11.2. Let r = aD. To each w E aD we assign the subspace E w of
[A(Dn)] * consisting of the functionals x* for which there is a gx. ELI such that
(11.21) x*(f) = J( f(z, w, 0,0, ... , O)gx.(z)m(dz) for fEA(D n ).

aD
It is clear that the map x* ----+ {H~ + gx.} ts, for every fixed w, an isometric isomorphism
from Ew onto L I /H~. We shall show that the family of these isometric isomorphisms "ex-
tends" to an isometric isomorphism from the smallest closed linear subspace of [A(Dm)] *
which contains all the subspaces E w ' for w E r = aD, onto I~(L I /H~). To this end it is
clearly enough to show that if {WI' w2 ' ..• ,wM } is an arbitrary finite subset of r then
(I 1.22) for every xt E Ew. (j = 1,2, ... ,M).

/
Let gj = g x! ELI satisfy (I 1.21) with x* = xt for j = 1, 2, . . . ,M. For j = 1, 2, . . . ,M,

we define an h j E A (D) so that hj(w k ) = 0 for k =1= j, hj(wj) = 1, Ihiw) I < 1 for w =1= Wj.
The existence of the h/s with the above properties follows immediately from the Rudin-
Carleson theorem (cf. Theorem 2.1). By the definition of the xl's, for f E A(D n ), for j =
1, 2, ... ,M, and for r = 1, 2, . .. we have
(11.23) xt(f) = xtUh'j); xt(fh'k) = 0 whenever k =1= j; IIfhjll ~ Ilfli.

BANACH SPA.CES 81
Here we identify hj with functions in A(B m ) whose value at a point (z\, Z2' ... , zn) is
[h j (Z2)r.
Now fix E > 0 and pick fj E A(Dm) with Ilfjll = 1 so that xt(fj) = Re xt(fj) ~ Ilx!11
- ElM for j = I, 2, ... , M. Next pick an integer r so large that
(11.24)
Then, by (11.23), putting x* = ~f!= 1 xt, we have
x'(.~, hVk) ~ J, x'(hUk) ~ k~' it. xWkh~)

M M M
= L xt(fjhj) = L xt(fj) ~ L Ilxtll - E,
j= 1 j= 1 j= 1
while, by (11.23) and (11.24),
L~1 h~fk II ~ :~b 1;1 Ih~(z)lllfkll ~ 1 + E.

Thus,
j~ IIx!11 ~ IIx*1I ~ (1 + E)-1 Ix*C~1 fkh~) I ~ C~ Ilxtll- E)/(1 + E).
Letting E tend to 0 we get (11.22). 0
PROOF OF LEMMA 11.3. By [L-PI, Proposition 7.1] , it is enough to show that there
is a C;:' 1 such that for every finite dimensional subspace F of E there is a subspace Fl in
V and an isomorphism Q: F -+ F 1 with IIQIIIIQ- 111 ~ C Let qM and q v denote the natural
projection of M 611 V onto M and V respectively. Let, for a E r,
Clearly we may identify each EOI with E via the map (x')') -+ x Oi ' Let T be an isomorphic
embedding of 1~(E) into M 611 V, let T- 1 : Tl~(E) -+ 1~(E) denote the inverse of T and
let TOI denote the restriction of T to E OI . Let us fix a finite dimensional subspace F of E
and consider the space B(F, M) of all bounded linear operators from F into M. Since M is
separable and F finite dimensional, B(F, M) is separable. Thus there is a pair of distinct
indices 'Yl and h such that IlqMT')'1 - qMT')'211 < (211 T- 111)-1 because the set {qMT')': 'Y
E r} after the identification of each E')' with E is an uncountable subset of B(F, M).
Next define W: F -+ 1~(E) by W(F) = (X~)')'Er where X?1 = -X?2 = Yzf and x~ = 0
for'Y * 'Y 1 and'Y * 'Y2 (fE F). Clearly W is an isometric isomorphism embedding. Now,
let Q = q v TW: F -+ V. Then for every f E F we have
82 ALEKSANDER PEl:.CZyNSKI
IIQfII = IITWfll-lIqMTWfli
while II Qfll .;;; IIq villi Til IIWIIIIfli = II Tllllfli. Hence Q: F ---+ V is an isomorphic embedding
with II Q 1111 Q-III .;;; 211 Til II T-11I where Q-l: Q(f) ---+ F denotes the inverse of Q. This com-
pletes the proof. 0
Notes and remarks to § 11. Theorem 11.3 is due to Henkin [He2]. The proof pre-
sented in the text is a simplified version of the proof due to Cole and Range [C-R]. The
proof of the Main Lemma is due to T. Figiel. Similar operators and integrals have been con-
sidered in [Ru4].
Theorem 11.3 is a special case of a more general result for strictly pseudoconvex do-
mains. Recall that a bounded closed domain U in Cn is strictly pseudoconvex with C 2 _
smooth boundary if there is a twice continuously differentiable real function p defined on
an open neighborhood G of U such that U = {A E G: p( A) .;;; O}, au = {A E G: peA) = O},
grad p * 0 at each point A E au, and, for every AE au,
n a2 p(A) _
L WjWk > 0
j.k=l azjazk
whenever 0 * (WI' w2 , ... , w n ) E Cn satisfies the condition
-£
j= I
apO)
aZj
Wj = O.
Regarding p as a function of 2n real variables XI' YI' . . . , x n • Y n where Zj = Xj + iYj we

