Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Test 2
Test 2
WORTH: 20%
Instructions: Please read all instructions carefully to make sure you are
answering the correct questions. Please copy the test and insert your answers in
the appropriate places.
This is an open book take home test. Students may use the ppts, texts and any
resources posted on BB. Please reference each of your answers giving author,
page or slide number. No reference = No grade
Part 2: Define 7 of the following key terms according to the first letter of your last
name (1 mark each)
Canada developed a version of the granny flat known as the garden suite,
sometimes called a “secondary suite.” These units allow older Canadians to live
near, but not with, their children (Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation,
2014a). In Canada, a garden suite most often exists as a separate building on
the adult child’s property, although some families convert a garage to serve as a
garden suite. This building sits in the backyard and uses the utilities attached to
the adult child’s home.
Answer 6 questions, one from each chapter (7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13).
Ch 7
a. List and explain be the three major approaches to healthcare that exist in
Canada today. N-Z
b. Discuss three barriers to healthcare that the healthcare system has begun
to address. What role will technology play in the future delivery of
healthcare? A-M
First, clients often must pay out of pocket for long-term care. Government health
benefits may not cover day hospital, respite, or homemaker costs. This can leave
the poorest older people without help. Second, long-term care can lack
coordination. This makes it hard for people to find the help they need. Third,
many people fall through the cracks. They may not know about services or may
not have access to a service (for example, a religious-based service may serve
only people who share that faith).
1. Availability
The ability to stay in the community depends in part on the availability
of services that support a person at home. Some provinces or parts of
provinces have a continuum of care—from home care to acute hospital
care—for older people. Other parts of the country, such as many rural
areas, offer only a few home care options.
(Novak et al., 2018, p. 189)
2. Accessibility
A program is accessible if an older person can get to it and make use
of it. Better access requires better transportation and more home-
based care for very old seniors. “For example, in rural communities
where there is no public transportation, alternate methods of
transportation may be required to ensure older adults can access
necessary healthcare services” (Canadian Health Services Research
Foundation, 2011, p. 15). Also, specific groups need help gaining
access to health services.
3. Coordination
The healthcare system needs better coordination and integration. Lack
of coordination leads to frustration for families and front-line workers.
The Special Senate Committee on Aging’s Final Report (Carstairs &
Keon, 2009,) said, “Health and social service systems are not
sufficiently integrated to allow caring professionals and family
members to pull together the right basket of services to meet the
needs of ailing seniors. Services have to be designed so that people
don’t fall through the cracks, and so that there are smooth transitions
as their needs change” (pp. 33–34).
(Novak et al., 2018, p. 191)
The changes taking place in healthcare today suggest that the healthcare system
will look different in the future. Healthcare professionals have proposed a shift
from a biomedical model to a social, community-based model of healthcare.
Closer study of older people’s healthcare needs will allow the system to fine-tune
programs and treatments. (Novak et al., 2018, p. 192)
Ch 8
a. List two strengths and two weaknesses of the public pensions system. Do
the same for the private pensions system. Why does the private system fail
to help most people in retirement? N-Z
b. Name and explain the parts of Canada’s three-tiered retirement income
system. Why do some older people live in poverty today in spite of the drop
in poverty rates for older people in general? A-M
Tier One: Government Transfers
Canada has a three-tiered pension system shaped like a pyramid. The Old Age
Security (OAS), the Guaranteed Income Supplement (GIS), and the Allowance
(ALW)—called federal government transfer programs—make up the first
tier. Nearly all Canadians age 65 or over, rich or poor, get the same OAS
pension maximum ($564.87 per month in 2015). But people who earn more than
a set amount have to repay their OAS at a rate of 15 cents for every dollar
of their income over this amount. The Guaranteed Income Supplement goes to
people with a low income or no income other than the Old Age Security. GIS
payments vary by marital status and family income. Allowance (ALW) payments
go to spouses or common-law partners or survivors of OAS pensioners.
