SUBJECT: Electric Machines

INSTRUCTOR: Dr Adeel Iqbal

SUBMITTED BY:

M.Hamza Khalil

M.Adil Khalid

Haider Ali

REG NUMBER:

FA20-BEE-092

FA20-BEE-110

FA20-BEE-058

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 Lab # 6: Three-phase transformer: star and delta transformation

Objectives
• Familiarization with three phase transformer trainer and its connections
• To derive the voltage and phase relationships of commonly used three phase transformer connections.

Pre Lab
Background Theory
Every three-phase device (e.g. transformers, generators or motors) has elements or windings that can be segregated into three divisions.
It is usual to describe each division as a phase. The two usual ways of connecting the three divisions are known as star and delta. Figure 6.1
shows the two connections.

Figure 6. 1
The term Vline refers to the line voltage, that is, the voltage between any two lines of a three phase system. The term V phase refers to the
phase voltage, that is, the voltage between a line and a common reference potential (generally neutral). However, this should be regarded
with care as it can also be used to mean the voltage across the winding or windings associated with one phase.

Delta connected windings

It can clearly be seen from Figure 6.2(a) that for the delta connected system the phase voltage is the same as the line voltage. Hence:

Vphase = Vline

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 Figure 6. 2
This is demonstrated in Figure 6.2. Figure 6.2(a) shows how the voltages in the windings sum to zero. Figure 6.2(b) shows the three
voltages as separate phasors, symmetrically spaced at 120 o to each other. Note there is no neutral point.

Star connected windings

Consider the voltages in the system. From Figure 6.1(b), it is apparent that each line voltage is the phasor difference of two of the phase
voltages. That is, the line voltage VAB is obtained by subtracting VB from VA. Figure 6.3 shows the phasor diagram for the voltages in the star
connected system.

Figure 6. 3
From this the relationship between the phase and the line voltages can be calculated.

Pre Lab Tasks

1. How to calculate Vp and VL with meter?
ANSWER: Wattmeter is used to measure the line and phase voltages directly. To calculate the phase voltage one knob of the wattmeter is
placed across a line of the three-phase transformer and the other one at the neutral (common ground). Whereas for line voltage both the
knobs are placed across any two lines of a three phase system.

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What is the line voltage in a delta connected winding rated at V phase = 230V?
ANSWER: As Vphase=Vline in delta connected windings so line voltage will also be 230V

2. What is the line voltage in a star connected winding rated at Vphase = 230V?
ANSWER: As Vline=1.732*Vphase in star connected windings so line voltage will be equal to 398.37V.

3. Which voltages are greater? VP or VL?

ANSWER: Voltage VL is greater from the following relationship: Vline=1.73*Vphase

In Lab Tasks
Lab Task 1: Delta-star connected transformer

1. Ensure that the Universal Power Supply 60-105 is switched off.

2. Make the connections shown in Figure 6.4.
3. If virtual instrumentation is being used, set the 250 V/500 V range switch for the V1 channel to ‘500 V’ and for the V2 channel to
‘250 V’ on the Multichannel I/O Unit 68500. This allows appropriate voltages to be monitored when the ‘500 V/250 V’ sockets are
connected.
4. On the Universal Power Supply 60-105 , ensure the ‘variable output voltage’ control is set to 0% then set the ‘3 phase circuit
breaker’ to the on position.
5. Turn the dial on the power supply so that a voltage of 400V is indicated on the primary virtual or conventional instrumentation V1.
6. Record the primary line voltage V1, on a copy of the appropriate Practical 6.1, Results Table. Note for a delta-connected primary,
the phase and line voltages are the same.

7. Record the secondary phase voltage and secondary line voltage as read on virtual or conventional instrumentation V2, on a copy of
the appropriate Practical 6.1, Results Table.
8. Turn the ‘variable output voltage’ control to 0% on the Universal Power Supply 60-105
and then switch off the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’.

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 Figure 6. 4 Circuit Diagram of Delta-star

Practical 6.1 Results Table

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 Lab Task 2: Star-star connected transformer

1. Ensure that the Universal Power Supply 60-105 is switched off.

2. Make the connections shown in Figure 6.5.

3. If virtual instrumentation is being used, set the 250 V/500 V range switch for the V1 channel to ‘500 V’ and for the V2 channel to ‘250 V’
on the Multichannel I/O Unit 68-500. This allows appropriate voltages to be monitored when the ‘500 V/250 V’ sockets are connected.