admit
:: ~ +(:~ -, ;;) :~ ~ ~'(::, +, :;') (j=1,2, ... ,n).
We have
THEOREM l1.3a (CF. HENKIN [He3]). The assertions (a), (b), (c) of Theorem 11.3 re-
main valid if Bn is replaced by arbitrary bounded closed strictly pseudoconvex domain with
C 2 -smooth boundary.
Theorem 11.3a can be proved along the same line as Theorem 11.3. The main techni-
cal difficulty is a construction of an analogue of the Cauchy formula (11.2), i.e., an integral
representation
BANACH SPA.CES 83
f(~) = fa r/(w)K(w, a)a(dw) (~ E u\au,[ EA(w))
where a is the (2n - I)-dimensional surface Lebesgue measure and K: au x (U\au) ---+ Cis
a kernel which is analytic in the first variable, and such that for the operator induced by
this kernel the analogue of the Main Lemma is true (at this point the "geometry" of the
boundary of the strictly pseudoconvex domain is exploited). The desired integral formula
has been first constructed by Henkin [He3] and by Ramirez de Arellano [Rrn] for strictly
pseudoconvex domains with C 3 -smooth boundaries, and next, due to improvement by
qlverlid [~], for strictly pseudo convex domains with C 2 -smooth boundaries. The reader is
referred to the excellent survey [C-He] for further information concerning the integral repre-
sentations and analytic measures.
Also other results of this section can be extended to the case of domains of holomorphy
with C 2 -smooth boundaries. In particular Corollary 11.1 to Theorem 1104 admits the follow-
ing generalization (cL Mitjagin-Pelczynski [Mt-P, Theorem I]).
THEOREM 11.6. If n ~ 2 and if U C Cn is a bounded closed domain of holomorphy

with the C 2 -smooth boundary, then the Banach space A(U) is not complemented in any
subspace of a C(S)-space with a separable annihilator.
Before stating a generalization of Theorem 11.5 let us observe that the Shilov bound-
ary of the uniform algebra A(D m ) is the m-torus
(aDr ={~ =(Zj) E em: Iz I =IZ21 =... =IZm I =I},

