GWL 137 BB TEST 2

WORTH: 20%

Instructions: Please read all instructions carefully to make sure you are
answering the correct questions. Please copy the test and insert your answers in
the appropriate places.

This is an open book take home test. Students may use the ppts, texts and any
resources posted on BB. Please reference each of your answers giving author,
page or slide number. No reference = No grade

Deadline for Submission = Friday Dec 10 11:59 Toronto time

Late tests will not be accepted.

Please submit your test through the journal, “test 2”

It is expected that students complete all work independently. Any evidence of

shared work will initiate the academic Integrity process.

Part 1: 9 marks total. Human Body Systems, Everyone

Explain the following human body systems and their function

System Explanation and Function

Respiratory To function, body cells need oxygen. The
respiratory system, which consists of air
passages, pulmonary vessels, and the
lungs, as well as breathing muscles,
supplies fresh oxygen to the blood for
distribution to the rest of the body tissues.
In addition, respiration removes carbon
dioxide, a waste product of body
processes.

(Baggaley, 2001, p. 194)

Endocrine The endocrine system is a collection of
hormone-producing glands and cells
located in various parts of the body, such
as the pancreas and the ovaries.
Hormones are complex chemical
substances that are secreted into the
bloodstream and regulate body functions
such as metabolism, growth, and sexual
 reproduction.

(Baggaley, 2001, p. 157)

Digestive The task of the digestive system is the
physical and chemical breakdown of food.
Following ingestion, food and fluids are
processed by the digestive organs so that
nutrients can be absorbed from the
intestines and circulated around the body.
Any residue of food that is not digested is
solidifies and eliminated from the body in
the form of feces.

(Baggaley, 2001, p. 205)

Part 2: Define 7 of the following key terms according to the first letter of your last
name (1 mark each)

1. Health care act N-Z

2. Continuum of care A-M
Continuum of care is the array of services that range from institutional care to
little or no institutional contact.

(Novak et al., 2018, p. 181)

3. Retirement Principle N-Z

4. Functional retirement A-M
Some workers today choose flexible retirement, an option that allows them to
slowly cut back the number of hours they work each week.
Older Canadians tend to work if they have occupations that allow for choice in
their retirement age and if they can work at their own pace.

(Novak et al., 2018, p. 234)

5. Living apart together N-Z

6. Supportive Housing A-M
Supportive housing provided for people who need minimal to moderate care
and use services such as homemaking, personal care, and social support
programs.

(Novak et al., 2018, p. 275)

7. Caregiver stress N-Z
8. Quasi widowhood A-M
Quasi-widowhood experiencing feelings of grief, depression, and loss after a
spouse is placed in a nursing home.

(Novak et al., 2018, p. 331)

9. Admission Trauma N-Z

10. Principle of Normalization A-M
As a large percentage of the elderly population will spend some time in long-term
facilities such as nursing homes, it is important to ensure the best possible
conditions for residents and staff of these facilities. The authors describe the
application of the eight components of the "normalization principle" to the
institutionalized elderly as a valuable, systematic approach to maintaining the
quality of life in long-term facilities. They suggest methods of promoting normal
daily, weekly, and yearly rhythms, normal life-cycle experiences, and normal
social, sexual, economic and environmental conditions within the framework of
the long-term facility.

(MacLean, M. J., & Bonar, R.,1983)

11. GIS N-Z

12. Reverse Mortgage A-M
Reverse annuity mortgage (RAM) a type of reverse mortgage whereby a
person buys a life annuity and gets an income while living in the home; the
mortgage company takes over the house when the person dies.

(Novak et al., 2018, p. 274)

13. RRAP -N-Z

14. Garden suite A-M

Canada developed a version of the granny flat known as the garden suite,
sometimes called a “secondary suite.” These units allow older Canadians to live
near, but not with, their children (Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation,
2014a). In Canada, a garden suite most often exists as a separate building on
the adult child’s property, although some families convert a garage to serve as a
garden suite. This building sits in the backyard and uses the utilities attached to
the adult child’s home.

(Novak et al., 2018, p. 277)

 Part 3: Short answer questions: Worth 24 marks total (4 marks each)

Answer 6 questions, one from each chapter (7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13).

Ch 7

a. List and explain be the three major approaches to healthcare that exist in
Canada today. N-Z
b. Discuss three barriers to healthcare that the healthcare system has begun
to address. What role will technology play in the future delivery of
healthcare? A-M
First, clients often must pay out of pocket for long-term care. Government health
benefits may not cover day hospital, respite, or homemaker costs. This can leave
the poorest older people without help. Second, long-term care can lack
coordination. This makes it hard for people to find the help they need. Third,
many people fall through the cracks. They may not know about services or may
not have access to a service (for example, a religious-based service may serve
only people who share that faith).

