7.

1 鐵路運輸系統基本要素

7.1 Basic elements of rail transport system

（1）路基爲碴與軌枕的基本路面，通常必須經過填挖，整卒與壓實，作爲鐵路系統的其礎。

（1）road bed：The subgrade is the basic pavement of ballast and sleepers, which usually has to be
filled and excavated, rectified and compacted as the foundation of the railway system.

（2）道碴：道碴鋪於路基之上，分散於鋼軌與軌枕的周圍

（2）The ballast is laid on the subgrade and scattered around the rails and sleepers

（3）軌枕：軌枕爲置於鋼軌之下，以支撐鋼軌的材料，如人類使用的枕頭，故稱爲軌枕

（3）The sleeper is a material placed under the rail to support the rail, such as a pillow used by
humans, so it is called a sleeper

（4）鋼軌：鋼軌爲與鐵路車輪接觸的設施，是軌道的主體部分，其主要的功能爲承受鐵路列
車的重壓，並將載重分布至鋼軌下的軌枕

（4）The rail is a facility that is in contact with the railway wheels and is the main part of the rail. Its
main function is to bear the heavy pressure of the railway train and distribute the load to the
sleepers under the rail.

（5）道岔：道岔稱爲轉轍器，它的功能爲引導鐵路列車由原行駛的軌道進人其他軌道

（5）The switch is called a switch, and its function is to guide the railway train from the original
track to other tracks

捷運系統軌道=MRT system track

鐵路軌道軌距
railway track gauge
軌距是指兩根鋼軌內側間與中線垂直方向的距離
Gauge refers to the distance between the inner sides of two rails and the vertical direction of the
center line

軌道軌距:

Track gauge

窄軌,標準軌,寬軌

narrow gauge, standard gauge, wide gauge

鐵路場站

Railway station

鐵路場站主要目的營業車站，調車站，錯車站
The main purpose of the railway station is the business station, the shunting station, the wrong
station

鐵路機車

（1）獸力是所有動力來源中最原始的方式，在發明蒸汽與電力等動力之前，獸力爲最基本的
動力來源

（1）Animal power is the most primitive of all power sources. Before the invention of steam and
electricity, animal power was the most basic source of power.

（2）蒸汽機車自有鍋爐本身燃燒所產生的蒸汽作爲鐵路列車的動力來源一船以煤炭爲主要燃
料
（2）steam locomotive：The steam generated by the combustion of the steam locomotive’s own
boiler itself is used as the power source of the railway train. The ship uses coal as the main fuel.

（3）柴油機車又稱內燃動力車，機車的動力來源爲柴油引擎，其能源使用效率較蒸汽機車
高，且汙染程度亦較低。

（3）Diesel locomotives, also known as internal combustion powered vehicles, are powered by
diesel engines, which have higher energy efficiency and lower pollution levels than steam
locomotives.

（4）電力機車由高架的電線或第三軌集電產生勳力來源，與上述機車桐比，電力機車有使用
年限較長，維修與保養費用低，燃料費少，效率高與速度快等優點，目前世界各國的鐵路系統
皆已朝向電力機車發展。

（4）Electric locomotives are generated by overhead wires or third-rail collectors. Compared with
the above-mentioned locomotives, electric locomotives have the advantages of longer service life,
lower maintenance and maintenance costs, lower fuel costs, high efficiency and fast speed. The
railway systems of all countries in the world have developed towards electric locomotives.

7.2 鐵路選線

7.2 Railway line selection

地形與沿線的經濟狀況

Topography and economic conditions along the route

7.3 鐵路行車管理

7.3 Railway traffic management

1.鐵路行車制度

1.Railway traffic system

鐵路列車在路線上高速行駛,必須做好適當的間隔才能避免追撞的意外事故,保障行車安全.

Railway trains travel at high speed on the route, and proper intervals must be made to avoid
collision accidents and ensure driving safety.

2. 鐵路列車自動控制
2. Railway train automatic control

爲因應鐵路車輛高速化的装置，避免列車在行駛過程中，因駕駛員的疏忽或氣候不佳等因素使
例車無法依號誌命合行駛，故鐵路列車自動控制系統可以降肇事發生的機率。

In order to cope with the high speed of railway vehicles, it can prevent the trains from being unable
to drive according to the order due to factors such as driver’s negligence or poor weather during the
running process. Therefore, the railway train automatic control system can reduce the probability of
accidents.

（1）列車自勣監督系統（Automatic Train Supervision,ATS

協助控制中心的調度員監督整個鐵路系統是否運轉正常，並膫解目前營運狀況，若出現問題將
自動修正。

Assist the dispatcher in the control center to supervise whether the entire railway system is running
normally, and to understand the current operation status, and if there is a problem, it will be
automatically corrected.