J
while the topological boundary of D m is
aD m ={~= (Zj) E Cm: max IZjl

l";;',";;'m
=I}.
Hence, if m ~ 2, then the Shilov boundary of A(Dm) is a proper subset of the topological
boundary of D m .
In general we have
THEOREM 11.7. Let U C Cm (m ~ 2) be a bounded closed domain of holomorphy

with C 2 -smooth boundary. Assume that the Shilov boundary of the algebra A(U) is a
proper subset of the topological boundary of U. Then [A(U)] * is not a separable distortion
of an L 1 (v)-space. Hence A(U) is not isomorphic to A(U1 ) for any strictly pseudo convex
domain U 1 in Cn (n = 1,2, ... ) with C 2 -smooth boundary.
Theorem 11.7 is also due to Henkin (unpublished); the second part of Theorem 11.7
has been announced in a slightly weaker form in [He3] (cf. Theorem 1.6 of [He3]). Theo-
rem 11.5 and Corollary 11.2 are essentially due to Henkin [He 1]. The proof presented in
the text seems to be new.
Let us outline briefly another proof that A (D) is not isomorphic to A(Dn) for n ~ 2.
Let mn denote the normalized Haar measure on [aD] n and let f1P([aD] n) denote the
closure of A(D n ) in If([aD]n), i.e., the completion of A(Dn) in the norm U[aD]lIIfI Pdm n )l/P.
Let i~n): A(Dn) ---+ HP( [aD] n) be the natural embedding. Clearly i~n) is a p-absolutely
84 ALEKSANDER PRCZYNSKI
summing operator with 'ITpu~n») = 1. Next, for p > 1, we evaluate the p-integral norm of
i~n) using the in variance of i~n) with respect to action of the group (aDt on A(Dn) and
HP([aD] n) and the averaging technique exactly in the same way as in the proof of formula
(2.17) of §2. We get ipu~n») = IIR(n)lI p where R(n) denotes the orthogonal projection from
L2([aD]n) onto H2([aD]n) regarded as an operator from LP([aD]n) onto HP([aD]n). On
the other hand a straightforward argument gives IIR(n)lI p = IIRII; where R is the Riesz pro-
jection. Thus ip(i~n»);;;. C 1 [p2/(p - 1)]n where C 1 is an absolute constant (cf. §O.II). The
above arguement combined with Theorem 2.4 shows that for n ;;;. 2, the Up - 'lTp)-ratio of
A (D n) (cf. Definition 9.2) has a different behavior at 00 than the Up - 'ITP )-ratio of A (D n).
In fact we have
lim kpCA(Dn))/k (A (D))
p=oc p
= 00
which, in view of Proposition 9.l(a), yields that the Banach space A(D) is not isomorphic to
A(D n ) for n ;;;. 2. 0
REMARK. (1) A similar technique enables us to show HOC (aD) is not isomorphic
to H""([aD]n) for n ;;;. 2. (2) However this approach does not seem to work to distinguish
between A(Bn) and A(D). The reason is that the norm of the analogue of the Riesz projec-
tion-the rotation invariant projection from LP(aB n ) onto HP(aBn)-is of order Cp2/(p - 1).
This can be deduced from the proof due to Koranyi and Vagi [K-V] of the boundedness of
this projection [B. S. Mitjagin, private communication]. (3) We do not know whether for
n ;;;. 2 and for 1 < p *- 2 < 00 the Up - 'lTp)-ratio of A(Dn) (resp. A(Bn)) is finite. If it is
finite, we shall be able at least for the polydisc algebras to use this fact to solve Problem
11.1. Thus
Problem 11.2. Let 1 < p < 00. (a) Is every p-absolutely summing operator from
n
A(D ) (resp. A(Bn)) p-integral?
(b) Is it true that for n = 2, 3, ... , there exists an absolute constant Cn such that,
for every finite rank operator T: A(D n ) --')- E (E arbitrary Banach space), ip(T) ~
Cn(p2/(p - l)t'IT peT)?
(c) Is it true that there is an absolute constant C such that for every finite rank oper-
ator T: A(Bn) ~ E (E arbitrary Banach space), ipCT) ~ Cp2/(p - I)?
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conference board of the mathematical sciences

regional conference series in mathematics

supported by the national science foundation

Published for the

AMS (MOS) subject classifications (1970).

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Copynght © 1977 by the Amencan MathematIcal SOCIety. All nghts reserved.