1. Availability
The ability to stay in the community depends in part on the availability
of services that support a person at home. Some provinces or parts of
provinces have a continuum of care—from home care to acute hospital
care—for older people. Other parts of the country, such as many rural
areas, offer only a few home care options.
(Novak et al., 2018, p. 189)
2. Accessibility
A program is accessible if an older person can get to it and make use
of it. Better access requires better transportation and more home-
based care for very old seniors. “For example, in rural communities
where there is no public transportation, alternate methods of
transportation may be required to ensure older adults can access
necessary healthcare services” (Canadian Health Services Research
Foundation, 2011, p. 15). Also, specific groups need help gaining
access to health services.

(Novak et al., 2018, p. 190)

3. Coordination
The healthcare system needs better coordination and integration. Lack
of coordination leads to frustration for families and front-line workers.
 The Special Senate Committee on Aging’s Final Report (Carstairs &
Keon, 2009,) said, “Health and social service systems are not
sufficiently integrated to allow caring professionals and family
members to pull together the right basket of services to meet the
needs of ailing seniors. Services have to be designed so that people
don’t fall through the cracks, and so that there are smooth transitions
as their needs change” (pp. 33–34).
(Novak et al., 2018, p. 191)

The changes taking place in healthcare today suggest that the healthcare system
will look different in the future. Healthcare professionals have proposed a shift
from a biomedical model to a social, community-based model of healthcare.
Closer study of older people’s healthcare needs will allow the system to fine-tune
programs and treatments. (Novak et al., 2018, p. 192)

Ch 8

a. List two strengths and two weaknesses of the public pensions system. Do
the same for the private pensions system. Why does the private system fail
to help most people in retirement? N-Z
b. Name and explain the parts of Canada’s three-tiered retirement income
system. Why do some older people live in poverty today in spite of the drop
in poverty rates for older people in general? A-M
Tier One: Government Transfers
Canada has a three-tiered pension system shaped like a pyramid. The Old Age
Security (OAS), the Guaranteed Income Supplement (GIS), and the Allowance
(ALW)—called federal government transfer programs—make up the first
tier. Nearly all Canadians age 65 or over, rich or poor, get the same OAS
pension maximum ($564.87 per month in 2015). But people who earn more than
a set amount have to repay their OAS at a rate of 15 cents for every dollar
of their income over this amount. The Guaranteed Income Supplement goes to
people with a low income or no income other than the Old Age Security. GIS
payments vary by marital status and family income. Allowance (ALW) payments
go to spouses or common-law partners or survivors of OAS pensioners.
The ALW helps survivors age 60 to 64 and couples with only one income.

(Novak et al., 2018, p. 201)

 Tier Two: The Canada Pension Plan and the Quebec Pension Plan
The Canada Pension Plan (CPP) and the Quebec Pension Plan (QPP) form the
pension system’s second, smaller tier. The CPP allows a province to opt out of
the plan. Quebec chose to do so and set up its own plan. The QPP differs from
the CPP in a few details, but in most ways it mirrors the CPP. The CPP primarily
does two things. First, it ensures that workers have some pension beyond the
OAS/GIS/ALW when they retire, and, second, it saves the federal government
money in GIS and ALW payments. The CPP combines two types of pension
plans: a savings plan and a transfer plan. It works like a savings plan because
each worker pays a percentage of his or her salary into it each month. The CPP
also works like a transfer plan because the money paid in today does not go into
a private account for each person; instead, it goes to pay the pensions of
retired plan members today.

(Novak et al., 2018, p. 204-205)

Tier Three: Private Pensions, Savings, and Work

Private income makes up the third tier of the Canadian pension system. Other
income received in retirement includes earnings, rent subsidies, and tax
exemptions. Also, many organizations offer subsidies to seniors for their goods
and services, such as reduced prices on theatre tickets or reduced bus fares for
older people. These indirect subsidies add to older people’s average total
income.

(Novak et al., 2018, p. 207)

The government oversees the program, but it benefits people who have worked
in the labour force. Those outside the labour force (e.g., homemakers) benefit
little from the CPP. A larger retired population will cost society more money one
way or another. Policies simply shift the cost of a retired population from
one group to another (from young taxpayers to retirees, who have to live on their
own resources).

(Novak et al., 2018, p. 221)

Ch 9

a. Why do many workers now choose to stay at work longer, some of them
after the age of 65? Give two alternatives to a fixed retirement age. N-Z
 b. How do men and women differ in their opportunity to retire? What social
conditions earlier in their lives shape the retirement decisions of men? Of
women?-A-M
McDonald (2006a) said women’s lives remain bound up with family obligations
and traditional gender roles. For this reason, “women’s retirement has always
been different from men’s and will continue to be different for the foreseeable
future, despite arguments to the contrary.” For one thing, women’s multiple
entries and exits from the labour force will lead to smaller pensions. So will their
“concentration in non-standard and part-time work, their under-representation
in unions, their over-representation in the services sector and the continued
distribution of their occupations in female employment” (p. 157).

