EDJ18503 / DNT122

APPLIED MECHANICS

CHAPTER 5 :
FRICTION

BY : NOR SHAIFUDIN BIN ABDUL HAMID

 FRICTION

To introduce the concept of dry

friction and show how to analyze Chapter
the equilibrium of rigid bodies Objective
subjected to this force.

Chapter 5.1 Characteristics of Dry Friction

Outline 5.2 Problems Involving Dry Friction
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5.1 Characteristics of Dry Friction

Friction is defined as a force of resistance

acting on a body which prevents or
retards slipping of the body relative to a
second body.

Experiments show that frictional forces

act tangent (parallel) to the contacting
surface in a direction opposing the
relative motion or tendency for motion.

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5.1 Characteristics of Dry Friction

For the body shown in the figure to be in

equilibrium, the following must be true:
F = P, N = W, and Wx = Ph.
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 5.1 Characteristics of Dry Friction
Impending Motion Motion

Coefficient of static friction Coefficient of kinetic friction

FS = msN Fk = mkN
Fs m s N
tan s   F m N
Angle of friction N N Angle of friction tan  k  k  k
N N
tan s  m s tan  k  m k 5
 5.1 Characteristics of Dry Friction
The Laws of Dry Friction – Coefficients of Friction
As P increases, the static-friction
force Fs increases as well until it
reaches a maximum value.
Fs  m s N

The value of ms depends on the

materials in contact.
Further increase in P causes the block to begin to move as Fs drops to
a smaller kinetic-friction force Fk.
Fk  m k N
The value of mk (coefficient of kinetic friction) is less than ms .
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 5.1 Characteristics of Dry Friction
The Laws of Dry Friction – Coefficients of Friction

• Maximum static-friction force

and kinetic-friction force are:
- proportional to normal force
- dependent on type and
condition of contact surfaces
- independent of contact area

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5.2 Problems Involving Dry Friction
Procedure For Analysis
Draw the necessary free body diagrams.
Make sure that you show the friction force
in the correct direction.

Determine the number of unknowns. Do

not assume F = mSN unless the impending
motion condition is given

Apply the equations of equilibrium and

appropriate frictional equations to solve
for the unknowns.
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5.2 Problems Involving Dry Friction

A block with weight W

The inclination, s, is noted. Analysis of

the block just before it begins to move
gives (using Fs = ms N):
+ Fy = N – W coss = 0
+ FX = mS N – W sins = 0

ms = (W sin s ) / (W cos s )
= tan s

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5.2 Problems Involving Dry Friction

Pushing the uniform crate that has

a weight W and sits on the rough
surface. How can you determine if
it will Slip, Tip, or stay in Static
equilibrium?

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5.2 Problems Involving Dry Friction

Verge of slipping
Assume: Slipping occurs
Known: F = ms N
Solve: x, P, and N
Check: 0  x  b/2

Tip over
Assume: Tipping occurs
Known: x = b/2
Solve: P, N, and F
Check: F  ms N

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 5.2 Problems Involving Dry Friction
Example 5.6.1
The uniform crate has a mass of 20kg. If a force
P = 80N is applied on to the crate, determine if
it remains in equilibrium. The coefficient of static
friction is μ = 0.3.

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 5.2 Problems Involving Dry Friction
Solution
 Resultant normal force, NC act a
distance x from the crate’s center
line in order to counteract the
tipping effect caused by P.
3 unknowns to be determined
by 3 equations of equilibrium.
∑Fx = 0
∑Fy = 0
∑M = 0
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 5.2 Problems Involving Dry Friction
Solution
   Fx  0;
80 cos30  N  F  0
   Fy  0;
 80 sin 30  N  N C  196 .2 N  0
 M O  0;
80 sin 30  N (0.4m)  80 cos30  N (0.2m)  N C ( x)  0
Solving
F  69.3N , N C  236N x  0.00908 m  9.08mm
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 5.2 Problems Involving Dry Friction
Solution
 Since x is negative, the resultant force acts (slightly)
to the left of the crate’s center line. Assume: Slipping occurs
Known: F = m N s

No tipping will occur since x < 0.4m Solve: x, P, and N

Check: 0  x  b/2
Max frictional force which can be developed at the
surface of contact
Fmax = μsNC = 0.3(236N) = 70.8N
Since F = 69.3N < 70.8N, the crate will not slip
thou it is close to doing so.

