INTRODUCTION

BARGROUND OF STUDY:

Looking at the contemporary world as an era of exponential growth of “metabolic

syndrome” and obesity, life style modification can assume to be the way to
maintain the two phases of both mental and physical health status put forth by
possible health professionals around the world.

Observation shows that physical high exercises are few ways that help in life style
modification.

Exercise such as aerobic (jogging, swimming, cycling, walking, dancing) have been
proved to be a life style modification that reduce anxiety and depression in terms
of mental imbalance and improve individuals mood. These mood improvement
are proposed to cause by mechanical movement of body physical structure which
triggered and increases blood circulation to the brain by influencing the
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and thus, on the physiologic reactivity
to stress. Exercise has also been found to alleviate symptoms such as low-self
esteem and social withdrawal.

In terms of physical health improvement, exercise as a life styles modification

found to help many individuals that are at high risk of chronic illneses associated
with sedentary behavior and diseases. also as schizophrenia patient are
vulnerable to obesity and medication side effects, including diabetes,
hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular or because of the additional risk of weight gain
associated with antipsychotics treatment, especially atypical antipsychotics,
exercise as anaerobic are termed to be a techniques to ease them. Evidence
shows that patient suffering from schizophrenia who participated in three months
Physical conditioning program showed improvement in weight control and
reported increased in fitness levels, reduce blood pressure level, increased
perceived energy levels and increases upper body and hand grip strength levels.
(Richardson CR, Fualkner G, and M;Dev.H J. et al.) intergrating physical activity
into mental health services for persons with serious mental illness.
As it will be understand by the lay man, exercise can be any general and voluntary
movement of human body from the initial point to the targeted point at a
particular time.

The interest of the researcher here is to investigate a the specific type of exercises
which human physiotherapy based its techniques on, as its observed to have
positive impact on human mental and psychological health status, these style of
exercises are known to be YOGA/SPORT.

Yoga as its been define by yoga teachers, is a style of exercise which its consist of
physical activities that are mainly of posture often connected by the movement
paired with breathing following a sequences, sometimes accompanied by
breathing exercises and frequently ending with relaxation, lying down or
meditation.

Yoga has becoming familiar in the world especially across America and Europe.
Yoga as techniques was said to be derived from medieval period of HATHA YOGA.
many academics have given yoga as an exercise a variety of names, these names
includes MORDERN POSTURAL YOGA and TRANSNATIONAL YOGA. in this yoga,
individuals actors uses techniques such as mindfulness or focusing the mind on a
particular object, thought or activity to train attention and awareness and achieve
a mentally clear and emotionally calm and stable state in other to gain the
equilibrium of homeostasis.

While in the other hand, sport means all forms of physical activities which,
through organized participation, aim at expressing or improving physical fitness,
mental well-being and forming social relations.

World health organization (WHO) define mental health as a state of well-being in

which individuals realize his/her own abilities and can cope with normal stresses
of life, can work productively and fruitfully and be able to make a contribution to
his or her community.
Mental and physical health these encompasses physiological, emotional,
psychological and social well-being, influencing cognition, perception and
behavior. This likewise determines how an individual’s handle stress, inter-
personal relationships and decision making.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM:-

The problem that the researcher put forward is to understand the level in which a
specify (yoga/other sport) and impacted physical mental health of an individual’s
compared exercise to the non actors of the said exercises (yoga/ actor other
sport).

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:-

The objective of this study is at the conclusion of this research, if what the
researcher hypothetically put forward (positive benefit of exercises on human
mental and physical health) result been positively significant, the external validity
will be gladly use to create awareness across the available human society to
shade more light on the pros of exercises.

RESEARCH QUESTION:-

Benefits of exercise on physical and mental health status amongst youth of

Nasarawa state university keffi.

JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY:-

The sole purpose of this study is to examine the benefits of exercises (yoga /
other sport) on human well-being and also to help professionals especially on
health organization with tips that may help them to create awareness on a way to
cure petit illnesses with the absent of drugs in other to avoid drugs addiction or
medication side effects. Also in terms of social relationship things like group
participation yoga can help in bringing people together in respect of any ethnic,
races, culture or religion.
OPERATIONAL DEFINATION OF TERM:-

To operationally define the term, this means to define the intended independent
variable (exercises condition) by dividing it into level and how it will be
manipulate and measured to use on dependent variable ( health status ).