Family responsibilities throughout life shape women’s retirement decisions. For

example, women more often than men retire because they have family
caregiving responsibilities (caring for an infirm parent or spouse). Compared with
men, women tend to retire so they can stay at home to provide direct care. Men
tend to stay at work to provide financial support to family members. Women,
compared with men, more often retire to care for a spouse.

(Novak et al., 2018, p. 240)

Ch 11

a. Explain the ecological model of housing. When does a person feel the most
comfortable according to this model? N-Z
b. Explain “aging in place.” Describe some housing strategies and actions
that help older people age in place. What types of housing suit older people
at different stages of later life? A-M
The current approach to housing for older people in Canada focuses on aging in
place (Federal/Provincial, 2012; Government of Canada, 2014a). This policy
attempts to provide older people with environmental, social, and economic
supports so they can stay in their own homes as they age. Older people,
especially those in cities, express a desire to age in place.

(Novak et al., 2018, p. 269)

Canada offers older people a wide range of housing options. These include
single-family homes, apartments and condominiums, retirement communities,
and long-term care homes. New types of housing—like garden suites and
multigenerational housing—will increase seniors’ housing options in the future.
 More older people than ever before, especially women, live alone. Today,
relatively few older people live with family members. For some older people,
living alone reflects their financial ability to live independently. But for others,
living alone leads to trouble affording their housing, and can lead to social
isolation.

(Novak et al., 2018, p. 289)

Ch 12

a. Explain why widows outnumber widowers in the aging population. Why do

men seem to suffer more than women socially and psychologically when
they lose a spouse? N-Z
b. Describe the differences in sexuality in later life for men and women.
Consider the different physical changes men and women experience as
well as social-psychological differences. What challenges do LGBTQ+
older people face? A-M
Compared with women, men in good or excellent health report the most interest
in sex, the most active sex lives, and high-quality sex lives. The gap between
men and women on these measures widened with age. For example, most
sexually active men reported a good quality sex life, but only half of sexually
active women reported a good-quality sex life. And, compared with women, men
had a longer “sexually active life expectancy” (Hyde et al., 2010; Lindau &
Gavrilova, 2010, p. 1). Women tend to stop having sexual relations earlier than
men. This reflects the higher rates of widowhood for women in old age. Whether
a woman maintains an active sex life or not depends on good health and the
presence of an active sexual partner. Being married is key to older women’s
continued sexual activity. Widowhood or a husband’s decision to stop having sex
often puts an end to a woman’s sexual activity.
(Novak et al., 2018, p. 302)

Sexually active older people have to adjust to changes in their bodies as they
age. As he ages, a man takes longer to get an erection, takes longer to feel
ready for intercourse again, and may have shorter, less intense orgasms.
A woman may find that her vagina loses elasticity and opens less fully, and that
she may have shorter orgasms (Mayo Clinic, 2011b). Older couples may need to
use vaginal lubrication. Hypertension (high blood pressure) can interfere with
sexual performance in both men and women (Woolston, 2009).
(Novak et al., 2018, p. 303)
 LGBT seniors have the same concerns as heterosexual seniors—health,
finances, caregiving. They also face prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination
due to their sexual orientation. Long-term relationships with a committed partner
can provide older gay men and lesbians with companionship, acceptance,
and support. Other social network ties with family members and friends also
serve an important social support function in their lives.
(Novak et al., 2018, p. 315)

Ch. 13

a. Explain the difference between formal and informal support. What kind of
support do most older people give to their families? What kind of support
do they get from their families? How do older people choose their potential
support groups? N-Z
b. What are the different types of abuse against older persons? How common
is this abuse and who is often responsible for abusing an older person?
Suggest some ways that abusing an older person can be prevented, both in
the community and in institutions. A-M
Mistreatment of older persons includes physical abuse, psychosocial abuse,
financial abuse, neglect (active or passive), institutional abuse, and domestic
violence. Research shows that most abuse against older persons comes from
family members (Lindenbach et al., 2012). In this situation, many abused older
people suffer in silence, making the rate of abuse hard to estimate and
harder to eliminate.
(Novak et al., 2018, p. 336)

The most successful strategies involved concrete help from nurses and other
medical professions as well as homemaking services. Other successful
interventions helped to empower older people. These included support groups,
volunteers who acted as advocates, and information about a person’s rights and
available resources. Individual counselling to reduce caregiver stress as well as
education and training also proved helpful.

Tam and Neysmith (2006) recommended that “researchers be cautious about

applying elder abuse categories derived from a Western cultural perspective to
understand or account for abuse in other cultures” (p. 149). This
recommendation extends to policymakers as well.
(Novak et al., 2018, p. 339)