Salahaddin

University-Hawler
College of
Engineering
Civil Engineering
Department

Analysis and Design of Piled Raft Foundation Using

Software Application
Prepared By:

Mahmoud Luqman
Karez Haitham

Supervisor:
Assist.Prof.Dr.Yousif Ismail Mawlood

2022-2023

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Abstract:

Lower base of a structure is a very

supreme
part as it links the main body
superstructure to the earth.
That lower base is known as
Foundation. In this paper we
are going to discuss about the types of
foundations
Lower base of a structure is a very
supreme
part as it links the main body
superstructure to the earth.
That lower base is known as
Foundation. In this paper we
are going to discuss about the types of
foundations
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As we know the lower base of any structure is very supreme part as it
links the main body superstructure to the earth. That lower base is
known as Foundation.

In this report we are going to discuss one types of foundation

Which is Piled Raft Foundation. This type is typically used for large
structures, and in situation where soil is not suitable to prevent excessive
settlement. And it’s increasingly popular choice for high-rise buildings.

And we used two programs to design piled raft foundation

First, we used FOUNDATION PRO program to design a single pile

and analyze it and then we will use this data in the second program.

Second program was SAFE 2012 we designed a mat foundation,

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Contents

Abstract:.....................................................................................................................................................2
Chapter One...............................................................................................................................................4
Introduction...............................................................................................................................................4
1.1 Introduction:......................................................................................................................................4
1.2 Types of foundation:..........................................................................................................................6
1.2.1 Types of shallow foundation:..........................................................................................................7
1.2.2 Types of deep foundation:..............................................................................................................8
Piled Raft Foundation:..............................................................................................................................9
Types of pile foundations:.......................................................................................................................10

Abstract:.......................................................................................................2

Introduction:..................................................................................................4

Types of foundation:..........................................................................................6

Types of shallow foundation:................................................................................7

Types of deep foundation:....................................................................................8

Piled Raft Foundation:.......................................................................................9

Types of pile foundations:..................................................................................10

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 Chapter One
Introduction
1.1 Introduction:

A foundation is defined as that part of the structure that supports the

weight of the structure and transmits the load to underlying soil or rock.
In general, foundation engineering applies the knowledge of geology,
soil mechanics, rock mechanics, and structural engineering to the design
and construction of foundations for buildings and other structures.

The most basic aspect of foundation engineering deals with the selection
of the type of foundation, such as using a shallow or deep foundation
system. Another important aspect of foundation engineering involves the
development of design parameters, such as the bearing capacity or
estimated settlement of the foundation. Foundation engineering could
also include the actual foundation design, such as determining the type
and spacing of steel reinforcement in concrete footings. Foundation
engineering often involves both geotechnical and structural engineers,
with the geotechnical engineer providing the foundation design
parameters such as the allowable bearing pressure and the structural
engineer performing the actual foundation design.

shallow foundations refer to those with an embedment depth equal to or

less than four times the foundation width. They are suitable for the
ground with relatively strong soil layers immediately below the
superstructure. Otherwise, deep foundations (such as pile foundations)

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will be required in order to transmit the super structure load to stronger,
deep soil layers.

It is common in foundation design to consider first the use of a shallow

foundation system, such as a raft, to support a structure, and then if this
is not adequate, to design a fully piled foundation in which the entire
design loads are resisted by the piles.

The concept of piling construction is one that can be dated all the way
back to ancient times, where people used piles for constructing
foundations on weak soil that would be situated near rivers. Considering
that villages and towns were located close to lakes and rivers, they had
to ensure that there was proper protection. To reinforce some security,
the use of a pile foundation ensured that the weak ground was fully
secured. To illustrate this, there are several instances of the Romans
using timber piles for bridge words which can be seen throughout
England.

As briefly mentioned, timber was often used for piling because of its
strength, lightness and durability. However, steel and concrete have been
introduced in more recent times because these materials can be cut to
any desired length.

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1.2 Types of foundation:

In general, all foundations are divided into two categories, - shallow and
deep foundations.
The terms Shallow and Deep Foundation refer to the depth of the soil at
which it is placed.
Generally, if the width of the foundation is greater than the depth, it is
labeled as the Shallow Foundation.
If the width is smaller than the depth of the foundation it is called a Deep
Foundation.
However, deep foundation and shallow foundation can be classified as
shown in the following chart.

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1.2.1 Types of shallow foundation:

A shallow foundation is a type of building foundation that

transfers structural load to the earth very near to the ground surface,
rather than to a subsurface layer or a range the depth-to-width ratio is
less than 4 of depths, as does a deep foundation.
(D/B ≤ 4)
1. Wall footing: Also called strip footing, this footing is a continuous strip that
supports structural and non-structural load bearing walls. Found directly
under the wall, it is width is commonly 2-3 times wider than the wall above
it.