（2）列車自動防護系統（Automatic Train Protection,ATP）

提供列車駕駛員適當與正確的資訊，列車的行駛速度，軌道狀況與警告信號，並保持適當的行
車距離，以防止追撞意外事故的發生。

Provide train drivers with proper and correct information, train speed, track conditions and warning
signals, and maintain proper driving distance to prevent collision accidents.

（3）列車自動操作系統（Automatic Train Operation,ATO）

主要目的是欲達戍成列車在控制與營運上完全自動化，使列車形成無人駕駛的狀熊，且在列車
調度上也全爲自動化。

The main purpose is to achieve complete automation of the control and operation of the Shucheng
train, so that the train becomes an unmanned bear, and the train scheduling is also fully automated.

鐵路號誌

Railway sign

（1）臂型號誌=臂型號誌爲鐵路運輸固定號誌的一種，設於鐵路路線上的特定地點，用以傳遞
控制訊息給列車司機員。

（1）Arm model=The arm type sign is a kind of railway transportation fixed sign, which is set at a
specific location on the railway route to transmit control information to the train driver.

（2）色燈號誌=爲改善臂型號誌容易損壞，操作欠缺靈敏的缺失，鐵路系統中逐漸改用電源燈
號的色燈號誌。

（2）Color light sign = In order to improve the easy damage of the arm model sign and the lack of
sensitive operation, the color light sign of the power light sign is gradually used in the railway
system.

（3）駕駛室號誌=駕駛室號誌系統利用 100 週波的電流通過鋼軌，藉由電流的誘導作用，能將

此週波依沿途不同狀況變爲 80,120 與 180 三種不同週波的符號電流送至車下所懸的接收器，
而傳至駕駛室內的色燈號誌顯示 。
（3）Cab Sign=The cab signal system uses a current of 100 cycles to pass through the rails. With the
induction of the current, this cycle can be changed into three different cycle symbols of 80, 120 and
180 according to different conditions along the way. The current is sent to the receiver suspended
under the car. Color light signal display transmitted to the cab。

7.4 鐵路運輸業經營

7.4 Rail transport business

1. 鐵路營運組織架構

1. Railway Operation Organizational Structure

（1）分處制的體系

（1）Divisional system

分處制爲集權式的組織架構，係屬於縱式的管理制度，由上而下，由內至外，依職務畫分部
門，將全線的運務，機務與工務等事務，直接交由總局內的運務，機務與工務部門來指楎監
督。

The sub-distribution system is a centralized organizational structure, which belongs to a vertical

management system. From top to bottom, from inside to outside, the divisions are divided according
to their positions, and the entire line of transportation, maintenance and public works are directly
handed over to the General Administration. Internal operations, maintenance and public works
departments to refer to the supervision.

（2）分段制的體系

（2）segmented system

分段制爲權制的組織架構，係爲橫式的管理制度，其制度爲將鐵路全線劃分爲數段，每段各設
一段長，負責各段業務。

The organizational structure of the section system is the power system, which is a horizontal
management system. The system is to divide the entire railway line into several sections, and each
section has a section head and is responsible for the business of each section.

2. 鐵路事業經營型態

2. Railway business operation mode

依我國鐵路法第二條的規定，鐵路運輸的經營型態可分爲國營鐵路，地方營鐵路，民營鐵路與
專用鐵路 4 種。

According to the provisions of Article 2 of my country’s Railway Law, railway transportation can be
divided into four types: state-run railways, local-run railways, private railways and special-purpose
railways.

3.鐵路調車場站

3.Railway shunting yard station

鐵路場站不僅是客貨營運場所，亦是調車的地方。一船的營業車站亦兼具調車的功能，但是在
列車出入頻繁的地區，多將列車分解與編組的工作另設一專門的場所，稱爲調車場。
A railway station is not only a place for passenger and cargo operations, but also a place for
shunting. The operating station of a ship also has the function of shunting, but in areas where trains
come and go frequently, a special place is often set up for the work of dismantling and marshalling
trains, which is called a shunting yard.

8.1 我國海運相關法規

8.1 my country’s shipping regulations

商港法，航業法，船舶法
Commercial and trade law，Aviation Law，shipping law

基隆，臺中，高雄，花蓮

Keelung，Taizhong，Kaoxiong，Hualian

8.2 港埠與船舶

8.2 Ports and Ships

8.2.1 港埠

8.2.1 ports

優良的港灣條件，完備的岸上設施，完善的水面設施與流暢的聯外運輸等。

Excellent harbor conditions, complete shore facilities, perfect surface facilities and smooth outbound
transportation, etc.