4. On the Universal Power Supply 60-105 , ensure the ‘variable output voltage’ control is set to 0% then set the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’ to
the on position.

5. Turn the dial on the power supply so that a voltage of 400V is indicated on the primary virtual or conventional instrumentation V1.

6. Record the primary line voltage V1, on a copy of the appropriate Practical 6.2, Results Table.

7. Record the secondary phase voltage and secondary line voltage as read on virtual or conventional instrumentation V2, on a copy of the
appropriate Practical 6.2, Results Table.

8. Turn the ‘variable output voltage’ control to 0% on the Universal Power Supply 60-105 and then switch off the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’.

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 Figure 6. 5 Circuit Diagram of

Star-Star

Practical 6.2 Results Table

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 Lab Task 3: Star-delta connected transformer

1. Ensure that the Universal Power Supply 60-105 is switched off.

2. Make the connections shown in Figure 6.6.

3. If virtual instrumentation is being used, set the 250 V/500 V range switch for the V1 channel to ‘500 V’ and for the V2 channel to ‘250 V’
on the Multichannel I/O Unit 68-500. This allows appropriate voltages to be monitored when the ‘500 V/250 V’ sockets are connected.

4. On the Universal Power Supply 60-105 , ensure the ‘variable output voltage’ control is set to 0% then set the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’ to
the on position.

5. Turn the dial on the power supply so that a voltage of 400V is indicated on the primary virtual or conventional instrumentation V1.

6. Record the primary line voltage V1, on a copy of the appropriate Practical 6.3, Results Table.

7. Record the secondary phase voltage and secondary line voltage as read on virtual or conventional instrumentation V2, on a copy of the
appropriate Practical 6.3, Results Table.

8. Turn the ‘variable output voltage’ control to 0% on the Universal Power Supply 60-105 and then switch off the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’.

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 Figure 6. 6 Circuit Diagram of

Star-delta

Practical 6.3 Results Table

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 Lab Task 4: Delta-delta connected transformer

1. Ensure that the Universal Power Supply 60-105 is switched off.

2. Make the connections shown in Figure 6.7.

3. If virtual instrumentation is being used, set the 250 V/500 V range switch for the V1 channel to ‘500 V’ and for the V2 channel to ‘250 V’
on the Multichannel I/O Unit 68-500. This allows appropriate voltages to be monitored when the ‘500 V/250 V’ sockets are connected.

4. On the Universal Power Supply 60-105 , ensure the ‘variable output voltage’ control is set to 0% then set the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’ to
the on position.

5. Turn the dial on the power supply so that a voltage of 400V is indicated on the primary virtual or conventional instrumentation V1.

6. Record the primary line voltage V1, on a copy of the appropriate Practical 6.4, Results Table.

7. Record the secondary phase voltage and secondary line voltage as read on virtual or conventional instrumentation V2, on a copy of the
appropriate Practical 6.4, Results Table.

8. Turn the ‘variable output voltage’ control to 0% on the Universal Power Supply 60-105 and then switch off the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’.

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 Figure 6. 7 Circuit Diagram of

Delta-Delta

Practical 6.4 Results Table

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 Critical Analysis/Conclusion
In this lab, we worked with three-phase transformers. For the first task, we made a delta-star
connection in which the primary side was delta-connected and the secondary was star-connected.
We observed that the phase and line voltages on primary side were equal but different on the star-
connected side. For the second task, we made a star-connected primary and a star-connected
secondary too. We observed that both the line and phase voltages were different on the primary
side as well as the secondary side. For the third task, we made a star-connected primary and a
delta-connected secondary. Our results showed us that the line and phase voltage on the primary
side were different but same on the secondary side. Moreover, for the last task we made a delta-
connected primary and a delta-connected secondary and observed that both the line and phase
voltages were equal on the primary side as well as the secondary side.
The reason for making all the different types of connections was to get the idea of difference
between line and phase voltages of the type of connections and in what conditions that type of
connection would be useful.

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