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2. Isolated spread footing: Also called single-column footing, it is a square,
rectangular, or circular slab that supports the structural members
individually.
3. Wall footing: Also called strip footing, this footing is a continuous strip that
supports structural and non-structural load bearing walls. Found directly
under the wall, it is width is commonly 2-3 times wider than the wall above
it.Combined Footings: When more than one column shares the same footing,
these are called combined footing. Utilized when the spacing of the columns
is too restricted, that if isolated footing were used, they would overlap one
another.
4. Strap Footings: These footings support more than one column or wall.
5.
6. Mat Foundations: These foundations support two-dimensional arrays (regular
or irregular) of columns.

7. Combined Footings: When more than one column shares the same footing, these
are called combined footing. Utilized when the spacing of the columns is too
restricted, that if isolated footing were used, they would overlap one another.
8. Strap Footings: These footings support more than one column or wall.
9. Isolated spread footing: Also called single-column footing, it is a square,
rectangular, or circular slab that supports the structural members
individually.

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1.2.2 Types of deep foundation:

A deep foundation is a type of foundation that transfers building loads to

the earth farther down from the surface than a shallow foundation does
to the subsurface layer or a range of depth.
(D/B > 4)
1. pile foundation is needed in areas where the structures are
Pile foundation:
large & heavy and the soil underlying is weak. In area when settlement
issues are common due to soil liquefaction or water table issues, pile
foundation is better choice.

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 2. are prefabricated hollow substructures
Caisson (pier foundation) foundation:
designed to be constructed on or near the surface of the ground sunk to the
desired depth and then filled with concrete, thus ultimately becoming an
integral part of the permanent structure.

Piled Raft Foundation:

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Design of a safe and economical foundation system is an important task
in tall build-ing design. Deep foundations such as piled foundations are
generally adopted to transfer heavy loads from superstructure to the
bearing stratum. Providing adequate geotechnical capacity and limiting
the deferential settlement are two important design considerations in the
design of piled foundations. The foundation design becomes economical
when both the criteria of bearing capacity and settlement are satisfied in
an optimum way. A piled raft foundation is an advanced concept in
which the total load coming from the superstructure is partly shared by
the raft through bearing from soil and the remaining load is shared by
piles through skin friction and end bearing.
In situations where a raft foundation alone does not satisfy the design
requirements it may be possible to enhance the performance of the raft
by the addition of piles the use of limited number of piles strategically
located may improve both the ultimate load capacity and the settlement
and differential settlement performance of the raft. A pile foundation
transfers its load to deeper layers.
If we combine a pile and a raft, the interaction between the two types of
structures is very complex. It depends on the rigidity of the raft, the
nature of soil below and also the nature and the number of piles below
then raft. High rise buildings are usually founded on some form of piled
foundation which is subjected to a combination of vertical, lateral and
overturning forces.

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1.2.3 Types of Piles According to the Method of Construction

Types of pile foundations:

There are four types of pile foundations according to their construction

methods which are:
 Driven piles: is a specific type of pile foundation where structural
elements are driven into the ground using a large hammer. They
are commonly constructed of timber, precast prestressed concrete
(PPC), and steel (H-sections and pipes).

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  Bored piles: they are cylindrical bodies made of concrete (with or
without reinforcement) which are installed in the ground by variety
of methods. They transmit high structural loads into lower, load-
bearing soils.

1.3 Piled Raft Foundation:

Design of a safe and economical foundation system is an important task

in tall building design. Deep foundations such as piled foundations are
generally adopted to transfer heavy loads from superstructure to the
bearing stratum. Providing adequate geotechnical capacity and limiting
the deferential settlement are two important design considerations in the

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design of piled foundations. The foundation design becomes economical
when both the criteria of bearing capacity and settlement are satisfied in
an optimum way. A piled raft foundation is an advanced concept in
which the total load coming from the superstructure is partly shared by
the raft through bearing from soil and the remaining load is shared by
piles through skin friction and end bearing.
In situations where a raft foundation alone does not satisfy the design
requirements it may be possible to enhance the performance of the raft
by the addition of piles the use of limited number of piles strategically
located may improve both the ultimate load capacity and the settlement
and differential settlement performance of the raft. A pile foundation
transfers its load to deeper layers.
If we combine a pile and a raft, the interaction between the two types of
structures is very complex. It depends on the rigidity of the raft, the
nature of soil below and also the nature and the number of piles below
the raft. High rise buildings are usually founded on some form of piled
foundation which is subjected to a combination of vertical, lateral and
overturning forces.

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