點港,轉運港

Point port, transshipment port

指其所處理的貨物大多爲進口或出口，而轉運港所處理的貨物則有一定比例以上爲轉運者

means that most of the goods handled by it are imported or exported, while the goods handled by
the transshipment port have a certain percentage of transshippers.

8.2.2 船舶

8.2.2 ships
小船：總噸位未滿五十噸的非動力船舶，或總噸位未滿二十噸的動力船舶。
Small boat: a non-powered vessel of less than 50 gross tonnage, or a powered
vessel of less than 20 gross tonnage.
客船：指非小船且乘客定額超過十二人，以運送旅客爲目的的船艄，
Passenger ship: refers to the stern of a non-small ship with a fixed passenger
quota of more than 12 people for the purpose of transporting passengers.
動力船舶：装有機械用以航行的船舶。
Power ship: a ship equipped with machinery for navigation.
遊艇：指專供娛樂，不以從事客，貨運送或漁業爲目的，以機械爲主動力或輔助動力之船舶。

Yacht: Refers to a vessel that is exclusively used for entertainment, not for
the purpose of carrying passengers, cargo or fishing, and is powered by machinery
as the main or auxiliary power.
8.2.3 國輪與權宜輪

8.2.3 National and expedient

國輸中華足國船舶：

Ships from China to China:

中華民國政府所有。

Owned by the government of the Republic of China.

中華民國國民所有。

Owned by the nationals of the Republic of China.

依中華民國法律誃立，在中華民國有本公司之下列各公司所有者。

Established in accordance with the laws of the Republic of China, there are the following company
owners of the company in the Republic of China.

依中華民國法律所設立，在中華民國有主事務所之法人團體所有，其社員三分之二以上及負責
人爲中華民國國民。

Established in accordance with the laws of the Republic of China and owned by a corporate body
with the main office in the Republic of China, more than two-thirds of its members and responsible
persons are nationals of the Republic of China.

8.3 還運貨物種類

8.3 Type of goods returned

乾貨與液化貨物，散裝貨物與雜貨

Dry cargo and liquid cargo, bulk cargo and general cargo
液化貨物如原油與液態化學物品等
Liquefied goods such as crude oil and liquid chemicals, etc.

乾貨則泛栺液化貨物以外的其他物品

Dry goods are other goods other than liquefied goods

散装貨物一般以專用船舶装則以包裝運送爲主，貨櫃化貨物或非貨櫃化貨物兩種。
bulk goods are generally carried by special ships, which are mainly packaged and transported. There
are two types of containerized goods or non-contained goods.

8.4 定期船運與不定期船運
8.4 Scheduled and non-scheduled shipping

定期船運提供固定航線，固定船期，固定停靠港口與固定費率的零星雜貨或貨櫃運輸服務。不
定期船運是指以運送散装乾貨或液態散装貨物（如原油）爲主的海運服務。

Regular shipping provides fixed route, fixed schedule, fixed port of call and fixed rate sporadic
general cargo or container transportation services. Non-scheduled shipping refers to seaborne
services that mainly transport dry or liquid bulk cargoes (such as crude oil) in bulk。

1. 以運送零星雜貨與貨櫃爲主。

for the delivery of sporadic groceries and containers.

2. 船期與運價事先公布。

The shipping schedule and freight rate are announced in advance.

3. 定期船運送人身分爲公共運送人(common carrier),其服務對象爲一般大眾(the public)。

The regular ship carrier is classified as a common carrier, and its service object is the public.

4. 有關託運人、貨主與運送人之間的權利與義務直接由載貨證券(或稱提單) 上的條款規
範,不另簽訂其他契約。

The rights and obligations between the shipper, the owner and the carrier are directly regulated by
the terms on the cargo securities (or bill of lading), and no other contract is signed.

5. 託運人僅須將貨物運至船邊,負擔運費並至船邊提貨,其他一切費用由 船方負責,稱爲
「定期船裝卸條件」或「碼頭交貨條件」
The shipper only needs to transport the goods to the side of the ship, pay the freight and pick up the
goods at the side of the ship.

6. 為招攬客貨、精確控制船期、辦理船舶靠港與離港各項事務及手續,船 公司在彎靠的各
港口均設立分支機構或委託長期固定代理行。
In order to attract passengers and cargo, accurately control the sailing schedule, and handle various
affairs and procedures for the arrival and departure of ships, the shipping companies have
established branches or entrusted long-term fixed agency banks in each port they call at.

7. 為提供託運人與貨主頻繁的服務,航業經營者在同一航線上必須配備多艘同型船舶,因此
投入資金龐大。
In order to provide frequent services for shippers and cargo owners, shipping operators must be
equipped with multiple ships of the same type on the same route, so the investment is huge.