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5.2 Problems Involving Dry Friction

Example 5.2.2
It is observed that when the bed of the dump truck is
raised to an angle of θ = 25° the vending machines
begin to slide off the bed. Determine the static of
coefficient of friction between them and the surface of
the truck

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5.2 Problems Involving Dry Friction

Solution
 Idealized model of a vending
machine lying on the bed of
the truck
 Dimensions measured and
center of gravity located
 Assume machine weight is W

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 5.2 Problems Involving Dry Friction

Solution  Dimension x used to locate position of the

resultant normal force N
 4 unknowns
  Fx  0;
W sin 25  F  0
  Fy  0;
N  W cos 25  0
  M O  0;
 W sin  (0.5m)  W cos ( x)  0

Fs  m s N ; W sin 25  m s (W cos 25 )

m s  tan 25  0.466
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 5.2 Problems Involving Dry Friction

Solution
 Angle θ = 25°is referred as the angle of repose

 By comparison, θ = Φs

 θ is independent of the weight of the vending machine

so knowing θ provides a method for finding coefficient
of static friction  W sin  (0.5m)  W cos ( x)  0
(W sin 25)(0.5)
 θ = 25°, x = 0.233m x 
W cos 25
 (tan 25)(0.5)  0.233

 Since 0.233m < 0.3m the vending machine will slip

before it can tip as observed Assume: Slipping occurs
Known: F = ms N
Solve: x, P, and N
Check: 0  x  b/2
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 Problems Involving Dry Friction
Class Problem Solving
PROBLEM 1
Given :
The mass of the crate is 50 kg and the coefficient of static
friction between the crate and the ground is µs = 0.3.
Determine :
The normal forces and the friction developed between
the crate and the ground if P = 200N

Answer:
N = 610.5 N
F =160 N
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Solution :

Py
W
= mg
=50(9.81)    Fx  0;
Px
4
F P0
5
4
F  (200 N )  160 N
F=µsN =0.3N 5

   Fy  0;
N  W  Px  0
N 3
N  50(9.81)  (200 )  610 .5 N
5

PROBLEM 1 Chapter 5 – Problems Involving Dry Friction

 Problems Involving Dry Friction
Class Problem Solving
PROBLEM 2

Given : The mass of the crate is 50 kg and the coefficient of

static friction between the crate and the plane is µs = 0.25.

Determine : The minimum

horizontal force P required to
1) Push the crate from sliding
down the plane.
2) Hold the crate from sliding Answer:
1) P = 468.60 N
down the plane 2) P =139.05 N
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Solution :

1) Push the crate from sliding down the plane.

+ ∑Fy = 0
W=mg
N – 50(9.81) cos 30º - P sin 30º = 0
30º N=424.79 +0.5P ------(1)

+ ∑Fx = 0

P cos 30º - F – 50(9.81) sin 30= 0

P cos 30º - 0.25N – 50(9.81) sin 30= 0
0.87P - 0.25(424.79 +0.5P) – 245.25 = 0
N P=468.60N

PROBLEM 2 Chapter 5 – Problems Involving Dry Friction

Solution :
2) Hold the crate from sliding down the plane.

W=mg + ∑Fy = 0

N – 50(9.81) cos 30º - P sin 30º = 0

30º
N=424.79 +0.5P ------(1)

+ ∑Fx = 0

P cos 30º + F – 50(9.81) sin 30= 0

P cos 30º + 0.25N – 50(9.81) sin 30= 0
N 0.87P + 0.25(424.79 +0.5P) – 245.25 = 0
P=139.05N

PROBLEM 2 Chapter 5 – Problems Involving Dry Friction

BY : NOR SHAIFUDIN BIN ABDUL HAMID