No. 1. Irving Kaplansky: Algebraic and analytic aspects of operator algebras

4. H.S.M. Coxeter: TWisted honeycombs

This is a revised version of my ten-lecture marathon at the American Mathematical So-

§ §O and I have preliminary character. § § 2 and 3 are devoted to studying properties

In Ifl P dJ.1 for 0 < p < 1,

for 1 ,.;;; p < 00,

ess sup If(s) I for p = 00.

(0.1) v(A) = L g dJ.1 for every Borel set A C S.

f i = {fE L 00: f'lDf(z)zn m(dz) = 0 for n = 1,2, ... }.

J--Ig = zlfP = {f E 1fP: f = zg for some g E HP}.

(Here z denotes the identity function on "oD.)

fen) = fan f(z)z-n m(dz) (n = 0, ± 1, ... ).

If f E HI and if we identify f with its analytic extension, then

(0.3) /(n) = fn)(O) for n ~ O.

THEOREM 0.1 (THE FEJER THEOREM). Iff E LP (l ~ P < 00), then

For gEL I the Hilbert transform H(g) is defined by

M(g) = H(Re g) + i H(Im g)

IIH(f)lI p ~ Cpllfll~ for every f ELI.

(0.4) Ky' T= Vill.pU (resp. T= Vill.pU)

where the infimum is extended over all p-integral representations of T.

THEOREM 0.4. Let 1 ,;;;; p < 00 and let T E B(X, Y).

ipCT) = 11/111 I / p , IIVII = 1, KyT= Vill,pj.

(ii) If Tis p-absolutely summing and i: X ----'> C(So) is an isometric embedding of X

(0.6) IWII = 1, T = v,/.E

(iii) If there is a constant C < 00 such that

for arbitrary Xl' '" ,xn in X(n = 1,2, ... ),

where the infimum is extended over all p-nuclear factorizations of T.

m{zEaD: I(Hf(z))I;;;'K} ~cIK-li Ifldm forfELI.

2B(f)(z) = [f+ iH(!)](z2) + z-I [f- iH(f)](z-2) + (I - i)/(O)(I - rl)

THEOREM 0.3. (j) Let 1 <p <

(0 < p < I).

B(f) = /(0) + L [/(n)z2n + j(-n)z2n-l]

where c is an absolute constant independent of p.

(0.8) V(f) = fn f(w)y(w)ll(dw), fE Lt{J1),

where y( . ): [2 -+ Y is a Il-Bochner integrable Il-essentially bounded function.

Al = {p E [qaD)] *: faDfdP =0 for fE A}

is completely described by the classical

Al = {p E [qaD)] * :p = h . m for some h E H~}

Briefly Al = H~ if we identify (via the Radon·Nikodym theorem) the space L 1 with

where w( . ) is a real 2rr·periodic continuous function such that 0 ~ w ~ 1, f~1Tlog wet) dt

o = f f'j.. dp for n = I, 2, . " .

Step III. Ai = H~. By Step II and the Radon-Nikodym theorem, if p. EA 1 , then

f(-n) = 2; Jo f(t)e 1n dt =0 for n = 0, I, 2, ...

It follows from the definition of 11 that

(H~)l = {fE L 00 = LOO(m): f fgdm = 0 for g E H~} = 11.

(1.3) A ** = 11 $00 V:ing·

Hence V:i ng is a C(K)-space for an extremely disconnected compact Hausdorff space K.

THEOREM 2.1. Let X be a subspace of a C(S)-space. Let F be a closed subset of S

THEOREM 2.2 (MITJAGIN-PELCZyNSKI). Let X be a subspace of a C(S)-space with

(2.3) II(T - V)(nll .;;;; (fslf(S)IPh(S) dA) IIp for f EX,

(2.5) X/1-,P = Xa,p EBp LP(v).

.:;;; lIi/1-,pCf) - i vQv i /1-,p(f)II.

II(T- V)(f) II .:;;; lIia,pCf)1I = (fs lflP do rIP for IE X

Hence we get (2.3) with h = da/dA. Finally

(1Tp(T»)P - (ipCV»P ~ Ilpll - Ilvll = lIall = Ish dA

which proves (2.4).

Thus f aDQ(v)f dm = f sf(F(s))g(s)p(ds) because a w-convergent sequence has a unique w-