The ALW helps survivors age 60 to 64 and couples with only one income.
The government oversees the program, but it benefits people who have worked
in the labour force. Those outside the labour force (e.g., homemakers) benefit
little from the CPP. A larger retired population will cost society more money one
way or another. Policies simply shift the cost of a retired population from
one group to another (from young taxpayers to retirees, who have to live on their
own resources).
Ch 9
a. Why do many workers now choose to stay at work longer, some of them
after the age of 65? Give two alternatives to a fixed retirement age. N-Z
b. How do men and women differ in their opportunity to retire? What social
conditions earlier in their lives shape the retirement decisions of men? Of
women?-A-M
McDonald (2006a) said women’s lives remain bound up with family obligations
and traditional gender roles. For this reason, “women’s retirement has always
been different from men’s and will continue to be different for the foreseeable
future, despite arguments to the contrary.” For one thing, women’s multiple
entries and exits from the labour force will lead to smaller pensions. So will their
“concentration in non-standard and part-time work, their under-representation
in unions, their over-representation in the services sector and the continued
distribution of their occupations in female employment” (p. 157).
Ch 11
a. Explain the ecological model of housing. When does a person feel the most
comfortable according to this model? N-Z
b. Explain “aging in place.” Describe some housing strategies and actions
that help older people age in place. What types of housing suit older people
at different stages of later life? A-M
The current approach to housing for older people in Canada focuses on aging in
place (Federal/Provincial, 2012; Government of Canada, 2014a). This policy
attempts to provide older people with environmental, social, and economic
supports so they can stay in their own homes as they age. Older people,
especially those in cities, express a desire to age in place.
Canada offers older people a wide range of housing options. These include
single-family homes, apartments and condominiums, retirement communities,
and long-term care homes. New types of housing—like garden suites and
multigenerational housing—will increase seniors’ housing options in the future.
More older people than ever before, especially women, live alone. Today,
relatively few older people live with family members. For some older people,
living alone reflects their financial ability to live independently. But for others,
living alone leads to trouble affording their housing, and can lead to social
isolation.
Ch 12
Sexually active older people have to adjust to changes in their bodies as they
age. As he ages, a man takes longer to get an erection, takes longer to feel
ready for intercourse again, and may have shorter, less intense orgasms.
A woman may find that her vagina loses elasticity and opens less fully, and that
she may have shorter orgasms (Mayo Clinic, 2011b). Older couples may need to
use vaginal lubrication. Hypertension (high blood pressure) can interfere with
sexual performance in both men and women (Woolston, 2009).
(Novak et al., 2018, p. 303)
LGBT seniors have the same concerns as heterosexual seniors—health,
finances, caregiving. They also face prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination
due to their sexual orientation. Long-term relationships with a committed partner
can provide older gay men and lesbians with companionship, acceptance,
and support. Other social network ties with family members and friends also
serve an important social support function in their lives.
(Novak et al., 2018, p. 315)
Ch. 13
a. Explain the difference between formal and informal support. What kind of
support do most older people give to their families? What kind of support
do they get from their families? How do older people choose their potential
support groups? N-Z
b. What are the different types of abuse against older persons? How common
is this abuse and who is often responsible for abusing an older person?
Suggest some ways that abusing an older person can be prevented, both in
the community and in institutions. A-M
Mistreatment of older persons includes physical abuse, psychosocial abuse,
financial abuse, neglect (active or passive), institutional abuse, and domestic
violence. Research shows that most abuse against older persons comes from
family members (Lindenbach et al., 2012). In this situation, many abused older
people suffer in silence, making the rate of abuse hard to estimate and
harder to eliminate.
(Novak et al., 2018, p. 336)
The most successful strategies involved concrete help from nurses and other
medical professions as well as homemaking services. Other successful
interventions helped to empower older people. These included support groups,
volunteers who acted as advocates, and information about a person’s rights and
available resources. Individual counselling to reduce caregiver stress as well as
education and training also proved helpful.