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ACTIVITY 5
CHAPTER 5: CASH AND ACCRUAL BASIS
● Cash basis accounting is the recognition of cash only when received and not when
earned. Income from credit accounts is not included in cash basis accounting until in the
businesses account. The accounting for expenses paid is when the business pays them,
not when incurred.
● The accrual basis of accounting is the concept of recording revenues when earned and
expenses as incurred. The use of this approach also impacts the balance sheet, where
receivables or payables may be recorded even in the absence of an associated cash
receipt or cash payment, respectively. The accrual basis of accounting is advocated
under both generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and international financial
reporting standards (IFRS).
Account receivable. XX
Sales XX
Note receivable. XX
Sales. XX
Account receivable XX
Cash. XX
Sales discount. XX
Account receivable XX
Account receivable. XX
Account receivable. XX
Cash XX
Account receivable XX
Cash. XX
Sales. XX
Bad debts. XX
xx Write off
TOTAL xx xx
xx Recoveries
TOTAL xx xx
Cash XX
Rent Income XX
Rent Receivable XX
Rent Income XX
TOTAL xx xx
The following data were reported by ZXY Company during the current year:
To compute for the total rent income under accrual basis of accounting:
1. Define error.
1. A mistake in gathering or processing data from which financial statements are prepared;
2. An incorrect accounting estimate arising from oversight or misinterpretation of facts;
TYPES OF ERRORS
a. Counterbalancing errors
b. Non-counterbalancing errors
a. Counterbalancing errors
Counterbalancing errors are errors that will offset or be corrected over two
accounting periods. Examples include the following:
Omissions of the following:
3. Accrued Expenses
4. Accrued Revenues
5. Sales not recorded in the first year and subsequently recorded the following
year (or vice versa).
6. Purchases not recorded in the first year and subsequently recorded the
following year (or vice versa).
Examples:
3. Identify the effects of errors in the accounts presented in the financial statement.
Working Capital:
Working Capital is the capital of a business that is used in its day-to-day trading
operations, computed as the current assets minus the current liabilities
2020 5,000,000
2021 6,000,000
In an audit of the financial statement for the year ended December 31, 2021, the
following errors are discovered (all errors were made in 2020):
Year
Land 100,000
2021 4,000,000
In an audit of the financial statement for the year ended December 31, 2021, the
following errors are discovered:
Year
Purchases 25,000
When auditing cash and cash equivalent, the principal objective for the substantive tests is to
determine the following:
Rights and Obligations The entity owns, or has a legal right to, and has
unrestricted use on all the cash on the SFP at the
reporting date.
Presentation and Disclosure Cash, including bank balances, is properly
classified, described, and disclosed in the FS,
including notes, in accordance with PFRS.
3. Describe the primary substantive audit procedures for cash and cash equivalents.
The auditor’s primary substantive procedures for cash balances and transactions wil typically
include the following:
1. Sending confirmation to banks or financial institutions;
2. Conducting surprise cash counts;
3. Obtaining and testing bank reconciliation and if appropriate, preparing proof of cash;
4. Obtaining bank cutoff statement and tracing bank transfers;
5. Performing cash cutoff tests;
6. Checking the appropriate valuation of cash; and
7. Performing analytical procedures to assess the reasonableness of reported cash.
4. Identify assertions addressed by audit procedures for cash and cash equivalents.