1. 全貨櫃船是指其設計船艙與甲板皆符合裝載貨櫃的要求,且專門用以装運貨櫃的
船舶.
A full container ship refers to a ship whose cabin and deck are designed to meet the
requirements for loading containers and are specially used for the loading of
containers.
不定期船運的主要特性如下：

The main characteristics of non-scheduled shipping are as follows:

以運送大宗物資爲主，通常爲散装乾貨或液態貨物，此類貨物具有一定流向與季節性特徵。

It mainly transports bulk materials, usually dry or liquid cargoes in bulk, which have certain flow and
seasonal characteristics.

不定期船運船東所承運的貨物運價或船舶出租的費用，以個別契約訂定，雙方的權利與義務關
係依據運輸契約的協議。

The freight rate of the goods carried by the owner of the non-scheduled shipping or the cost of the
lease of the ship is determined by individual contracts, and the rights and obligations of both parties
are based on the agreement of the transportation contract. 船舶停靠的港口數少，且停泊的港口
不固定，因此臨時委託代理行，代理各項手續與業務。

The number of ports that ships call at is small, and the ports at which they call are not fixed.
Therefore, we temporarily entrust an agency bank to act as an agent for various procedures and
business.

不定期船服務屬非公共運送行爲。

The non-scheduled ferry service is a non-public transportation.

船方提供給貨主的運輸服務皆在航運市場透過代理人或經紀商居中協調，討價還價。

The transportation services provided by the ship to the cargo owners are all coordinated and
negotiated in the shipping market through agents or brokers.

8.5 貨櫃化運輸

8.5 containerized transportation

8.5.1 貨櫃運輸的起源

8.5.1 Origin of container shipping

貨櫃運輸主要爲利用標準形狀的貨櫃以代替從前一般雜貨大小不一的包
Container transportation mainly uses standard-shaped containers to replace the
previous general grocery packaging of different sizes
8.5.2 貨櫃運輸的優點
8.5.2 Advantages of container shipping
貨物包装規格化，有利於機械化裝卸。
Standardized packaging of goods is conducive to mechanized loading and unloading.
使用標準化的貨櫃，有利於不同運具間的轉運，可提供戶及戶的運輸服務。
The use of standardized containers is conducive to the transfer between different
vehicles, and can provide household-to-household transportat ion services.
運送過程中可減少貨物的損毁或失竊。
Damage or theft of goods during shipping can be reduced.
提高船席的裝卸容量，貨櫃船席的裝卸容量平均爲一般雜貨般雜貨船席的 5 倍。
The loading and unloading capacity of the bench is increased, and the loading and
unloading capacity of the container bench is on average 5 times that of the
general general cargo bench.

8.5.3 貨櫃裝卸方法
8.5.3 Container loading and unloading method
1. 吊上吊下（lift on-lift off）
吊上吊下是將貨櫃利用水上起重機，船上起重機或陸上起重機依垂直方向裝卸貨櫃。
it is to use water cranes, shipboard cranes or land-based cranes to load and
unload containers in a vertical direction.
2.駛進駛出（roll on-roll off）

One of the earliest methods of driving in and out is driving in and out, which is suitable for combined
transportation by road and sea.

3.駁進駁出 (float on-float off)

8.5.4 貨櫃承運片式

8.5.4 container carrier sheet

1. 整櫃裝載與卸載 (container Yard)

託運人有足夠整櫃需託運的貨物,可至船方指定的貨櫃場將空櫃場將空櫃拖回貨主倉庫裝貨,由
託運人自行報關,裝櫃,封櫃並運至船方指定的貨櫃場以使裝船.

The shipper has enough whole containers of goods to be consigned, and can go to the container
yard designated by the ship to drag the empty container back to the owner’s warehouse for loading.
Container yard for shipment.

2.併櫃裝載與卸戴 (Container Freight Station)

當託運人需託運的貨物不足一個貨櫃或足夠一個貨櫃但因其他因素無法自行裝櫃時,須將貨物
運至船方的貨物處理集散站,辦理報關手續後,與其他託運人的貨物合併裝櫃至目的港口時,再由
船方負責柝櫃,才可讓收貨人領回貨物.

When the cargo that the shipper needs to consign is less than one container or enough for one
container but cannot be loaded into the container by himself due to other factors, the cargo must be
transported to the ship’s cargo handling and distribution station, and after customs declaration
procedures, it must be combined with the cargo of other shippers. When the container arrives at
the destination port, the ship will be responsible for the container, so that the consignee can take
back the goods.