Independent variable Dependent variable

Exercise condition Health status:-

Individuals engaging in Satisfying level.

1. Exercises Individuals

Level of well being

2. Non exercises actors

Physical inactivity and lack of exercise are major societal health problems.
Most experts in exercise psychology, if asked how to support people in growing
their motivation for physical activity and exercise, would probably recommend
shifting the decisional balance by creating a belief that there are more benefits to
be had from becoming active than barriers to be overcome, bolstering their
appraisals of self-efficacy, and creating social environments that promote
perceptions of autonomy, competence, and relatedness (e.g., Biddle and Vergeer,
2019). These recommendations are evidence-based (e.g., Teixeira et al.,
2012; Young et al., 2014). Many empirical studies show that people who are
sufficiently physically active differ in these variables from those who are less
active. There are also longitudinal and intervention studies demonstrating
that changing these motivational variables makes behavior change more
likely.
 Reflective Theory of Physical Inactivity and Exercise

Affective- Affective-Reflective Theory (ART) of physical inactivity and exercise (Brand

and Ekkekakis, 2018) is a dual-process theory, which assumes that stimuli (e.g., a
friend's reminder that you intended to go for a run, or remembering that you had
planned to go for a run) trigger automatic associations and a resulting automatic
affective valuation of exercise (type-1 process). An automatic affective valuation is the
unattended assignment of positive (association with pleasure) or negative (association
with displeasure) value to a stimulus, either as the result of repeated exercise-related
emotional experiences mediated by cognitive appraisals (e.g., pride, embarrassment) or
as a result of repeated experiences of core affective reactions to stimuli (e.g., sense of
physical reinvigoration, bodily discomfort). The automatic affective valuation serves as
the basis for a controlled, reflective evaluation (type-2 process), which can follow if self-
control resources are available. The reflective evaluation draws on propositions about
exercise and physical inactivity, derived from previous experience and mental
simulation (e.g., anticipation of the affective consequence of actions). Higher-level
cognitive operations, such as deliberative reasoning about one's needs and values (Deci
and Ryan, 1985) may also contribute to this process. The automatic affective valuation is
connected to an action impulse (approach or avoidance), whereas the controlled
response can result in action plans.

The ART aims to explain and predict behavior in situations in which people either
remain in a state of physical inactivity or initiate action. It assumes that experience,
feelings, and thoughts connected with exercise influence whether someone would be
willing to undergo physical strain similar to that previously experienced during exercise.
Related to the topic of this opinion article, the ART posits that, in the face of an exercise-
related stimulus, one's negative affective valuation of exercise will act as a restraining
force that may counteract any positive cognitive motivational drives toward action (or,
on the other hand, if the affective valuation is positive, it will present a driving force and
thus make it more likely that the person will change his or her current state of physical
inactivity).

Theory of Energetic Cost Minimization

The theory of energetic cost minimization (TECM; Cheval et al., 2018a,b) assumes that
biomechanically efficient behaviors have a rewarding value. It refers to evidence on the
multiple neuro-behavioral adaptations that have contributed to the minimization of
metabolic costs in the course of human action and during movement (Srinivasan and
Ruina, 2006). For example, individuals automatically adapt their step frequency in real
time to optimize energy costs (Selinger et al., 2015) and learn to minimize the physical
effort required to obtain specific rewards (Skvortsova et al., 2014). This automatic
behavioral tendency of effort optimization is theorized to be a neurobiologically
anchored process.
The TECM assumes that situational factors (such as one's internal physiological state or
external physical environment) may either incentivize the behavioral opportunities to
minimize or lead the individual to effectively temper the tendency to reduce energetic
cost (Cheval et al., 2019). The availability of cognitive resources can weaken the
automatic tendency toward effort optimization (Cheval et al., 2018c, 2019). In sum, the
theory conceptualizes the evolutionary inclination to avoid unnecessary physical
exertion as a restraining force that may hinder the ability of individuals to effectively
implement their conscious intention to be physically active.